diff --git a/content/chapter01.tex b/content/chapter01.tex index 618d595..961e563 100644 --- a/content/chapter01.tex +++ b/content/chapter01.tex @@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture} - \draw [line width=0.5mm, ->] (0,0) -- (2,2) node[anchor=south east, pos=0.5]{\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; - \draw [line width=0.25mm, dashed, ->] (0,0) -- (2,0) node[anchor=north, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}_x\)}; - \draw [line width=0.25mm, dashed, ->] (0,0) -- (0,2) node[anchor=east, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}_y\)}; + \draw [line width=0.5mm, -latex] (0,0) -- (2,2) node[anchor=south east, pos=0.5]{\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; + \draw [line width=0.25mm, dashed, -latex] (0,0) -- (2,0) node[anchor=north, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}_x\)}; + \draw [line width=0.25mm, dashed, -latex] (0,0) -- (0,2) node[anchor=east, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}_y\)}; \draw (0.5,0) arc (0:45:0.5) node[pos=0.5, anchor=west] {\(\theta\)}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} @@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ Observer that when you add the two components together, they form the vector itself. \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture} - \draw [line width=0.5mm, ->] (0,0) -- (1,2) node[anchor=south east, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{u}}\)}; - \draw [line width=0.2mm, dotted, ->] (2,-3) -- (3,-1) node[anchor=north west, pos=0.5] {translated \(\vec{\mathbf{u}}\)}; - \draw [line width=0.5mm, ->] (0,0) -- (2,-3) node[anchor=north east, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; - \draw [line width=0.2mm, dotted, ->] (1,2) -- (3,-1) node[anchor=south west, pos=0.5] {translated \(\vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; + \draw [line width=0.5mm, -latex] (0,0) -- (1,2) node[anchor=south east, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{u}}\)}; + \draw [line width=0.2mm, dotted, -latex] (2,-3) -- (3,-1) node[anchor=north west, pos=0.5] {translated \(\vec{\mathbf{u}}\)}; + \draw [line width=0.5mm, -latex] (0,0) -- (2,-3) node[anchor=north east, pos=0.5] {\(\vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; + \draw [line width=0.2mm, dotted, -latex] (1,2) -- (3,-1) node[anchor=south west, pos=0.5] {translated \(\vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; \draw [line width=0.5mm, ->>] (0,0) -- (1.5,-0.5) node[anchor=north] {\(\vec{\mathbf{u}} + \vec{\mathbf{v}}\)}; \draw [line width=0.5mm] (1.5,-0.5) -- (3,-1); \end{tikzpicture} @@ -138,9 +138,12 @@ \draw [dashed] (0,5) -- ++(250:5) node (x) {}; \draw [dashed] (0,5) -- ++(290:5) node (y) {}; \draw (0,4.25) arc (270:250:0.75) node[pos=0.5, anchor=north] {\(\theta\)}; + \draw (-3,5) -- (3,5); + \fill [pattern=north east lines] (-3,5) rectangle (3,5.1); \filldraw [color=black] (0,0) circle (0.25); \filldraw [color=gray] (x) circle (0.25); - \filldraw [color=gray] (y) circle (0.25);; + \filldraw [color=gray] (y) circle (0.25); + \draw[latex-latex] ({5*sin(-20)},-0.35) -- (0,-0.35) node[pos=0.5, anchor=north] {\(A\)}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} diff --git a/content/chapter16.tex b/content/chapter16.tex index c5f8cb1..10a9a0c 100644 --- a/content/chapter16.tex +++ b/content/chapter16.tex @@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ \pdef{Electric Field}{An electric field is a region of space whereby a charge experiences an electric force.} + Electric field lines \textbf{cannot cross}. + \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture} \foreach \x in {1,...,9} @@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ Drawing these in TikZ was too difficult so take these from some online website. \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{graphics/electrostaticsFieldLines} + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{graphics/electrostaticsFieldLines}\footnote{physics.stackexchange.com} \end{center} \subsection{Charging} diff --git a/content/chapter19.tex b/content/chapter19.tex index a9601f5..5356eb4 100644 --- a/content/chapter19.tex +++ b/content/chapter19.tex @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ \pdef{Switches}{Switches are designed to break or complete an electrical circuit. They should be fitted to the live wire of the appliance.} \begin{center} \begin{circuitikz} - \draw (0,0) to [fuse, l=fuse] (1.5,0) to [spst] (3,0) to[european resistor, l=load] (3,-2) -- (0,-2); + \draw (0,0) to [fuse, l=fuse] (1.5,0) to [spst, l=switch] (3,0) to[european resistor, l=load] (3,-2) -- (0,-2); \draw [o-] (-0.5,0) node[anchor=east] {\SI{240}{\volt}} -- (0,0); \draw [o-] (-0.5,-2) node[anchor=east] {\SI{0}{\volt}} -- (0,-2); \end{circuitikz} diff --git a/content/chapter20.tex b/content/chapter20.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c599b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/chapter20.tex @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +\documentclass[../main.tex]{subfiles} + +\begin{document} + \section{Magnetism} + \begin{preamb} + Magnets were discovered by who knows who at who knows when. All I know is we have to study them now thanks to lodestone sailor people. + \end{preamb} + \subsection{Magnets} + \pdef{Magnetic Materials}{Magnetic materials are materials that can be attracted to a magnet.} + The four materials you probably remember from primary school are: iron, nickel, cobalt, and steel. + \pdef{Non-magnetic Materials}{Non-magnetic materials are materials that cannot be attracted to a magnet.} + \pdef{Law of Magnetic Poles}{The law of magnetic poles states that like poles repel and unlike poles attract.} + Some properties magnets exhibit are + \begin{itemize} + \item Magnets have two poles: north and south. + \item Magnets point in the north-south direction when suspended. + \item Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. + \end{itemize} + Using the property that magnets can repel, we can do the repulsion test to see if an object is a magnet or just a magnetic material. + + \subsection{Magnetic Induction} + \pdef{Magnetic Induction}{Magnetic induction is the process whereby an object made of a magnetic material becomes a magnet when it is near or in contact with a magnet.} + That means magnetic materials become magnets when in contact or near a magnet. + + \subsection{Magnetisation and Demagnetisation} + \pdef{Theory of Magnetism}{\textit{(This is not in syllabus.)} A magnet is made up of many magnetic domains which are made up of atoms that have a ferromagnetic property.} + \subsubsection{Magnetisation} + You can make a magnet either by stroking it with another magnet, or using electricity to make an electromagnet. + \begin{center} + \begin{tikzpicture} + \draw (0,0) rectangle (3,0.5); + \node[anchor=west] at (0,0.25) {N}; + \node[anchor=east] at (3,0.25) {S}; + \draw[rotate=45] (2,0) node[anchor=south west, rotate=45] {N} rectangle (5,0.5) node[anchor=north east, rotate=45]{S}; + \draw[dashed, -latex] (0.5,0.65) -- (2.5,0.65); + \draw[dashed, -latex] (2.5,0.65) arc (270:360:1); + \draw[dashed, -latex] (-0.5,1.65) arc (180:270:1); + \end{tikzpicture} + \end{center} + The pole that touches the magnetic object first will be the pole of that magnetic object at that point. + + For the electromagnet, refer to chapter 21. + + \subsubsection{Demagnetisation} + To demagnetise a magnet you first have to orient it in the \textbf{east-west direction}. Then there are three ways to do this. + \begin{enumerate} + \item \textbf{Hammering:} Hammering a magnet placed in the east-west direction alters the alignment of the magnetic domains, causing the magnet to lose its magnetism. + \item \textbf{Heating:} Strongly heating a magnet and letting it cool in an east-west orientation will cause the magnet to lose its magnetism. The temperature to heat the magnet up to such that the atoms lose the magnetism is called the Curie temperature. + \item \textbf{Electrical Method:} Place a magnet in a solenoid in the east-west direction and connect an alternating current supply. Withdraw the magnet while the alternating current is flowing in the solenoid until it is some distance away. + \end{enumerate} + + \subsection{Magnetic Fields} + \pdef{Magnetic Field}{A magnetic field is the region surrounding a magnet, in which a body of magnetic material experiences a magnetic force.} + + Magnetic field lines \textbf{cannot cross}. + + The magnetic field of a magnet can be plotted by sprinkling iron filings around it, or plotting it with a plotting compass. + + To use a plotting compass, align a magnet in the north-south direction first. Then using a plotting compass, from the north pole of the magnet, draw a point at where the compass points to. Then continue this and connect the lines. Remember that plotting compasses point in the direction of the field lines. + + For attraction and repulsion of two magnetic poles use this lovely diagram that I could not draw so I had to source it online. + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{graphics/magnetismFieldLines}\footnote{phys.libretexts.org} + \end{center} + + \subsection{Temporary and Permanent Magnets} + Magnetic materials can either be ``soft'' or ``hard''. An example of a soft magnetic material is iron. An example of a hard magnetic material is steel. + \begin{itemize} + \item \textbf{Magnetisation} \begin{itemize} + \item Hard magnetic materials are difficult to magnetise and demagnetise. + \item Soft magnetic materials are easier to magnetise and demagnetise. + \end{itemize} + \item \textbf{Uses} \begin{itemize} + \item Hard magnetic materials are used to make permanent magnets. + \item Soft magnetic materials are used to make temporary magnets. + \end{itemize} + \item \textbf{Interaction with Field Lines} \begin{itemize} + \item Hard magnetic materials do not allow magnetic fields to pass through it as easily as soft magnetic materials. + \item Soft magnetic materials allow magnetic fields to pass through it with ease. + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/graphics/magnetismFieldLines.jpg b/graphics/magnetismFieldLines.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe4f9d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/graphics/magnetismFieldLines.jpg differ diff --git a/main.pdf b/main.pdf index 3deb93b..7b6311b 100644 Binary files a/main.pdf and b/main.pdf differ diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index 483377c..f88835d 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ \part{Electricity and Magnetism} \subfile{content/chapter17} \subfile{content/chapter18} \subfile{content/chapter19} +\subfile{content/chapter20} \end{multicols*} \end{document}