With the latest version of WooPayments, the payment method titles are not displaying correctly within the plugin settings

[rakshitwesley]

Describe the bug

While using a Payment Gateway Based Fees plugin with the latest version of WooPayments, the payment method titles are not displayed correctly within the plugin settings (referring to the marketplace plugins, not WooPayments itself).
However, the issue is resolved when downgrading WooPayments to version 8.6.1.

To Reproduce

1. Install and activate latest WooPayments v8.8.0
2. Install and activate any Payment Gateway Based Fees from Woo marketplace. For example: Payment Gateway Based Fees for WooCommerce by InoPlugs.
3. Navigate to WooCommerce > Settings > Additional fees

Actual behavior

The payment method title appear wrong as displayed on the screenshot

Screenshots

Payment Gateway Based Fees for WooCommerce by InoPlugs:

Payment Method Based Fee & Discounts for WooCommerce by Addify

Expected behavior

The payment method title should appear

Desktop (please complete the following information):

• OS: Mac Sequoia 15.0
• Browser: chrome
• Version: 131

Additional context

Reported here: 9334130-zd-a8c
Discussed here: p1738234099396979/1738230711.944389-slack-C7U3Y3VMY