edwebinar_mar19_ornldaac_tutorial.Rmd

---
title: "Introduction to Geospatial Analysis in R"
subtitle: "NASA Earthdata Webinar"
author: "Presented by the ORNL DAAC  https://daac.ornl.gov"
date: "March 13, 2019"
output:
  html_document:
    keep_md: yes
    number_sections: yes
    toc: yes
  html_notebook:
    number_sections: yes
    toc: yes
editor_options:
  chunk_output_type: inline
---
***



<!--------------------------- LOAD THIS FILE INTO RSTUDIO --------------------------->



# Install and Load Packages  
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **rasterOptions {raster}**  
> set global options used by the raster package  



In addition to the built-in functionality of R, we will use three packages throughout this exercise. Packages are a collection of documentation, functions, and other items that someone has created and compiled for others to use in R. Install the raster, rgdal, and tigris packages, as well as their dependencies, using the function `install.packages()`.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
install.packages("raster", dependencies = TRUE)  
install.package("rgdal", dependencies = TRUE)
install.packages("tigris", dependencies = TRUE)
```



Most functions we will use are from the raster package or are included upon installation of R. Notice that we can set options for the raster package with `rasterOptions()`. These will help you see how long your code will take to run and help manage large objects.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=FALSE}
library(raster)
library(rgdal)
library(tigris)
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
library(raster)  
  rasterOptions(progress = "text")  # show the progress of running commands
  rasterOptions(maxmemory = 1e+09)  # increase memory allowance
  rasterOptions(tmpdir = "temp_files")  # folder for temporary storage of large objects
library(rgdal)  
library(tigris)  # provides states() function 
```
For package details try `help()` (e.g., `help("raster")`), and to view the necessary arguments of a function try `args()` (e.g., `args(cover)`).



# Load Data  
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **raster {raster}**  
> creates a RasterLayer object  
> **states {tigris}**  
> downloads a shapefile of the United States that will be loaded as a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object  



Two GeoTiff files are needed to complete this tutorial, both from the dataset titled "CMS: Forest Carbon Stocks, Emissions, and Net Flux for the Conterminous US: 2005-2010" and freely available through the ORNL DAAC integrated web platform. The dataset provides maps of estimated carbon emissions in forests of the conterminous United States for the years 2006-2010. We will use the maps of carbon emissions caused by fire (GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire.tif) and insect damage (GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Insect.tif). These maps are provided at 100 meter spatial resolution in GeoTIFF format using Albers North America projection. Refer to the accompanying "README.md" for instructions on how to download the data.

To begin, be sure to set your working directory using `setwd()` and the filepath to where you saved the data (we use the folder "./data/").

With the `raster()` function, load "GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire.tif" and name it *fire* then load "GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Insect.tif" and name it *insect*. The contents of these two files are stored as RasterLayer objects. *fire* and *insect* are the primary recipients of our manipulations throughout this exercise.

The function `states()` downloads a shapefile of the United States from the United States Census Bureau. Name the shapefile *myStates*, and it will be stored as a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=FALSE}
fire <- raster("./data/GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire.tif")
insect <- raster("./data/GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Insect.tif")
myStates <- states(cb = TRUE)
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
fire <- raster("./data/GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire.tif")
insect <- raster("./data/GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Insect.tif")
myStates <- states(cb = TRUE)  # will download a generalized (1:500k) file
```



# Check the Coordinate Reference System and Plot a Raster   
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **crs {raster}**  
> gets the coordinate reference system of a RasterLayer object  



Use `print()` to view details about the internal data structure of the RasterLayer object we named *fire*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
print(fire)
```
The output lists important attributes of *fire*, like its dimensions, resolution, spatial extent, coordinate reference system, and the minimum and maximum values of the cells (i.e., carbon emissions).



```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
fire@crs
```
The above command retrieves only the coordinate reference system (CRS) of *fire* in PROJ.4 format. The first argument of the CRS is "+proj=" and defines the projection. "aea" refers to the NAD83 / Albers NorthAm projection, and "+units=m" tells us that the resolution of the RasterLayer object is in meters. Refer to the attributes of *fire* provided by `print()`. The resoluton of the RasterLayer is "100, 100 (x, y)" meaning that each cell is 100 meters by 100 meters.



Use the `plot()` function to make a simple image of *fire* and visualize the carbon emissions from fire damage across the forests of the conterminous United States between 2006 and 2010. According to the documentation for the dataset, gross carbon emissions were measured in megagrams of carbon per year per cell.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(fire,
     main = "Gross Carbon Emissions from Fire Damage\n across CONUS Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",
     legend.args = list(text = "Mg C/yr\n", side = 3),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
```

The spatial extent of the RasterLayer object is displayed on the x- and y-axes. All NA cells (i.e., cells that have no values) are colored black for better visualization of fire damage. The legend offers the range of cell values and represents them using a default color theme. 



Let's examine the RasterLayer object we named *insect*. `crs()` retrieves the CRS arguments for *insect* as a Vector object. We use `identical()` to determine if *fire* and *insect*  have the same CRS.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
identical(crs(fire), crs(insect))
```
The CRS for the two RasterLayer objects are identical. 



Plot *insect* but change the content for the argument "main = ", which defines the main title of the plot.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(insect,
     main = "Gross Carbon Emissions from Insect Damage\n across CONUS Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",
     legend.args = list(text = "Mg C/yr\n", side = 3),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
```

You can likely imagine an outline of the United States given the spatial data distribution of the two RasterLayer objects. 



# Select Data Within a Region of Interest  
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **CRS {rgdal}**  
> creates a CRS object using PROJ.4 arguments  
> **spTransform {rgdal}**  
> provides re-projection using PROJ.4 projection arguments  
> **crop {raster}**  
> returns a geographic subset of an object as specified by an Extent object  
> **mask {raster}**  
> creates a new RasterLayer object with the same values as the input object, except for the cells that are NA in the second object  


Next, we reduce the size of *fire* and *insect* by choosing a smaller extent of the RasterLayer objects. Use `print()` to view details about the internal data structure of the SpatialPolygonsDataFrame we named *myStates*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
print(myStates)
```
*myStates* has 56 rows (features, i.e., polygons) and nine columns (variables). Notice that "NAME" shows state names as the min and max values. 



For this exercise, we will focus on carbon emissions for the states Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. We can use column referencing and indexing to select all column information contained in *myStates*, but for only three rows (polygons). Name the resultant SpatialPolygonsDataFrame *threeStates*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
threeStates <- myStates[myStates$NAME == "Idaho" | 
                        myStates$NAME == "Montana" | 
                        myStates$NAME == "Wyoming", ]
print(threeStates)
```
*threeStates* has only three rows, but the same number of columns as *myStates*.



What does *threeStates* look like plotted?
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(threeStates)
```



We can get the *fire* and *insect* data that occurs "within" *threeStates*. First, we must confirm that the three objects share a CRS before we can "match" them on a coordinate plane.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
identical(crs(fire), crs(threeStates))
```
*threeStates* does not have the same CRS as *fire*, so we will make a new SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object with the projection of *fire* using `spTransform()`. We also use `CRS()` to properly format the projection arguments of *fire*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
transStates <- spTransform(threeStates, CRS(fire@crs@projargs))
plot(transStates)
``` 

Plotting the new object *transStates* shows that the projection has changed. Notice how the orientation of the polygons has shifted to match the NAD83 / Albers NorthAm projection.



Now that our objects share a CRS, we will compare the extent of *fire* and *transStates*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
cat("fire extent\n"); fire@extent; cat("transStates extent\n"); transStates@bbox
```
*fire* has a much larger extent than *transStates*.



We will use the `crop()` function to reduce the extent of the two RasterLayer objects. Cropping will create a geographic subset of *fire* and *insect* as specified by the extent of *transStates*. We will name the new RasterLayer objects to reflect this manipulation.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# this will take a minute to run
cropFire <- crop(fire, transStates)  # crop(raster object, extent object)
cropInsect <- crop(insect, transStates)
```



Now when we plot *cropFire* and *cropInsect*, we will also plot *transStates* "on top" to envision how carbon emissions are distributed across the three states.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(cropFire,
     main = "Gross Carbon Emissions from Fire Damage\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",     
     legend.args = list(text = "Mg C/yr\n", side = 3),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates,
     border = "white",
     add = TRUE)
plot(cropInsect,
     main = "Gross Carbon Emissions from Insect Damage\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2005-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",
     legend.args = list(text = "Mg C/yr\n", side = 3),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates,
     border = "white",
     add = TRUE)
```

If you look closely at the cells "outside" the boundary of the *transStates* polygons, you can still see cells values. That's because `crop()` changed the extent of the two RasterLayer objects to match that of the SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object, but the boundary of the *transStates* polygons are rotated to fit the NAD83 / Albers NorthAm projection and does not extend to the entire rectangular extent of the RasterLayer objects.



To remove those extraneous cell values, use the `mask()` function to create two new rasters, one for fire damage and one for insect damage. **Note:** You can use `mask()` or `crop()` in either order.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# this will take a couple of minutes to run
maskFire <- mask(cropFire, transStates)  # mask(raster object, mask object)
maskInsect <- mask(cropInsect, transStates)
```



Plot *maskFire* and *maskInsect*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(maskFire,
     main = "Gross Carbon Emissions from Fire Damage\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",     
     legend.args = list(text = "Mg C/yr\n", side = 3),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates,
     border = "white",
     add = TRUE)
plot(maskInsect,
     main = "Gross Carbon Emissions from Insect Damage\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2005-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",     
     legend.args = list(text = "Mg C/yr\n", side = 3),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates,
     border = "white",
     add = TRUE)
```

These plots demonstrate that the extraneous cells has been removed from outside the boundary of the *transStates* polygons.



# Examine Raster Value Summaries 
> *Functions featured in this fection:*  
> **extract {raster}**  
> extracts values from a RasterLayer object at the locations of other spatial data  



In this section, we will compare the three states by their carbon emissions from fire damage only.

We will use the `extract()` function to collect the cell values of *maskFire* where the *transStates* SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object overlaps the RasterLayer object on their shared coordinate reference system. The argument "df = TRUE" tells R that we want the results returned as a DataFrame object. We will use `summary()` to examine the distribution of cell values that we collect.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=FALSE}
val_fireStates <- readRDS("./data/val_fireStates.rds")
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
# this will take about an hour to run
val_fireStates <- extract(maskFire, transStates, df = TRUE)  # extract(raster object, extent object)
summary(val_fireStates)
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, echo=FALSE}
summary(val_fireStates)
```
There are two columns for *val_fireStates*. One is ID, which corresponds with the three states; 1 = Idaho, 2 = Montana, and 3 = Wyoming. The second column is a summary of all cell values across those three states. On average, 56 megagrams of carbon per year are a result of forest destruction by fire damage for all states combined.



To look at the summary for cell values by state, we will use `subset()` to split the DataFrame into three. In the code below, we subest *val_fireStates* so that only the rows with a "1" for the ID number will be returned. We name the new object with the prefix "temp".
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
temp_val_id <- subset(val_fireStates, subset = ID %in% 1)
summary(temp_val_id)
```
The summary demonstrates that there is now only a single value is included in the ID column, and that the distribution of cell values has changed. This resultant DataFrame object is quite large and has more information than we need. We need only the second column and we don't care for the large number of NA's.

We will use the functions `which()` and `is.na()` to make a new object from the temporary one. We tell R that we want only the second column and the rows of *temp_val_id* that are not NA.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
val_id <- temp_val_id[which(!is.na(temp_val_id$GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire)), 2]
summary(val_id)
```
The resultant object, *val_id*, is a Vector object (a single column of numbers) with no NA's.



We will do the same with *val_fire* for the states Montana and Wyoming.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
temp_val_mt <- subset(val_fireStates, subset = ID %in% 2)
val_mt <- temp_val_mt[which(!is.na(temp_val_mt$GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire)), 2]
temp_val_wy <- subset(val_fireStates, subset = ID %in% 3)
val_wy <- temp_val_wy[which(!is.na(temp_val_wy$GrossEmissions_v101_USA_Fire)), 2]
```



What's the average and range of values for carbon emissions from fire damage within each state for the period 2006 to 2010?
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
cat("Idaho\n"); summary(val_id); cat("Montana\n"); summary(val_mt); cat("Wyoming\n"); summary(val_wy)
```
On average, Montana has the highest carbon emissions, but the maximum gross carbon emissions from a single cell occured in Idaho.



In addition to using `summary()`, we can create graphs to visualize carbon emissions from fire damage within each of the three states. The function `hist()` plots the frequency of cell values. We will set some arguments of the plot so that we can compare carbon emissions across all three states.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
hist(val_id,
     main = "Idaho",
     ylab = "number of cells",
     xlab = "megagrams of carbon per year (Mg C/yr)",
     ylim = c(0, 120000),  # same y-axis limit for all three states
     xlim = c(0, 350))  # same x-axis limit for all three states
hist(val_mt,
     main = "Montana",
     ylab = "number of cells",
     xlab = "megagrams of carbon per year (Mg C/yr)",
     ylim = c(0, 120000),
     xlim = c(0, 350))
hist(val_wy,
     main = "Wyoming",
     ylab = "number of cells",
     xlab = "megagrams of carbon per year (Mg C/yr)",
     ylim = c(0, 120000),
     xlim = c(0, 350))
```

The histogram shows the number of times (on the y-axis) each unique cell value (on the x-axis) occurs in each state. In other words, it illustrates the variation in carbon emissions from fire damage within the three different states.



# Reclassify Raster Values  
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **reclassify {raster}**  
> reclassifies groups of values of a RasterLayer object to other values  
> **calc {raster}**  
> calculates values for a new RasterLayer object from another RasterLayer object using a formula  



Now we are going to change the values of our two RasterLayer objects using different methods.

Beginning with *maskFire*, we will use the `calc()` function to code all cells that have fire damage to be two. To use `calc()`, we must define a function that will detect certain cell values and change them to other values.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
reclassFire <- calc(maskFire, 
                      fun = function(x) { 
                            x[x > 0] <- 2
                            return(x) })
```
The function we defined changed all *maskFire* cell values that were greater than zero to be two.



Check that our reclassification of *maskFire* worked as expected using `summary()`
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
summary(reclassFire[])
```
Yes, all values are two or NA.



All cell values of *reclassFire* should be at the same locations as *maskFire* but with a single value.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(reclassFire,
     main = "Locations of Forest Disturbance from Fire Damage\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",
     legend = FALSE,
     col = "red",
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates, 
     border = "white", 
     add = TRUE)
```

The plot of *reclassFire* now illustrates locations where there were carbon emissions owing to fire damaging the forest. Notice that we chose a single color to represent the presence of values using the argument "col = "red"".



Now we will reclassify all values of *maskInsect* that are greater than zero to be one, but instead of using `calc()`, we will use the `reclassify()` function. `reclassify()` uses a matrix to identify the target cell values and to what value those cells will change.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
reclassInsect <- reclassify(maskInsect, 
                          rcl = matrix(data = c(1, 285, 1),  
                                            # c(from value, to value, becomes)
                                       nrow = 1, ncol = 3))
```
The argument following "rcl =" tells R that values from two to 285 should be reclassified as one. Essentially, we are making the presence of insect damage equal one.



Check the reclassification of *maskInsect* using `summary()`.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
summary(reclassInsect[])
```
All values are one or NA.



Plot *reclassInsect*. All the cell values should be at the same locations as *maskInsect* but will all be the value one.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(reclassInsect,
     main = "Locations of Forest Disturbance from Insect Damage\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",
     legend = FALSE,
     col = "dark green",
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates, 
     border = "white", 
     add = TRUE)
```

The plot illustrates locations where there were carbon emissions owing to insect damaging the forest, so now the information coveyed by the *maskInsect* RasterLayer object is presence or absence of insect damage.



# Combine Two Rasters
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **cover {raster}**  
> replaces NA values in the first RasterLayer object with the values of the second  



Next, we will join *reclassFire* and *reclassInsect* to form a single RasterLayer object. According to the documentation for this dataset, there are no overlapping, non-NA cells between the two RasterLayer objects. That is, if you were to combine the two RasterLayers object, a cell could take only the value provided by *reclassFire* (i.e., two) or *reclassInsect* (i.e., one), or be NA. This allows us to use the `cover()` function to combine objects. `cover()` is unique because it will replace NA values of *reclassFire* with non-NA values of *reclassInsect*.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# this will take a couple of minutes to run
fireInsect <- cover(reclassFire, reclassInsect)
summary(fireInsect[])
```
The data distribution of the new RasterLayer object shows that the minimum value is now one (i.e., the insect damage value we specified during reclassification) and the maximum value is two (i.e., the fire damage value).



The plotting arguments below now reflect the "breaks" in the values we would like to see illustrated on the plot. Insect damage is displayed as green cells and fire damage as red.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(fireInsect,
     main = "Locations of Forest Disturbance\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "horizontal extent (m)",
     ylab = "vertical extent (m)",
     legend.args = list(text = "       Disturbance\n", side = 3),
     breaks = c(0, 1, 2),
     col = c("dark green", "red"),
     axis.args = list(at = c(0.5, 1.5), labels = c("insect", "fire")),
     colNA = "black",
     box = FALSE)
plot(transStates,
     border = "white",
     add = TRUE)
```



# Reproject and Write a Raster
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **projectRaster {raster}**  
> projects the values of a RasterLayer object to a new one with a different projection  
> **writeRaster {raster}**  
> writes an entire RasterLayer object to a file  



Reprojecting a raster in R is different than transforming the CRS as we did with the SpatialPolygonsDataFrame earlier in the exercise. To reproject a raster we use the `projectRaster()` function and the `CRS()` function to correctly format the projection information.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=FALSE}
prjFireInsect <- raster("./data/prjFireInsect.tif")
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
# this will take several minutes to run
prjFireInsect <- projectRaster(fireInsect, 
                               crs = CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"))
print(prjFireInsect)
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, echo=FALSE}
print(prjFireInsect)
```

Now we have a new RasterLayer object named *prjFireInsect* that has the standard Geographic projection with latitude and longitude expressed in decimal degrees (DD) as its CRS.



We will plot *prjFireInsect* with slightly different arguments than *fireInsect* to "zoom in" to the center of the plot. Also, we will use *threeStates* instead of *transStates* because *threeStates* also uses the Geographic projection.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
plot(prjFireInsect,
     main = "Locations of Forest Disturbance\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "longitude (DD)",
     ylab = "latitude (DD)",
     legend.args = list(text = "       Disturbance\n", side = 3),
     las = 1,
     ext = prjFireInsect@extent/1.25,
     breaks = c(0, 1, 2),
     col = c("dark green", "red"),
     axis.args = list(at = c(0.5, 1.5), labels = c("insect", "fire")),
     box = FALSE)
plot(threeStates,
     border = "black",
     add = TRUE)
```



Let's use the `writeRaster()` function to save *prjFireInsect* to the data directory. We will save the file in \*.tif format so that the geographic information of the RasterLayer object is retrievable outside of R.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
writeRaster(prjFireInsect, filename = "./data/prjFireInsect.tif")
file.exists("./data/prjFireInsect.tif")
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, echo=FALSE}
file.exists("./data/prjFireInsect.tif")
```
According to the function `file.exists()`, which tests for the existence of a given file, our attempt to write *prjFireInsect* to our working directory was successful. Now we are able to share the RasterLayer with others or open it in another program.



# Export a Plot as PNG and Raster as KML 
> *Functions featured in this section:*  
> **KML {raster}**  
> exports RasterLayer object data to a KML file



To save the final plot, we use `png()`. This function will open a graphics device that will save the plot we run in \*.png format. We will use the function `dev.off()` to tell R when we are finished plotting and want to close the graphics device.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
png("prjFireInsect.png", width = 800, res = 80)
plot(prjFireInsect,
     main = "Locations of Forest Disturbance\n across ID, MT, WY Forests (2006-2010)",
     xlab = "longitude (DD)",
     ylab = "latitude (DD)",
     legend.args = list(text = "       Disturbance\n", side = 3),
     las = 1,
     ext = prjFireInsect@extent/1.25,
     breaks = c(0, 1, 2),
     col = c("dark green", "red"),
     axis.args = list(at = c(0.5, 1.5), labels = c("insect", "fire")),
     box = FALSE)
plot(threeStates,
     border = "black",
     add = TRUE)
dev.off()
```



Let's also save *prjFireInsect* in \*.kml format. KML stands for Keyhole Markup Language, a  notation developed for geographic visualization in Google Earth. We'll also check to be sure the file was written to our data directory.
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
KML(prjFireInsect, "./data/prjFireInsect.kml", col = c("dark green", "red"))
file.exists("./data/prjFireInsect.kml")
```
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, echo=FALSE}
file.exists("./data/prjFireInsect.kml")
```
We successfully saved the RasterLayer object as a KML file.



***
This is the end to the tutorial. If you liked this tutorial, please tell us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ORNLDAAC) or [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/OakRidgeDAAC). If you would like to make a suggestion for a new tutorial, please email uso@ornl.gov.



There is a supplemental document included on GitHub that offers two additional sections, *Perform a Focal Analysis* and *Get Cell Coordinates*.



<!--------------------------------- END OF TUTORIAL --------------------------------->