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BabyNamesExploration.html
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<h1 class="title">Baby Names Exploration</h1>
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<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Author</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p>Karani Keith </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<section id="introduction" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p><code>babynames</code> describes the popularity of different childrens’ names as recorded by the United States Social Security Administration. The data set contains five variables:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>name</code> - A name</p></li>
<li><p><code>year</code> - A year</p></li>
<li><p><code>sex</code> - A biological sex (<code>"F"</code> = Female, <code>"M"</code> = Male)</p></li>
<li><p><code>n</code> - The <em>number</em> of children of that sex who were given that name in that year</p></li>
<li><p><code>prop</code> - The <em>proportion</em> of children of that sex who were given that name in that yearRunning Code</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#install required packages</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#install.packages("tidyverse")</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>load libraries to use</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># load libraries to use</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(dplyr)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>
Attaching package: 'dplyr'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
filter, lag</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
intersect, setdiff, setequal, union</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(babynames)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Exploration 01:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>How many names are in babynames data set?</p></li>
<li><p>what years does babynames cover?</p></li>
<li><p>Does <code>babynames</code> include <em>every</em> name or just the ones that meet a certain cutoff?</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#investigate the structure of our data</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">str</span>(babynames)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>tibble [1,924,665 × 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
$ year: num [1:1924665] 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 ...
$ sex : chr [1:1924665] "F" "F" "F" "F" ...
$ name: chr [1:1924665] "Mary" "Anna" "Emma" "Elizabeth" ...
$ n : int [1:1924665] 7065 2604 2003 1939 1746 1578 1472 1414 1320 1288 ...
$ prop: num [1:1924665] 0.0724 0.0267 0.0205 0.0199 0.0179 ...</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">View</span>(babynames)</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>baby_data <span class="ot"><-</span> babynames <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(</span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">n_names =</span> <span class="fu">n_distinct</span>(name),</span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">min_n =</span> <span class="fu">min</span>(n),</span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">first_year =</span> <span class="fu">min</span>(year),</span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">last_year =</span> <span class="fu">max</span>(year)</span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) </span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>baby_data</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 1 × 4
n_names min_n first_year last_year
<int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
1 97310 5 1880 2017</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="observation" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="observation">observation:</h2>
<p>babynames includes every name given to at least five children of each sex between the years 1880 and 2017.</p>
<p>Babynames is a fascinating data set because it allows us to research trends in how Americans name their children.</p>
<p>Exploration 02: can we find out the most popular boys names in 2017, sorted by n?</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pop_boy_names <span class="ot"><-</span> babynames <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(year <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">2017</span>, sex <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"M"</span>) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(n))</span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pop_boy_names</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 14,160 × 5
year sex name n prop
<dbl> <chr> <chr> <int> <dbl>
1 2017 M Liam 18728 0.00954
2 2017 M Noah 18326 0.00933
3 2017 M William 14904 0.00759
4 2017 M James 14232 0.00725
5 2017 M Logan 13974 0.00712
6 2017 M Benjamin 13733 0.00699
7 2017 M Mason 13502 0.00688
8 2017 M Elijah 13268 0.00676
9 2017 M Oliver 13141 0.00669
10 2017 M Jacob 13106 0.00668
# ℹ 14,150 more rows</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Exploration 03:</p>
<p>we can also look at the all-time most popular names. For instance all-time most popular girls when we sum the number of girls who have been given each name over the years.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>most_popular_girls <span class="ot"><-</span> babynames <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(sex <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"F"</span>) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(name) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(</span>
<span id="cb13-5"><a href="#cb13-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">total_n =</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(n),</span>
<span id="cb13-6"><a href="#cb13-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb13-7"><a href="#cb13-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(total_n))</span>
<span id="cb13-8"><a href="#cb13-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb13-9"><a href="#cb13-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(most_popular_girls)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 2
name total_n
<chr> <int>
1 Mary 4123200
2 Elizabeth 1629679
3 Patricia 1571692
4 Jennifer 1466281
5 Linda 1452249
6 Barbara 1434060</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>what about the most popular boys when we sum the number of boys who have been giveb each name over the years</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>most_popular_boys <span class="ot"><-</span> babynames <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(sex <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"M"</span>) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(name) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(</span>
<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">total_n =</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(n),</span>
<span id="cb15-6"><a href="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb15-7"><a href="#cb15-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(total_n))</span>
<span id="cb15-8"><a href="#cb15-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb15-9"><a href="#cb15-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(most_popular_boys)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 2
name total_n
<chr> <int>
1 James 5150472
2 John 5115466
3 Robert 4814815
4 Michael 4350824
5 William 4102604
6 David 3611329</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Exploration 04:</p>
<p>John is one of the all-time most popular boys names, even though John did not appear in the top 10 most popular boys names for 2017. Did it recently drop off in popularity?</p>
<p>Let’s use a graph to investigate the history of the name John</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>babynames <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(sex <span class="sc">!=</span> <span class="st">"F"</span>, name <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"John"</span> <span class="sc">|</span> name <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"James"</span>, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> year, <span class="at">y =</span> prop, <span class="at">color =</span> name)) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb17-4"><a href="#cb17-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_line</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb17-5"><a href="#cb17-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_minimal</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb17-6"><a href="#cb17-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(</span>
<span id="cb17-7"><a href="#cb17-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">title =</span> <span class="st">"History of the name John and James"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb17-8"><a href="#cb17-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">caption =</span> <span class="st">"Source: Full baby name data provided by the SSA"</span></span>
<span id="cb17-9"><a href="#cb17-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="BabyNamesExploration_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Exploration 05:</p>
<p>we can visualize the number of children born in the United States for each year</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>babynames <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(year, sex) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(</span>
<span id="cb18-4"><a href="#cb18-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">births =</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(n)</span>
<span id="cb18-5"><a href="#cb18-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb18-6"><a href="#cb18-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">ungroup</span>() <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb18-7"><a href="#cb18-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> year, <span class="at">y =</span> births, <span class="at">color =</span> sex)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb18-8"><a href="#cb18-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_line</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb18-9"><a href="#cb18-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(</span>
<span id="cb18-10"><a href="#cb18-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">title =</span> <span class="st">"Estimated births by year"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb18-11"><a href="#cb18-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">caption =</span> <span class="st">"Source: Full baby name data provided by the SSA"</span></span>
<span id="cb18-12"><a href="#cb18-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb18-13"><a href="#cb18-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_minimal</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`summarise()` has grouped output by 'year'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="BabyNamesExploration_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
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