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###Footnotes and referencing

  • All references should be auto-inserted footnotes (in other words, no in text references that use parentheses/brackets). For example, not: Off the Press discusses the question of digital publishing (Lorusso, 2013). But: Off the Press discusses the question of digital publishing.
  • Always put a period at the end of a footnote, even if it just a URL (make sure the URL still works).
  • Footnote numbers comes after comma/period; this is also the case if the comma/period follows a quotation mark. I.e.: ‘an alternative network’.
  • In the footnotes and in the reference list full URLs should be clickable
  • Dates in footnotes should be 19 November 2010 (not November 19, 2010).
  • For specific formatting of footnotes and reference list, see further on in this style guide.

###Footnote and End References: Text references in footnotes and in the list of works cited (bibliography, aka Reference List) should follow the same formatting. Footnote references should adopt the following formats:

####Footnote Referencing:

Anonymous/unknown authors Largely found in news outlets (print and online) as well as blogs etc. If no author given, the citation should begin with the name of the article in single brackets. Books David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Antonio Negri, Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State, trans. Maurizia Boscagli, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

Edited books [note: ed. and eds – no full stop after eds] Paul Di Maggio (ed.) The Twenty­ First Century Firm: Changing Economic Organization in International Perspective, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Kevin Robbins and Frank Webster (eds) The Virtual University? Knowledge, Markets and Managment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

If edition of book is marked Jessica Benjamin, Shadow of the Other: Intersubjectivity and Gender in Psychoanalysis, 1st edition, London: Routledge, 1997.

If original publication date of book is given Display date of current publication followed by original date in brackets – this is largely the case for theoretical and other classical works that have been published and circulated in the past century, but maintain consistent used and reprint. For example:

Walter Benjamin, 'Critique of Violence', trans. Edmund Jephcott, in Walter Benjamin, One-Way Street and Other Writings, London: NLB, 1979 (1921), pp. 236-252.

Translated books Paolo Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude, trans. James Cascaito, Isabella Bertoletti, and Andrea Casson, forw. Sylvère Lotringer, New York: Semiotext(e), 2004.

Chapters in books Mario Tronti, ‘The Strategy of Refusal’, trans. Red Notes, in Sylvère Lotringer and Christian Marazzi (eds) Italy: Autonomia, Post­Political Politics, New York: Semiotext(e), 1980, pp. 28-35.

Mike Newnham, ‘Foreword’, in Paul Miller and Paul Skidmore, Disorganisation: Why Future Organisations must ‘Loosen Up’, London: Demos, 2004, p. 9. Available at: http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Disorganisation.pdf.

Ernesto Laclau, ‘Can Immanence Explain Social Struggles?, in Paul A. Passavant and Jodi Dean (eds) Empire’s New Clothes: Reading Hardt and Negri, New York and London: Routledge, 2004, p. 27.

If chapter listed from book is written by same author Walter Benjamin, 'Critique of Violence', trans. Edmund Jephcott, in Walter Benjamin, One-Way Street and Other Writings, London: NLB, 1979 (1921), pp. 236-252.

Journal articles [note: full page no’s given in list of references at end of essay] Andrew Murphie, ‘The World as Clock: The Network Society and Experimental Ecologies’, Topia: A Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies 11 (Spring, 2004): 136.

Angela Mitropoulos and Brett Neilson, ‘Exceptional Times, Non­Governmental Spacings, and Impolitical Movements’, Vacarme (January, 2006), http://www.vacarme.eu.org/article484.html.

Branden W. Joseph and Paolo Virno, ‘Interview with Paolo Virno’, trans. Alessia Ricciardi, Grey Room 21 (Fall, 2005): 32, http://mitpress.mit.edu/journals/pdf/GR21_026­037_Jospeph.pdf.

Timothy Brennan, ‘The Empire’s New Clothes’, Critical Inquiry 29.2 (2003): 337­-367.

Phillip E. Agre, ‘Real­Time Politics: The Internet and the Political Process’, The Information Society 18.5 (2002): 311-­331. Also available from: http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/real­time.html.

Thesis Author First Name and Last name, Title of dissertation, PhD diss., Name of Faculty if known, Name of Institution, City/Country Location, Year.

Websites [note: no need to detail access date] Bologna Secretariat, http://www.dfes.gov.uk/bologna/. Google Now, http://www.google.com/landing/now/.

Pages from blogs Joseph Reagle, ‘Open Communities and Closed Law’, Open Codex blog, 13 June 2006, http://reagle.org/joseph/blog/culture/wikipedia/open­ discourseclosed­ law?showcomments=yes.

Jon Beasley­ Murray, ‘Politics’, Posthegemony: Hegemony, Posthegemony, and Related Matters, 16 July 2006, http://posthegemony.blogspot.com/2006/07/politics.html.

Postings to mailing lists Brian Holmes, ‘The Flexible Personality’ (Parts 1 & 2), posting to nettime mailing list, 5 January 2002, http://www.nettime.org.

[if there is an online archive of the mailing list, and a URL is available for the specific content, please list this]

Conferences/events Dark Markets: Infopolitics, Electronic Media and Democracy in Times of Crisis, International Conference by Public Netbase/t0, Muesumsplatz, Vienna, 3­4 October, 2002, http://darkmarkets.t0.or.at.

Presentations at Conference/events Harry Halpin, ‘The Hidden History of the “Like” Button’, Unlike Us: Understanding Social Media and their Monopolies Conference, Amsterdam, 8-10 March 2012, URL or presentation if possible, or conference URL.

Films Organizing the Unorganizables (dir. Florian Schneider, 2002), downloadable at: http://wastun.org/organizing.

Newspapers Douglas Adams, ‘How to Stop Worrying and Learn to Love the Internet’, The Sunday Times, 29 August 1999, http://www.douglasadams.com/dna/19990901-00-a.html.

David Mehegan, ‘Bias, Sabotage Haunt Wikipedia’s Free World’, Boston Globe, 12 February 2006.

Books Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Magazines Nick Carr, ‘Is Google Making Us Stupid?’, Atlantic Monthly, July 2008, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/google.

Wikipedia Wikipedia contributors, ‘Criticism of Wikipedia’, 28 October 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/?oldid=393467654, accessed 1 November 2010.

Facebook update/post example Auschwitz Memorial / Muzeum Auschwitz, ‘On 13-14 March 1943 German […]’, Facebook update, 13 March 2012, 13:25, http://www.facebook.com/auschwitzmemorial/posts/10150592000141097.

[Facebook user/group profile name, title of update/post, Facebook update, date, time, URL of specific post/update.]

Twitter tweet example @El_Deeb, ‘#Tahrir has turned into a lifestyle, a way of living, a utopian city’, Twitter post, 25 November 2011, 1:56 AM, https://twitter.com/#!/El_Deewb/status/140006010197786624.

[Twitter user name, twitter post text, Twitter post, date, time, URL of tweet. ]

For footnote references that have more than one citation, provide a short reference for subsequent uses:

First citation: Marc Bousquet, ‘The “Informal Economy” of the Information University’, Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labour 5.1 (2002), http://www.cust.educ.ubc.ca/workplace/issue5p1/bousquetinformal.html.

Second/third/etc. footnote citation: Bousquet, ‘The “Informal Economy” of the Information University’.

If the first citation has a subtitle, then drop the subtitle in future references.

###Quotation

  • For quotations longer than four lines use blockquote. Don’t use quotation marks around a block quote. When needed, use double quotations marks inside a block quote.
  • Commas and full stops should be placed after the quotation mark, if they’re not part of the quotation.
  • All quotations should use single quotation marks except in instances of a quote inside a quote (in such cases use double quotation marks inside single quotation marks).
  • If ellipsis are used in a quotation because the article’s author has removed or altered text, for example for the sentence to read grammatically correctly, be sure to put square brackets […] or [has] around the ellipsis to indicate this notation is made by the author.

###Word Choice

  • Use American spelling:
  • favor, color, honor, theater, center vs. favour, colour, honour, theatre, centre,
  • use ‘-ize’ instead of ‘-ise’ For instance, organize, categorize, standardize, authorize, etc.
  • Although the publication uses American English, if quotes use British or other spellings, leave as is in the original quote – do not change to U.S. English.
  • internet, not Internet
  • folder, not directory
  • web not Web (but World Wide Web should be capitalized, and Web 2.0)
  • 18th not eighteenth century
  • 90s not nineties
  • open the '.docx file', not open the 'docx file’

Images

If images are figures ALWAYS leave 1 empty line before and another after the image syntax,even if it is a comment. Example:

...text... .. blahh blahh.

![myfigure](images/myfigure.png)

The text goes on...

Image path

The images' path is now only images/

Bloglink Images

In oder to create links to blog, using the blog icon, use the following syntax (in upper-case is what must be filled in by you: URL to blog and the name of the post):

[![Bloglink](images/dpt_blog_verwijzing.png)]( URL TO BLOG POST  "Link to blog post: POST NAME")

Example:

Although it's possible to create electronic publications from Microsoft Word [![Bloglink](images/dpt_blog_verwijzing.png)](http://networkcultures.org/digitalpublishing/2014/03/28/converting-a-docx-directly-to-epub-using-calibre/ "Link to blog post: Converting a docx directly to epub using Calibre") ... and text continues...

###Forum In literature overview: Sadler, R. 'How to Cite a contribution to the Forum’, 3 November 2006, TESL Reading and Writing Forum, http://www.eslweb.org/resources/index.php?topic=256.0.

In footnote: R. Sadler, 'How to Cite a contribution to the Forum’, 3 November 2006, TESL Reading and Writing Forum, http://www.eslweb.org/resources/index.php?topic=256.0.

###Others We shouldn’t feel obliged to name every operating system option available, but instead give an informed choice. For example in the case of Markdown editors en distribution platforms.

###Some examples Some publishers opt to develop their own (mobile) applications, like The Guardian's iOS version of their newspaper1, the amplified ebooks by Penguin 2 or the children's book the Prisinor of Carrot Castle by Purple Carrot. 3

Also for referencing and internal linking. Please always use referencing with footnotes.

Footnotes

  1. 'The New Free Guardian app for iOS and Android', The Guardian 29 May 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/global/ng-interactive/2014/may/29/-sp-the-guardian-app-for-ios-and-android. ↩

  2. For example: Jack Kerouac's On the Road (A Penguin Books Amplified Edition), 2 July 2011, http://www.penguin.com/static/pages/features/amplified_editions/on_the_road.php and Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged (An NAL Amplified Edition), 12 October 2013, http://www.penguin.com/static/pages/features/amplified_editions/atlas_shrugged.php. ↩

  3. Purple Carrot Books, The Prisoner of Carrot Castle, 19 November, 2013, https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/the-prisoner-of-carrot-castle/id499981407?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D4. ↩