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绘图流程.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.57">
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<title>quarto-inputa29297cc7b603fba</title>
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</head>
<body class="fullcontent">
<div id="quarto-content" class="page-columns page-rows-contents page-layout-article">
<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
<section id="r-可视化-1" class="level1">
<h1>R 可视化 #1</h1>
<p>本文旨在总结近期学习内容，并保持持续输出。</p>
<p>核心聚焦于 R 语言可视化工具 <code>ggplot2</code> 的使用方法与绘图流程，结合散点图实例进行演示。</p>
<section id="ggplot2-工作原理" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ggplot2-工作原理"><strong>ggplot2 工作原理</strong></h2>
<p><strong>数据可视化</strong>通过线条、形状、颜色等视觉元素<strong>映射（mapping）</strong>数据变量，揭示其内在结构关系 。然而，并非所有映射均适用于所有变量类型，且某些表示形式更难解读。<code>ggplot2</code> 提供了一套系统化工具，用于将数据映射至图形的视觉元素，定义图形类型（如散点图、条形图等），并精细化控制其展示方式。</p>
<p>掌握 <code>ggplot2</code> 的关键在于理解其逻辑结构：代码通过<strong><em>美学映射</em>（aesthetic mapping）</strong>连接数据变量与视觉元素（如颜色、点、形状）。在 <code>ggplot()</code> 函数中，首先指定数据及其变量如何映射至图形美学属性；随后，选择具体的图形类型（称为 <em>geom</em>），例如 <code>geom_point()</code> 绘制散点图，<code>geom_bar()</code> 绘制条形图，<code>geom_boxplot()</code> 绘制箱线图等。通过 “<code>+</code>” 符号，可将不同 geom 层叠加，构建复杂图形。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 载入数据</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(pacman)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">p_load</span>(gapminder, bruceR)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot"><-</span> gapminder</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as_tibble</span>(data)</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">names</span>(data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "country" "continent" "year" "lifeExp" "pop" "gdpPercap"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="ggplot2-工作流程" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ggplot2-工作流程"><strong>ggplot2 工作流程</strong></h2>
<section id="step-1.-数据整理" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="step-1.-数据整理"><strong>Step 1. 数据整理</strong></h3>
<p><code>ggplot2</code> 的核心要求是数据以<strong>Tidy Data</strong> 的形式组织，即长格式表结构。每一列代表一个变量，每一行代表一个观测值 [[5]]。在 Tidy Data 中，变量如 <code>year</code> 可称为<em>key</em>，而对应的值（如 <code>lifeExp</code>）则为<em>value</em>。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 6
country continent year lifeExp pop gdpPercap
<fct> <fct> <int> <dbl> <int> <dbl>
1 Afghanistan Asia 1952 28.8 8425333 779.
2 Afghanistan Asia 1957 30.3 9240934 821.
3 Afghanistan Asia 1962 32.0 10267083 853.
4 Afghanistan Asia 1967 34.0 11537966 836.
5 Afghanistan Asia 1972 36.1 13079460 740.
6 Afghanistan Asia 1977 38.4 14880372 786.</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="step-2.-数据映射" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="step-2.-数据映射"><strong>Step 2. 数据映射</strong></h3>
<p>数据可视化的核心在于将数据变量映射到图形的视觉元素上。首先，定义绘图对象，通常为数据框或其增强形式（如 <em>tibble</em>）。通过 <code>ggplot()</code> 函数指定数据源，并使用 <code>aes()</code> 函数定义变量与视觉元素之间的映射关系。</p>
<p>例如，若要绘制人均 GDP（<code>gdpPercap</code>）与预期寿命（<code>lifeExp</code>）的关系图，需明确以下两点： 1. <strong>数据来源</strong>：通过 <code>data</code> 参数指定。 2. <strong>映射规则</strong>：通过 <code>mapping = aes()</code> 定义，其中 <code>x</code> 和 <code>y</code> 分别对应横纵轴变量。</p>
<p><code>aes()</code> 函数的作用是将数据中的变量链接到图形的视觉属性（如位置、颜色、形状等），但并不直接决定具体的视觉样式。这些映射仅说明数据中的哪些变量将由哪些视觉元素表示。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 数据映射</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="ot"><-</span> data <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap, </span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> lifeExp))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="step-3.-图形绘制" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="step-3.-图形绘制">Step 3. 图形绘制</h3>
<p><code>p</code> 对象由 <code>ggplot()</code> 函数创建，其中已包含映射信息及默认设置（可通过 <code>str(p)</code> 查看详细结构）。然而，绘图尚未指定具体图形类型。为此，需添加一个<em>几何对象层</em>（geom），例如使用 <code>geom_point()</code> 绘制散点图。该函数根据 <code>x</code> 和 <code>y</code> 的映射值生成点状图形。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 图形绘制</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="step-4.-图形调整" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="step-4.-图形调整">Step 4. 图形调整</h3>
<p>绘图默认采用笛卡尔坐标系，由 x 轴和 y 轴定义平面空间。若需进一步调整，可通过叠加不同 <code>geom_</code> 函数实现。此过程具有累加性：每一层均在前一层基础上构建，便于逐步完善图形。</p>
<p>例如，使用 <code>geom_smooth()</code> 可为数据拟合平滑曲线，并显示标准误差的置信带：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 使用不同的geom_函数</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>若需同时展示数据点与平滑曲线，可叠加 <code>geom_point()</code> 和 <code>geom_smooth()</code>：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code>geom_smooth()</code> 默认使用广义加法模型（GAM）进行拟合。通过调整其参数（如 <code>method = "lm"</code>），可切换为线性模型（LM）：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>当数据分布不均匀时（如人均 GDP 呈偏态分布），可通过对数变换优化 x 轴刻度。使用 <code>scale_x_log10()</code> 将 x 轴转换为以 10 为底的对数刻度：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>为进一步提升图形可读性，可调整轴标签格式。例如，将科学记数法替换为美元符号表示，可通过 <code>scales::dollar</code> 实现。此外，<code>scale_</code> 系列函数支持自定义轴刻度标签。例如，<code>labels = scales::comma</code> 可为数值添加千位分隔符，从而增强数据表达的直观性：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>(<span class="at">labels =</span> scales<span class="sc">::</span>dollar)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="拓展美学映射-aesthetic-mapping" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="拓展美学映射-aesthetic-mapping">拓展：美学映射 <em>Aesthetic Mapping</em></h3>
<p>美学映射（aesthetic mapping）将数据变量与视觉元素（如颜色、大小、形状等）关联起来。例如，以下代码将 <strong><code>continent</code></strong> 变量映射到点的颜色属性</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 数据映射</span></span>
<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="ot"><-</span> data <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap, </span>
<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> lifeExp,</span>
<span id="cb17-4"><a href="#cb17-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">color =</span> continent))</span>
<span id="cb17-5"><a href="#cb17-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb17-6"><a href="#cb17-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb17-7"><a href="#cb17-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>需要注意的是，<strong><code>aes()</code></strong> 仅用于定义变量与视觉元素的映射关系，而非直接指定固定值（如“紫色”）。若需设置固定属性（如点的颜色），应在 <strong><code>geom_</code></strong> 函数中直接指定，而非通过 <strong><code>aes()</code></strong> 实现。以下代码展示了如何设置固定颜色为紫色，并调整平滑线的样式：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> gapminder,</span>
<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap,</span>
<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> lifeExp))</span>
<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">"purple"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb19-5"><a href="#cb19-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb19-6"><a href="#cb19-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>在此例中，<strong><code>color = "purple"</code></strong> 是直接应用于 <strong><code>geom_point()</code></strong> 的固定属性，而非通过 <strong><code>aes()</code></strong> 映射。此外，<strong><code>alpha</code></strong> 参数可用于控制透明度（范围为 0 到 1），适用于处理重叠数据点的情况：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.3</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">"darkred"</span>, <span class="at">se =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-12-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="step-5.-标签和标题" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="step-5.-标签和标题">Step 5. 标签和标题</h3>
<p>通过 <strong><code>labs()</code></strong> 函数可为图形添加标题、副标题、轴标签及注释。结合 <strong><code>scale_x_log10()</code></strong> 和 <strong><code>scales::dollar</code></strong>，可优化 x 轴刻度的显示格式。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb24"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb24-1"><a href="#cb24-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p_out <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> gapminder, </span>
<span id="cb24-2"><a href="#cb24-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap, </span>
<span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y=</span>lifeExp))</span>
<span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb24-5"><a href="#cb24-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p_out <span class="ot"><-</span> p_out <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.3</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb24-6"><a href="#cb24-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"lm"</span>, <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">"darkred"</span>, <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"darkred"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb24-7"><a href="#cb24-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>(<span class="at">labels =</span> scales<span class="sc">::</span>dollar) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb24-8"><a href="#cb24-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"GDP Per Capita"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Life Expectancy in Years"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb24-9"><a href="#cb24-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">title =</span> <span class="st">"Economic Growth and Life Expectancy"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb24-10"><a href="#cb24-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">subtitle =</span> <span class="st">"Data points are country-years"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb24-11"><a href="#cb24-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">caption =</span> <span class="st">"Source: Gapminder."</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb24-12"><a href="#cb24-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bruce</span>()</span>
<span id="cb24-13"><a href="#cb24-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p_out</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="拓展美学映射的继承与分离" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="拓展美学映射的继承与分离">拓展：<strong>美学映射的继承与分离</strong></h3>
<p>默认情况下，所有几何对象（<strong><code>geom_</code></strong>）会继承 <strong><code>ggplot()</code></strong> 中定义的美学映射。例如，以下代码按 <strong><code>continent</code></strong> 对点和平滑线进行分组着色：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb26"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> gapminder,</span>
<span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap,</span>
<span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> lifeExp,</span>
<span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">color =</span> continent,</span>
<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">fill =</span> continent))</span>
<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb26-7"><a href="#cb26-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"loess"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb26-8"><a href="#cb26-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb26-9"><a href="#cb26-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bruce</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-14-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>若需分离美学映射，可在特定 <strong><code>geom_</code></strong> 函数中重新定义 <strong><code>aes()</code></strong>。例如，仅对点按 <strong><code>continent</code></strong> 着色，而平滑线保持统一颜色：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> gapminder, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap, <span class="at">y =</span> lifeExp))</span>
<span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">color =</span> continent)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"loess"</span>, <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">"darkred"</span>, <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"darkred"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bruce</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>除了分类变量，连续变量也可映射至美学属性。例如，将人口（<strong><code>pop</code></strong>）的对数值映射至颜色，生成渐变色图例。此方法适用于探索<strong>连续变量</strong>的分布模式，但需注意避免<strong>过度分箱或离散化</strong>，以保留数据的连续性特征：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb30"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> gapminder,</span>
<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> gdpPercap,</span>
<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> lifeExp))</span>
<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">color =</span> <span class="fu">log</span>(pop)),</span>
<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.3</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_x_log10</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bruce</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="绘图流程_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="step-6.-保存图形" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="step-6.-保存图形">Step 6. 保存图形</h3>
<p>使用 <strong><code>ggsave()</code></strong> 可将图形导出为多种格式（如 PDF、PNG 等）。以下代码将图形保存为 PDF 文件，并指定尺寸与分辨率。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="do">## 保存图形</span></span>
<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggsave</span>(here<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">here</span>(<span class="st">"figures"</span>, <span class="st">"图1.pdf"</span>),</span>
<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">plot =</span> p_out, <span class="at">height =</span> <span class="dv">8</span>, <span class="at">width =</span> <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">units =</span> <span class="st">"in"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="总结" class="level1">
<h1>总结</h1>
<p>在探索数据可视化的过程中，应当牢记两个核心原则：<strong>实践驱动学习和图层思维。</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>实践驱动学习。</strong>代码驱动的图形制作为我们提供了一个低风险、高回报的实验平台。每次尝试都是一次学习机会，有助于我们深入理解工具的本质，并可能揭示数据中隐藏的规律。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>图层思维。</strong>ggplot2 的核心在于其独特的图层构建逻辑。从数据到可视化，遵循着一个清晰的流程：数据→美学映射→几何对象。这种模块化的方法使得复杂图表的创建变得系统化和可管理。</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
</main>
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bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light");
} else {
bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
}
}
const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap");
if (bsSheetEl) {
toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
}
}
toggleBodyColorPrimary();
const icon = "";
const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS();
anchorJS.options = {
placement: 'right',
icon: icon
};
anchorJS.add('.anchored');
const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
for (const clz of el.classList) {
if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
const onCopySuccess = function(e) {
// button target
const button = e.trigger;
// don't keep focus
button.blur();
// flash "checked"
button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!");
let tooltip;
if (window.bootstrap) {
button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip");
button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left");
button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copied!");
tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button,
{ trigger: "manual",
customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip",
offset: [0, -8]});
tooltip.show();
}
setTimeout(function() {
if (tooltip) {
tooltip.hide();
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title");
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle");
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement");
}
button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
}, 1000);
// clear code selection
e.clearSelection();
}
const getTextToCopy = function(trigger) {
const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true);
for (const childEl of codeEl.children) {
if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) {
childEl.remove();
}
}
return codeEl.innerText;
}
const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button:not([data-in-quarto-modal])', {
text: getTextToCopy
});
clipboard.on('success', onCopySuccess);
if (window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')) {
// For code content inside modals, clipBoardJS needs to be initialized with a container option
// TODO: Check when it could be a function (https://github.com/zenorocha/clipboard.js/issues/860)
const clipboardModal = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button[data-in-quarto-modal]', {
text: getTextToCopy,
container: window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')
});
clipboardModal.on('success', onCopySuccess);
}
var localhostRegex = new RegExp(/^(?:http|https):\/\/localhost\:?[0-9]*\//);
var mailtoRegex = new RegExp(/^mailto:/);
var filterRegex = new RegExp('/' + window.location.host + '/');
var isInternal = (href) => {
return filterRegex.test(href) || localhostRegex.test(href) || mailtoRegex.test(href);
}
// Inspect non-navigation links and adorn them if external
var links = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[href]:not(.nav-link):not(.navbar-brand):not(.toc-action):not(.sidebar-link):not(.sidebar-item-toggle):not(.pagination-link):not(.no-external):not([aria-hidden]):not(.dropdown-item):not(.quarto-navigation-tool):not(.about-link)');
for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
const link = links[i];
if (!isInternal(link.href)) {
// undo the damage that might have been done by quarto-nav.js in the case of
// links that we want to consider external
if (link.dataset.originalHref !== undefined) {
link.href = link.dataset.originalHref;
}
}
}
function tippyHover(el, contentFn, onTriggerFn, onUntriggerFn) {
const config = {
allowHTML: true,
maxWidth: 500,
delay: 100,
arrow: false,
appendTo: function(el) {
return el.parentElement;
},
interactive: true,
interactiveBorder: 10,
theme: 'quarto',
placement: 'bottom-start',
};
if (contentFn) {
config.content = contentFn;
}
if (onTriggerFn) {
config.onTrigger = onTriggerFn;
}
if (onUntriggerFn) {
config.onUntrigger = onUntriggerFn;
}
window.tippy(el, config);
}
const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
const ref = noterefs[i];
tippyHover(ref, function() {
// use id or data attribute instead here
let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
if (note) {
return note.innerHTML;
} else {
return "";
}
});
}
const xrefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a.quarto-xref');
const processXRef = (id, note) => {
// Strip column container classes
const stripColumnClz = (el) => {
el.classList.remove("page-full", "page-columns");
if (el.children) {
for (const child of el.children) {
stripColumnClz(child);
}
}
}
stripColumnClz(note)
if (id === null || id.startsWith('sec-')) {
// Special case sections, only their first couple elements
const container = document.createElement("div");
if (note.children && note.children.length > 2) {
container.appendChild(note.children[0].cloneNode(true));
for (let i = 1; i < note.children.length; i++) {
const child = note.children[i];
if (child.tagName === "P" && child.innerText === "") {
continue;
} else {
container.appendChild(child.cloneNode(true));
break;
}
}
if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) {
window.Quarto.typesetMath(container);
}
return container.innerHTML
} else {
if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) {
window.Quarto.typesetMath(note);
}
return note.innerHTML;
}
} else {
// Remove any anchor links if they are present
const anchorLink = note.querySelector('a.anchorjs-link');
if (anchorLink) {
anchorLink.remove();
}
if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) {
window.Quarto.typesetMath(note);
}
// TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case
if (note.classList.contains("callout")) {
return note.outerHTML;
} else {
return note.innerHTML;
}
}
}
for (var i=0; i<xrefs.length; i++) {
const xref = xrefs[i];
tippyHover(xref, undefined, function(instance) {
instance.disable();
let url = xref.getAttribute('href');
let hash = undefined;
if (url.startsWith('#')) {
hash = url;
} else {
try { hash = new URL(url).hash; } catch {}
}
if (hash) {
const id = hash.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
if (note !== null) {
try {
const html = processXRef(id, note.cloneNode(true));
instance.setContent(html);
} finally {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
}
} else {
// See if we can fetch this
fetch(url.split('#')[0])
.then(res => res.text())
.then(html => {
const parser = new DOMParser();
const htmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(html, "text/html");
const note = htmlDoc.getElementById(id);
if (note !== null) {
const html = processXRef(id, note);
instance.setContent(html);
}
}).finally(() => {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
});
}
} else {
// See if we can fetch a full url (with no hash to target)
// This is a special case and we should probably do some content thinning / targeting
fetch(url)
.then(res => res.text())
.then(html => {
const parser = new DOMParser();
const htmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(html, "text/html");
const note = htmlDoc.querySelector('main.content');
if (note !== null) {
// This should only happen for chapter cross references
// (since there is no id in the URL)
// remove the first header
if (note.children.length > 0 && note.children[0].tagName === "HEADER") {
note.children[0].remove();
}
const html = processXRef(null, note);
instance.setContent(html);
}
}).finally(() => {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
});
}
}, function(instance) {
});
}
let selectedAnnoteEl;
const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => {
let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"';
let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' + annotation + '"';
const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']';
return selector;
}
const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => {
const doc = window.document;
const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(",");
const lineIds = lines.map((line) => {
return targetCell + "-" + line;
})
let top = null;
let height = null;
let parent = null;
if (lineIds.length > 0) {
//compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div)
const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]);
top = el.offsetTop;
height = el.offsetHeight;
parent = el.parentElement.parentElement;
if (lineIds.length > 1) {
const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]);
const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight;
height = bottom - top;
}
if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) {
// cook up a div (if necessary) and position it
let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight");
if (div === null) {
div = window.document.createElement("div");
div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight");
div.style.position = 'absolute';
parent.appendChild(div);
}
div.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
div.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
div.style.left = 0;
let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
if (gutterDiv === null) {
gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div");
gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute';
const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell);
const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter');
gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv);
}
gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
}
selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl;
}
};
const unselectCodeLines = () => {
const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"];
elementsIds.forEach((elId) => {
const div = window.document.getElementById(elId);
if (div) {
div.remove();
}
});
selectedAnnoteEl = undefined;
};
// Handle positioning of the toggle
window.addEventListener(
"resize",
throttle(() => {
elRect = undefined;
if (selectedAnnoteEl) {
selectCodeLines(selectedAnnoteEl);
}
}, 10)
);
function throttle(fn, ms) {
let throttle = false;
let timer;
return (...args) => {
if(!throttle) { // first call gets through
fn.apply(this, args);
throttle = true;
} else { // all the others get throttled
if(timer) clearTimeout(timer); // cancel #2
timer = setTimeout(() => {
fn.apply(this, args);
timer = throttle = false;
}, ms);
}
};
}
// Attach click handler to the DT
const annoteDls = window.document.querySelectorAll('dt[data-target-cell]');
for (const annoteDlNode of annoteDls) {
annoteDlNode.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
const clickedEl = event.target;
if (clickedEl !== selectedAnnoteEl) {
unselectCodeLines();
const activeEl = window.document.querySelector('dt[data-target-cell].code-annotation-active');
if (activeEl) {
activeEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
}
selectCodeLines(clickedEl);
clickedEl.classList.add('code-annotation-active');
} else {
// Unselect the line
unselectCodeLines();
clickedEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
}
});
}
const findCites = (el) => {
const parentEl = el.parentElement;
if (parentEl) {
const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites;
if (cites) {
return {
el,
cites: cites.split(' ')
};
} else {
return findCites(el.parentElement)
}
} else {
return undefined;
}
};
var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
const ref = bibliorefs[i];
const citeInfo = findCites(ref);
if (citeInfo) {
tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() {
var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) {
var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
if (biblioDiv) {
citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
}
popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
});
return popup.innerHTML;
});
}
}
});
</script>
</div> <!-- /content -->
</body></html>