diff --git a/.actor/Dockerfile b/.actor/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..467d844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.actor/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Specify the base Docker image. You can read more about
+# the available images at https://crawlee.dev/docs/guides/docker-images
+# You can also use any other image from Docker Hub.
+FROM apify/actor-node-playwright-chrome:22-1.46.0 AS builder
+
+# Copy just package.json and package-lock.json
+# to speed up the build using Docker layer cache.
+COPY --chown=myuser package*.json ./
+
+# Install all dependencies. Don't audit to speed up the installation.
+RUN npm install --include=dev --audit=false
+
+# Next, copy the source files using the user set
+# in the base image.
+COPY --chown=myuser . ./
+
+# Install all dependencies and build the project.
+# Don't audit to speed up the installation.
+RUN npm run build
+
+# Create final image
+FROM apify/actor-node-playwright-firefox:22-1.46.0
+
+# Copy just package.json and package-lock.json
+# to speed up the build using Docker layer cache.
+COPY --chown=myuser package*.json ./
+
+# Install NPM packages, skip optional and development dependencies to
+# keep the image small. Avoid logging too much and print the dependency
+# tree for debugging
+RUN npm --quiet set progress=false \
+ && npm install --omit=dev --omit=optional \
+ && echo "Installed NPM packages:" \
+ && (npm list --omit=dev --all || true) \
+ && echo "Node.js version:" \
+ && node --version \
+ && echo "NPM version:" \
+ && npm --version \
+ && rm -r ~/.npm
+
+# Remove the existing firefox installation
+RUN rm -rf ${PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH}/*
+
+# Install all required playwright dependencies for firefox
+RUN npx playwright install firefox
+# symlink the firefox binary to the root folder in order to bypass the versioning and resulting browser launch crashes.
+RUN ln -s ${PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH}/firefox-*/firefox/firefox ${PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH}/
+
+# Overrides the dynamic library used by Firefox to determine trusted root certificates with p11-kit-trust.so, which loads the system certificates.
+RUN rm $PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH/firefox-*/firefox/libnssckbi.so
+RUN ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/pkcs11/p11-kit-trust.so $(ls -d $PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH/firefox-*)/firefox/libnssckbi.so
+
+# Copy built JS files from builder image
+COPY --from=builder --chown=myuser /home/myuser/dist ./dist
+
+# Next, copy the remaining files and directories with the source code.
+# Since we do this after NPM install, quick build will be really fast
+# for most source file changes.
+COPY --chown=myuser . ./
+
+# Run the image.
+CMD npm run start:prod --silent
diff --git a/.actor/actor.json b/.actor/actor.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a31f99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.actor/actor.json
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+{
+ "actorSpecification": 1,
+ "name": "rag-web-browser",
+ "title": "RAG Web browser",
+ "description": "Web browser for a retrieval augmented generation workflows. Retrieve and return website content from the top Google Search Results Pages",
+ "version": "0.1",
+ "input": "./input_schema.json",
+ "dockerfile": "./Dockerfile",
+ "storages": {
+ "dataset": {
+ "actorSpecification": 1,
+ "title": "RAG Web browser",
+ "description": "Too see all scraped properties, export the whole dataset or select All fields instead of Overview",
+ "views": {
+ "overview": {
+ "title": "Overview",
+ "description": "Selected fields from the dataset",
+ "transformation": {
+ "fields": [
+ "metadata.url",
+ "metadata.title",
+ "text"
+ ],
+ "flatten": ["metadata"]
+ },
+ "display": {
+ "component": "table",
+ "properties": {
+ "metadata.url": {
+ "label": "Page URL",
+ "format": "text"
+ },
+ "metadata.title": {
+ "label": "Page Title",
+ "format": "text"
+ },
+ "text": {
+ "label": "Extracted text",
+ "format": "text"
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ },
+ "googleSearchResults": {
+ "title": "Google Search Results",
+ "description": "Title, Description and URL of the Google Search Results",
+ "transformation": {
+ "fields": [
+ "googleSearchResult.description",
+ "googleSearchResult.title",
+ "googleSearchResult.url"
+ ],
+ "flatten": ["googleSearchResult"]
+ },
+ "display": {
+ "component": "table",
+ "properties": {
+ "googleSearchResult.description": {
+ "label": "Description",
+ "format": "text"
+ },
+ "googleSearchResult.title": {
+ "label": "Title",
+ "format": "text"
+ },
+ "googleSearchResult.url": {
+ "label": "URL",
+ "format": "text"
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/.actor/input_schema.json b/.actor/input_schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00620cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.actor/input_schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+{
+ "title": "RAG Web Browser",
+ "description": "RAG Web Browser for a retrieval augmented generation workflows. Retrieve and return website content from the top Google Search Results Pages",
+ "type": "object",
+ "schemaVersion": 1,
+ "properties": {
+ "query": {
+ "title": "Search term(s)",
+ "type": "string",
+ "description": "Use regular search words or enter Google Search URLs. You can also apply [advanced Google search techniques](https://blog.apify.com/how-to-scrape-google-like-a-pro/), such as AI site:twitter.com or javascript OR python",
+ "prefill": "apify rag browser",
+ "editor": "textarea",
+ "pattern": "[^\\s]+"
+ },
+ "maxResults": {
+ "title": "Number of top search results to return from Google. Only organic results are returned and counted",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "The number of top organic search results to return and scrape text from",
+ "prefill": 3,
+ "minimum": 1,
+ "maximum": 50
+ },
+ "outputFormats": {
+ "title": "Output formats",
+ "type": "array",
+ "description": "Select the desired output formats for the retrieved content",
+ "editor": "select",
+ "default": ["text"],
+ "items": {
+ "type": "string",
+ "enum": ["text", "markdown", "html"],
+ "enumTitles": ["Plain text", "Markdown", "HTML"]
+ }
+ },
+ "requestTimeoutSecs": {
+ "title": "Request timeout in seconds",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "The maximum time (in seconds) allowed for request. If the request exceeds this time, it will be marked as failed and only already finished results will be returned",
+ "minimum": 1,
+ "maximum": 600,
+ "default": 60
+ },
+ "proxyGroupSearch": {
+ "title": "Search Proxy Group",
+ "type": "string",
+ "description": "Select the proxy group for loading search results",
+ "editor": "select",
+ "default": "GOOGLE_SERP",
+ "enum": ["GOOGLE_SERP", "SHADER"],
+ "sectionCaption": "Google Search Settings"
+ },
+ "maxRequestRetriesSearch": {
+ "title": "Maximum number of retries for Google search request on network / server errors",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "The maximum number of times the Google search crawler will retry the request on network, proxy or server errors. If the (n+1)-th request still fails, the crawler will mark this request as failed.",
+ "minimum": 0,
+ "maximum": 3,
+ "default": 1
+ },
+ "proxyConfiguration": {
+ "title": "Crawler: Proxy configuration",
+ "type": "object",
+ "description": "Enables loading the websites from IP addresses in specific geographies and to circumvent blocking.",
+ "default": {
+ "useApifyProxy": true
+ },
+ "prefill": {
+ "useApifyProxy": true
+ },
+ "editor": "proxy",
+ "sectionCaption": "Content Crawler Settings"
+ },
+ "initialConcurrency": {
+ "title": "Initial concurrency",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "Initial number of Playwright browsers running in parallel. The system scales this value based on CPU and memory usage.",
+ "minimum": 0,
+ "maximum": 50,
+ "default": 5
+ },
+ "minConcurrency": {
+ "title": "Minimal concurrency",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "Minimum number of Playwright browsers running in parallel. Useful for defining a base level of parallelism.",
+ "minimum": 1,
+ "maximum": 50,
+ "default": 3
+ },
+ "maxConcurrency": {
+ "title": "Maximal concurrency",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "Maximum number of browsers or clients running in parallel to avoid overloading target websites.",
+ "minimum": 1,
+ "maximum": 50,
+ "default": 10
+ },
+ "maxRequestRetries": {
+ "title": "Maximum number of retries for Playwright content crawler",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "Maximum number of retry attempts on network, proxy, or server errors. If the (n+1)-th request fails, it will be marked as failed.",
+ "minimum": 0,
+ "maximum": 3,
+ "default": 1
+ },
+ "requestTimeoutContentCrawlSecs": {
+ "title": "Request timeout for content crawling",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "Timeout (in seconds) for making requests for each search result, including fetching and processing its content.\n\nThe value must be smaller than the 'Request timeout in seconds' setting.",
+ "minimum": 1,
+ "maximum": 60,
+ "default": 30
+ },
+ "dynamicContentWaitSecs": {
+ "title": "Wait for dynamic content (seconds)",
+ "type": "integer",
+ "description": "Maximum time (in seconds) to wait for dynamic content to load. The crawler processes the page once this time elapses or when the network becomes idle.",
+ "default": 10
+ },
+ "removeCookieWarnings": {
+ "title": "Remove cookie warnings",
+ "type": "boolean",
+ "description": "If enabled, removes cookie consent dialogs to improve text extraction accuracy. Note that this will impact latency.",
+ "default": true
+ },
+ "debugMode": {
+ "title": "Debug mode (stores debugging information in dataset)",
+ "type": "boolean",
+ "description": "If enabled, the Actor will store debugging information in the dataset's debug field",
+ "default": false,
+ "sectionCaption": "Debug Settings"
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/.dockerignore b/.dockerignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..288da10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.dockerignore
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# configurations
+.idea
+
+# crawlee and apify storage folders
+apify_storage
+crawlee_storage
+storage
+
+# installed files
+node_modules
+
+# git folder
+.git
+
+# data
+data
diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..658b1f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+charset = utf-8
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+insert_final_newline = true
+end_of_line = lf
+max_line_length = 120
diff --git a/.eslintrc b/.eslintrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58438da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.eslintrc
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+{
+ "root": true,
+ "env": {
+ "browser": true,
+ "es2020": true,
+ "node": true
+ },
+ "extends": [
+ "@apify/eslint-config-ts"
+ ],
+ "parserOptions": {
+ "project": "./tsconfig.json",
+ "ecmaVersion": 2020
+ },
+ "ignorePatterns": [
+ "node_modules",
+ "dist",
+ "**/*.d.ts"
+ ],
+ "plugins": ["import"],
+ "rules": {
+ "import/order": [
+ "error",
+ {
+ "groups": [
+ ["builtin", "external"],
+ "internal",
+ ["parent", "sibling", "index"]
+ ],
+ "newlines-between": "always",
+ "alphabetize": {
+ "order": "asc",
+ "caseInsensitive": true
+ }
+ }
+ ],
+ "max-len": ["error", { "code": 120, "ignoreUrls": true, "ignoreStrings": true, "ignoreTemplateLiterals": true }]
+ }
+}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe64c7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# This file tells Git which files shouldn't be added to source control
+
+.DS_Store
+.idea
+dist
+node_modules
+apify_storage
+storage
+
+# Added by Apify CLI
+.venv
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31af11c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+This changelog summarizes all changes of the RAG Web Browser
+
+### 2024-09-24
+
+🚀 Features
+- Updated README.md to include tips on improving latency
+- Set initialConcurrency to 5
+- Set minConcurrency to 3
+- Set logLevel to INFO
+
+### 2024-09-20
+
+🐛 Bug Fixes
+- Fix response format when crawler fails
+
+### 2024-09-24
+
+🚀 Features
+- Add ability to create new crawlers using query parameters
+- Update Dockerfile to node version 22
+
+🐛 Bug Fixes
+- Fix playwright key creation
+
+### 2024-09-11
+
+🚀 Features
+- Initial version of the RAG Web Browser
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9a54d81..b2ac0f5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,28 +1,200 @@
-# Solution template
-This repository serves as a template for creating repositories for new solutions. Using a template makes it easier to create new repos with pre-defined contents and ensures consistency between the repositories.
+# 🌐 RAG Web Browser
-## How to use this template
+This Actor retrieves website content from the top Google Search Results Pages (SERPs).
+Given a search query, it fetches the top Google search result URLs and then follows each URL to extract the text content from the targeted websites.
-1. Click the Use this template button in the top right corner.
-2. Choose a name for the repository. It should be in the format `vendor`-`customer`-`solution`-`...`.
- - **Examples:**
- - apify-thorn-facebook-scraper
- - topmonks-microsoft-google-scraper
- - topmonks-microsoft-google-data-processor
- - devbros-apple-some-codename-scraper
-3. Make sure the repo is **private**.
-4. Create the repo.
+The RAG Web Browser is designed for Large Language Model (LLM) applications or LLM agents to provide up-to-date Google search knowledge.
-**Once you have the repo created:**
+**✨ Main features**:
+- Searches Google and extracts the top Organic results. The Google search country is set to the United States.
+- Follows the top URLs to scrape HTML and extract website text, excluding navigation, ads, banners, etc.
+- Capable of extracting content from JavaScript-enabled websites and bypassing anti-scraping protections.
+- Output formats include plain text, markdown, and HTML.
-1. Go to Settings -> Manage Access -> Invite teams or people.
-2. Add the **Apify Team** as **admin**. If the solution will be delivered by a partner, add their team as **admin** too.
-4. Edit this README and fill in the details in the template below. If a field cannot be filled, write **N/A**.
-5. Finally, delete this guide from the Readme, so that only the newly added details will remain.
-6. You're done! Thanks for using the template!
+This Actor combines the functionality of two specialized actors: the [Google Search Results Scraper](https://apify.com/apify/google-search-scraper) and the [Website Content Crawler](https://apify.com/apify/website-content-crawler).
+- To scrape only Google Search Results, use the [Google Search Results Scraper](https://apify.com/apify/google-search-scraper) actor.
+- To extract content from a list of URLs, use the [Website Content Crawler](https://apify.com/apify/website-content-crawler) actor.
-# vendor-customer-solution
+ⓘ The Actor defaults to using Google Search in the United States.
+As a result, queries like "find the best restaurant nearby" will return results from the US.
+Other countries are not currently supported.
+If you need support for a different region, please create an issue to let us know.
-**Kanban link:** Add link to the Apify Kanban card.
+## 🚀 Fast responses using the Standby mode
-**Issue link:** Add link to the issue created in Delivery Issue Tracker or some other tracking issue.
+This Actor can be run in both normal and [standby modes](https://docs.apify.com/platform/actors/running/standby).
+Normal mode is useful for testing and running in ad-hoc settings, but it comes with some overhead due to the Actor's initial startup time.
+
+For optimal performance, it is recommended to run the Actor in Standby mode.
+This allows the Actor to stay active, enabling it to retrieve results with lower latency.
+
+### 🔥 How to start the Actor in a Standby mode?
+
+You need know the Actor's standby URL and `APIFY_API_TOKEN` to start the Actor in Standby mode.
+
+```shell
+curl -X GET https://rag-web-browser.apify.actor?token=APIFY_API_TOKEN
+```
+
+Then, you can send requests to the `/search` path along with your `query` and the number of results (`maxResults`) you want to retrieve.
+```shell
+curl -X GET https://rag-web-browser.apify.actor/search?token=APIFY_API_TOKEN&query=apify&maxResults=1
+```
+
+Here’s an example of the server response (truncated for brevity):
+```json
+[
+ {
+ "crawl": {
+ "httpStatusCode": 200,
+ "loadedAt": "2024-09-02T08:44:41.750Z",
+ "uniqueKey": "3e8452bb-c703-44af-9590-bd5257902378",
+ "requestStatus": "handled"
+ },
+ "googleSearchResult": {
+ "url": "https://apify.com/",
+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI...."
+ },
+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI....",
+ "keywords": "web scraper,web crawler,scraping,data extraction,API",
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://apify.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform..."
+ }
+]
+```
+
+The Standby mode has several configuration parameters, such as Max Requests per Run, Memory, and Idle Timeout.
+You can find the details in the [Standby Mode documentation](https://docs.apify.com/platform/actors/running/standby#how-do-i-customize-standby-configuration).
+
+**Note** Sending a search request to `/search` will also initiate Standby mode.
+You can use this endpoint for both purposes conveniently
+```shell
+curl -X GET https://rag-web-browser.apify.actor/search?token=APIFY_API_TOKEN?query=apify%20llm
+```
+
+### 📧 API parameters
+
+When running in the standby mode the RAG Web Browser accepts the following query parameters:
+
+| parameter | description |
+|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `query` | Use regular search words or enter Google Search URLs. You can also apply advanced Google search techniques. |
+| `maxResults` | The number of top organic search results to return and scrape text from (maximum is 50). |
+| `outputFormats` | Select the desired output formats for the retrieved content (e.g., "text", "markdown", "html"). |
+| `requestTimeoutSecs` | The maximum time (in seconds) allowed for the request. If the request exceeds this time, it will be marked as failed. |
+| `proxyGroupSearch` | Select the proxy group for loading search results. Options: 'GOOGLE_SERP', 'SHADER'. |
+| `maxRequestRetriesSearch` | Maximum number of retry attempts on network, proxy, or server errors for Google search requests. |
+| `proxyConfiguration` | Enables loading the websites from IP addresses in specific geographies and to circumvent blocking. |
+| `initialConcurrency` | Initial number of Playwright browsers running in parallel. The system scales this value based on CPU and memory usage. |
+| `minConcurrency` | Minimum number of Playwright browsers running in parallel. Useful for defining a base level of parallelism. |
+| `maxConcurrency` | Maximum number of browsers or clients running in parallel to avoid overloading target websites. |
+| `maxRequestRetries` | Maximum number of retry attempts on network, proxy, or server errors for the Playwright content crawler. |
+| `requestTimeoutContentCrawlSecs` | Timeout (in seconds) for making requests for each search result, including fetching and processing its content. |
+| `dynamicContentWaitSecs` | Maximum time (in seconds) to wait for dynamic content to load. The crawler processes the page once this time elapses or when the network becomes idle. |
+| `removeCookieWarnings` | If enabled, removes cookie consent dialogs to improve text extraction accuracy. Note that this will impact latency. |
+| `debugMode` | If enabled, the Actor will store debugging information in the dataset's debug field. |
+
+## 🏃 What is the best way to run the RAG Web Browser?
+
+The RAG Web Browser is designed to be run in Standby mode for optimal performance.
+The Standby mode allows the Actor to stay active, enabling it to retrieve results with lower latency.
+
+## ⏳ What is the expected latency?
+
+The latency is proportional to the **memory allocated** to the Actor and **number of results requested**.
+
+Below is a typical latency breakdown for the RAG Web Browser with **initialConcurrency=3** and **maxResults** set to either 1 or 3.
+These settings allow for processing all search results in parallel.
+
+Please note the these results are only indicative and may vary based on the search term, the target websites,
+and network latency.
+
+The numbers below are based on the following search terms: "apify", "Donald Trump", "boston".
+Results were averaged for the three queries.
+
+| Memory (GB) | Max Results | Latency (s) |
+|-------------|-------------|-------------|
+| 4 | 1 | 22 |
+| 4 | 3 | 31 |
+| 8 | 1 | 16 |
+| 8 | 3 | 17 |
+
+Based on your requirements, if low latency is a priority, consider running the Actor with 4GB or 8GB of memory.
+However, if you're looking for a cost-effective solution, you can run the Actor with 2GB of memory, but you may experience higher latency and might need to set a longer timeout.
+
+If you need to gather more results, you can increase the memory and adjust the `initialConcurrency` parameter accordingly.
+
+## 🎢 How to optimize the RAG Web Browser for low latency?
+
+For low latency, it's recommended to run the RAG Web Browser with 8 GB of memory. Additionally, adjust these settings to further optimize performance:
+
+- **Initial Concurrency**: This controls the number of Playwright browsers running in parallel. If you only need a few results (e.g., 3, 5, or 10), set the initial concurrency to match this number to ensure content is processed simultaneously.
+- **Dynamic Content Wait Secs**: Set this to 0 if you don't need to wait for dynamic content. This can significantly reduce latency.
+- **Remove Cookie Warnings**: If the websites you're scraping don't have cookie warnings, set this to false to slightly improve latency.
+- **Debug Mode**: Enable this to store debugging information if you need to measure the Actor's latency.
+
+If you require a response within a certain timeframe, use the `requestTimeoutSecs` parameter to define the maximum duration the Actor should spend on making search requests and crawling.
+
+
+## ✃ How to set up request timeout?
+
+You can set the `requestTimeoutSecs` parameter to define how long the Actor should spend on making the search request and crawling.
+If the timeout is exceeded, the Actor will return whatever results were scraped up to that point.
+
+For example, the following outputs (truncated for brevity) illustrate this behavior:
+- The first result from http://github.com/apify was scraped fully.
+- The second result from http://apify.com was partially scraped due to the timeout. As a result, only the `googleSearchResult` is returned, and in this case, the `googleSearchResult.description` was copied into the `text` field.
+
+```json
+[
+ {
+ "crawl": {
+ "httpStatusCode": 200,
+ "httpStatusMessage": "OK",
+ "requestStatus": "handled"
+ },
+ "googleSearchResult": {
+ "description": "Apify command-line interface helps you create, develop, build and run Apify actors, and manage the Apify cloud platform.",
+ "title": "Apify",
+ "url": "https://github.com/apify"
+ },
+ "text": "Apify · Crawlee — A web scraping and browser automation library for Python"
+ },
+ {
+ "crawl": {
+ "httpStatusCode": 500,
+ "httpStatusMessage": "Timed out",
+ "requestStatus": "failed"
+ },
+ "googleSearchResult": {
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI.",
+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "url": "https://apify.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI."
+ }
+]
+```
+
+## ֎ How to use RAG Web Browser in your GPT as custom action?
+
+You can easily call the RAG Web Browser to your GPT by uploading its OpenAPI specification and creating a custom action.
+Follow the steps in the article [Add custom actions to your GPTs with Apify Actors](https://blog.apify.com/add-custom-actions-to-your-gpts/).
+
+## 👷🏼 Development
+
+**Run STANDBY mode using apify-cli for development**
+```bash
+APIFY_META_ORIGIN=STANDBY apify run -p
+```
+
+**Install playwright dependencies**
+```bash
+npx playwright install --with-deps
+```
diff --git a/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_2gb_maxResult_1.json b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_2gb_maxResult_1.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bd7b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_2gb_maxResult_1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+[{
+ "crawl": {
+ "httpStatusCode": 200,
+ "loadedAt": "2024-09-02T13:12:20.344Z",
+ "uniqueKey": "a1209d71-5d46-45bb-b1f6-10d68515d46b",
+ "requestStatus": "handled",
+ "debug": {
+ "timeMeasures": [
+ {
+ "event": "request-received",
+ "timeMs": 0,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 0
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "before-cheerio-queue-add",
+ "timeMs": 147,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 147
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "cheerio-request-handler-start",
+ "timeMs": 2575,
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+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI. Use 2,000+ ready-made tools, code templates, or order a custom solution.",
+ "keywords": "web scraper,web crawler,scraping,data extraction,API",
+ "languageCode": "en",
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+ "text": "Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading pageBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\nSimplify scraping with\nCrawlee\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\nimport\n{\nPuppeteerCrawler,\nDataset\n}\nfrom 'crawlee';\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n{\nasync requestHandler(\n{\nrequest, page,\nenqueueLinks\n}\n) \n{\nurl: request.url,\ntitle: await page.title(),\nawait enqueueLinks();\nawait crawler.run(['https://crawlee.dev']);\nUse your favorite libraries\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\nStart with our code templates\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\nname = \"scraper\"\nstart_urls = [\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"]\ndef parse_item(self, response):\nitem = Item()\nitem[\"price\"] = response.css(\".price_color::text\").get()\nreturn item\nTurn your code into an Apify Actor\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\nLearn more about Actors\nimport\n{ Actor\n}\nfrom 'apify'\nawait Actor.init();\nDeploy to the cloud\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\nDeploy to Apify\n> apify push\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\nRun: Building Actor scraper\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\nACTOR: Build finished.\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\nRun your Actors\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\nRun object\n{ \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\", \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\", \"finishedAt\": null, \"status\": \"RUNNING\", \"options\": { \"build\": \"version-3\", \"timeoutSecs\": 3600, \"memoryMbytes\": 4096 }, \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\", \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\", \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\" }\nNever get blocked\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\nLearn more about Apify Proxy\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n{\ncountryCode: 'US',\ngroups: ['RESIDENTIAL'],\nStore and share crawling results\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\nLearn more about Apify Storage\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\nDataset items\n[ { \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\", \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\", \"price\": 999 }, { \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\", \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\", \"price\": 1499 } ]\nMonitor performance over time\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\nIntegrations. Everywhere.\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\nSee all integrations\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\nBrowse 2,000+ Actors",
+ "markdown": "# Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading pageBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\n\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\n\n#### \n\nSimplify scraping with\n\nCrawlee\n\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\n \n\nimport\n\n{\n\n \n\nPuppeteerCrawler,\n\n \n\nDataset\n\n}\n\n \n\nfrom 'crawlee';\n\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nasync requestHandler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nrequest, page,\n\n \n\nenqueueLinks\n\n}\n\n) \n\n{\n\nurl: request.url,\n\ntitle: await page.title(),\n\nawait enqueueLinks();\n\nawait crawler.run(\\['https://crawlee.dev'\\]);\n\n\n\n#### Use your favorite libraries\n\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\n\n[Start with our code templates](https://apify.com/templates)\n\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\n\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\n\nname = \"scraper\"\n\nstart\\_urls = \\[\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"\\]\n\ndef parse\\_item(self, response):\n\nitem = Item()\n\nitem\\[\"price\"\\] = response.css(\".price\\_color::text\").get()\n\nreturn item\n\n#### Turn your code into an Apify Actor\n\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\n\n[Learn more about Actors](https://apify.com/actors)\n\nimport\n\n{ Actor\n\n}\n\n from 'apify'\n\nawait Actor.init();\n\n\n\n#### Deploy to the cloud\n\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\n\n[Deploy to Apify](https://console.apify.com/actors/new)\n\n\\> apify push\n\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\n\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\n\nRun: Building Actor scraper\n\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\n\nACTOR: Build finished.\n\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\n\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\n\n\n\n#### Run your Actors\n\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\n\n```\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\n```\n\nRun object\n\n```\n{\n \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\",\n \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\",\n \"finishedAt\": null,\n \"status\": \"RUNNING\",\n \"options\": {\n \"build\": \"version-3\",\n \"timeoutSecs\": 3600,\n \"memoryMbytes\": 4096\n },\n \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\",\n \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\",\n \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\"\n}\n```\n\n\n\n#### Never get blocked\n\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Proxy](https://apify.com/proxy)\n\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n\n{\n\ncountryCode: 'US',\n\ngroups: \\['RESIDENTIAL'\\],\n\n\n\n#### Store and share crawling results\n\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Storage](https://apify.com/storage)\n\n```\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\n```\n\nDataset items\n\n```\n[\n {\n \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\",\n \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\",\n \"price\": 999\n },\n {\n \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\",\n \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\",\n \"price\": 1499\n }\n]\n```\n\n\n\n#### Monitor performance over time\n\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\n\n\n\n#### Integrations. Everywhere.\n\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\n\n[See all integrations](https://apify.com/integrations)\n\n[\n\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/cheerio-scraper)[\n\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/web-scraper)[\n\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/compass/crawler-google-places)[\n\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\n\n](https://apify.com/streamers/youtube-scraper)[\n\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\n\n](https://apify.com/voyager/booking-scraper)[\n\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/puppeteer-scraper)[\n\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\n\n](https://apify.com/junglee/Amazon-crawler)[\n\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/quacker/twitter-scraper)\n\n[Browse 2,000+ Actors](https://apify.com/store)",
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+ "title": "Home | Donald J. Trump",
+ "description": "Certified Website of Donald J. Trump For President 2024. America's comeback starts right now. Join our movement to Make America Great Again!",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://www.donaldjtrump.com/"
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+ "text": "Home | Donald J. Trump\n\"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States \nContribute VOLUNTEER \nAgenda47 Platform\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more. \nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate. \nPlatform \nI AM YOUR VOICE. AMERICA FIRST!\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\nAgenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\nAgenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\nPresident Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\nPresident Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\nWe Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.",
+ "markdown": "# Home | Donald J. Trump\n\n## \"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\n\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States\n\n[Contribute](https://secure.winred.com/trump-national-committee-jfc/lp-website-contribute-button) [VOLUNTEER](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/join)\n\n## Agenda47 Platform\n\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more.\n\nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate.\n\n[Platform](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/platform)\n\n\n\n\n\n## I AM **YOUR VOICE**. AMERICA FIRST!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2ff6i4/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\n\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27rnh8/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27mkjo/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v26a8h6/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\n\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24rq6y/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\n\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v25d8w0/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\n\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2597vg/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\n\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24n0j2/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\n\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23qmwu/?rel=0)\n\n### We Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\n\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n",
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+ "metadata": {
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+ "title": "Boston.com: Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to do",
+ "description": "What Boston cares about right now: Get breaking updates on news, sports, and weather. Local alerts, things to do, and more on Boston.com.",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en-US",
+ "url": "https://www.boston.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doSafeFrame ContainerSafeFrame ContainerBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.",
+ "markdown": "# Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doSafeFrame ContainerSafeFrame ContainerBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\n\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\n\n\n\n\n\n",
+ "html": null
+}]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_2gb_maxResults_5.json b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_2gb_maxResults_5.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..600e439
--- /dev/null
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+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://github.com/apify"
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+ "text": "Apify · GitHubXLinkedIn\nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Python to build reliable crawlers. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, and other files from websites. Wo… \nPython 3.8k 255 \nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Node.js to build reliable crawlers. In JavaScript and TypeScript. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, an… \nTypeScript 14.8k 615 \nNode.js implementation of a proxy server (think Squid) with support for SSL, authentication and upstream proxy chaining. \nJavaScript 827 138 \nHTTP client made for scraping based on got. \nTypeScript 500 37 \nBrowser fingerprinting tools for anonymizing your scrapers. Developed by Apify. \nTypeScript 877 94",
+ "markdown": "# Apify · GitHubXLinkedIn\n\nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Python to build reliable crawlers. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, and other files from websites. Wo…\n\nPython [3.8k](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/stargazers) [255](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/forks)\n\nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Node.js to build reliable crawlers. In JavaScript and TypeScript. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, an…\n\nTypeScript [14.8k](https://github.com/apify/crawlee/stargazers) [615](https://github.com/apify/crawlee/forks)\n\nNode.js implementation of a proxy server (think Squid) with support for SSL, authentication and upstream proxy chaining.\n\nJavaScript [827](https://github.com/apify/proxy-chain/stargazers) [138](https://github.com/apify/proxy-chain/forks)\n\nHTTP client made for scraping based on got.\n\nTypeScript [500](https://github.com/apify/got-scraping/stargazers) [37](https://github.com/apify/got-scraping/forks)\n\nBrowser fingerprinting tools for anonymizing your scrapers. Developed by Apify.\n\nTypeScript [877](https://github.com/apify/fingerprint-suite/stargazers) [94](https://github.com/apify/fingerprint-suite/forks)",
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+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI. Use 2,000+ ready-made tools, code templates, or order a custom solution.",
+ "keywords": "web scraper,web crawler,scraping,data extraction,API",
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://apify.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading pageBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\nSimplify scraping with\nCrawlee\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\nimport\n{\nPuppeteerCrawler,\nDataset\n}\nfrom 'crawlee';\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n{\nasync requestHandler(\n{\nrequest, page,\nenqueueLinks\n}\n) \n{\nurl: request.url,\ntitle: await page.title(),\nawait enqueueLinks();\nawait crawler.run(['https://crawlee.dev']);\nUse your favorite libraries\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\nStart with our code templates\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\nname = \"scraper\"\nstart_urls = [\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"]\ndef parse_item(self, response):\nitem = Item()\nitem[\"price\"] = response.css(\".price_color::text\").get()\nreturn item\nTurn your code into an Apify Actor\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\nLearn more about Actors\nimport\n{ Actor\n}\nfrom 'apify'\nawait Actor.init();\nDeploy to the cloud\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\nDeploy to Apify\n> apify push\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\nRun: Building Actor scraper\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\nACTOR: Build finished.\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\nRun your Actors\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\nRun object\n{ \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\", \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\", \"finishedAt\": null, \"status\": \"RUNNING\", \"options\": { \"build\": \"version-3\", \"timeoutSecs\": 3600, \"memoryMbytes\": 4096 }, \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\", \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\", \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\" }\nNever get blocked\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\nLearn more about Apify Proxy\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n{\ncountryCode: 'US',\ngroups: ['RESIDENTIAL'],\nStore and share crawling results\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\nLearn more about Apify Storage\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\nDataset items\n[ { \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\", \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\", \"price\": 999 }, { \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\", \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\", \"price\": 1499 } ]\nMonitor performance over time\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\nIntegrations. Everywhere.\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\nSee all integrations\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\nBrowse 2,000+ Actors",
+ "markdown": "# Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading pageBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\n\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\n\n#### \n\nSimplify scraping with\n\nCrawlee\n\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\n \n\nimport\n\n{\n\n \n\nPuppeteerCrawler,\n\n \n\nDataset\n\n}\n\n \n\nfrom 'crawlee';\n\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nasync requestHandler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nrequest, page,\n\n \n\nenqueueLinks\n\n}\n\n) \n\n{\n\nurl: request.url,\n\ntitle: await page.title(),\n\nawait enqueueLinks();\n\nawait crawler.run(\\['https://crawlee.dev'\\]);\n\n\n\n#### Use your favorite libraries\n\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\n\n[Start with our code templates](https://apify.com/templates)\n\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\n\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\n\nname = \"scraper\"\n\nstart\\_urls = \\[\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"\\]\n\ndef parse\\_item(self, response):\n\nitem = Item()\n\nitem\\[\"price\"\\] = response.css(\".price\\_color::text\").get()\n\nreturn item\n\n#### Turn your code into an Apify Actor\n\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\n\n[Learn more about Actors](https://apify.com/actors)\n\nimport\n\n{ Actor\n\n}\n\n from 'apify'\n\nawait Actor.init();\n\n\n\n#### Deploy to the cloud\n\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\n\n[Deploy to Apify](https://console.apify.com/actors/new)\n\n\\> apify push\n\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\n\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\n\nRun: Building Actor scraper\n\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\n\nACTOR: Build finished.\n\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\n\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\n\n\n\n#### Run your Actors\n\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\n\n```\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\n```\n\nRun object\n\n```\n{\n \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\",\n \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\",\n \"finishedAt\": null,\n \"status\": \"RUNNING\",\n \"options\": {\n \"build\": \"version-3\",\n \"timeoutSecs\": 3600,\n \"memoryMbytes\": 4096\n },\n \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\",\n \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\",\n \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\"\n}\n```\n\n\n\n#### Never get blocked\n\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Proxy](https://apify.com/proxy)\n\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n\n{\n\ncountryCode: 'US',\n\ngroups: \\['RESIDENTIAL'\\],\n\n\n\n#### Store and share crawling results\n\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Storage](https://apify.com/storage)\n\n```\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\n```\n\nDataset items\n\n```\n[\n {\n \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\",\n \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\",\n \"price\": 999\n },\n {\n \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\",\n \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\",\n \"price\": 1499\n }\n]\n```\n\n\n\n#### Monitor performance over time\n\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\n\n\n\n#### Integrations. Everywhere.\n\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\n\n[See all integrations](https://apify.com/integrations)\n\n[\n\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/cheerio-scraper)[\n\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/web-scraper)[\n\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/compass/crawler-google-places)[\n\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\n\n](https://apify.com/streamers/youtube-scraper)[\n\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\n\n](https://apify.com/voyager/booking-scraper)[\n\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/puppeteer-scraper)[\n\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\n\n](https://apify.com/junglee/Amazon-crawler)[\n\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/quacker/twitter-scraper)\n\n[Browse 2,000+ Actors](https://apify.com/store)",
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Apify (@apify) / X",
+ "description": null,
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+ "url": "https://twitter.com/apify?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor"
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+ "text": "Apify (@apify) / XSign In - Google AccountsSign In\nApify’s posts\nThe media could not be played.\nWe’ve just launched Crawlee on \n's Launch YC! Crawlee is an open-source Node.js library for developing web scrapers and crawlers — an essential tool to acquire data for fine-tuning LLMs and RAG. 11K stars on GitHub and counting \nOur price watcher, done together with \nand \nfor the biggest three Czech e-shops and their Black Friday discounts made it into \nmagazine. And we’re in good company opposite delicious \nblog.apify.com/black-friday-i\nExcited to sponsor \nin the new #Python Simplified Code Jam - an initiative that incentivizes experienced and #beginnercoders alike to build exciting stuff together Check out Mariya’s channel and register if you’re up for a challenge: youtube.com/watch?v=tRlEkC\nCrawlee for Python is officially live! We're excited to share the beta version of the repository with you, which is already open for early adopters Check out and support the best web scraping and automation library on",
+ "markdown": "# Apify (@apify) / XSign In - Google AccountsSign In\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/apify/photo)\n\n## Apify’s posts\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/apify/status/1795062479044645313/photo/1)\n\nThe media could not be played.\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/apify/status/1805936539756580946/photo/1)\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/apify/status/1322257049527472128/photo/1)\n\nWe’ve just launched Crawlee on\n\n's Launch YC! ![🔺](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f53a.svg \"Up-pointing red triangle\")Crawlee is an open-source Node.js library for developing web scrapers and crawlers — an essential tool to acquire data for fine-tuning LLMs and RAG. 11K stars on GitHub and counting ![📈](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f4c8.svg \"Chart with upwards trend\")![🚀](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f680.svg \"Rocket\")\n\nOur price watcher, done together with\n\nand\n\nfor the biggest three Czech e-shops and their Black Friday discounts made it into\n\nmagazine. And we’re in good company opposite delicious\n\n[blog.apify.com/black-friday-i](https://t.co/G53VSDy0uW)\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/apify/status/1082583099769307136/photo/1)\n\nExcited to sponsor\n\nin the new [#Python](https://twitter.com/hashtag/Python?src=hashtag_click) Simplified Code Jam - an initiative that incentivizes experienced and [#beginnercoders](https://twitter.com/hashtag/beginnercoders?src=hashtag_click) alike to build exciting stuff together ![🚀](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f680.svg \"Rocket\") Check out Mariya’s channel and register if you’re up for a challenge: [youtube.com/watch?v=tRlEkC](https://t.co/MSgIK6s1WV)\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/apify/status/1546893306780680192/photo/1)\n\nCrawlee for Python is officially live! ![🥳](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f973.svg \"Partying face\") We're excited to share the beta version of the repository with you, which is already open for early adopters ![🤩](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f929.svg \"Star-struck\") Check out and support the best web scraping and automation library on\n\n![👇](https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f447.svg \"Down pointing backhand index\")",
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+ "title": "How I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com - YouTube",
+ "description": "Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.",
+ "keywords": "video, sharing, camera phone, video phone, free, upload",
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWDQOqcRT48"
+ },
+ "text": "How I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com\nSign in to confirm you’re not a bot\nThis helps protect our community. Learn more \nComments 57 \nDescription \nHow I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com \n593Likes\n16,116Views\nMay 102024\nGET THE BLUEPRINT HERE FOR FREE ⤵️ https://leftclicker.gumroad.com/l/rswve GET ALL BLUEPRINTS + COMMUNITY COACHING + WEEKLY OFFICE HOURS (LIMITED) ⤵️ https://makemoneywithmake.com/ WANT A SYSTEM BUILT FOR YOU? ⤵️ https://leftclick.typeform.com/to/Rln... WHAT TO WATCH NEXT 🍿 How I Make $20K/Mo on Upwork with Make: • This Make.com AI Content Generator Pr... My $21K/Mo Make.com Proposal System: • This Make.com Proposal System Generat... Generate Content Automatically With AI: • This Simple Make.com Automation Gener... MY TOOLS, SOFTWARE DEALS & GEAR (some of these links give me kickbacks—thank you!) 🚀 INSTANTLY: https://instantly.ai/?via=nick-saraev 🧠 SMARTLEAD.AI: https://smartlead.ai/?via=nick-saraev 📧 ANYMAIL FINDER: https://anymailfinder.com/?via=nick 🚀 APOLLO.IO: https://get.apollo.io/bisgh2z5mxc1 👻 PHANTOMBUSTER: https://phantombuster.com/?deal=noah60 📄 PANDADOC: https://pandadoc.partnerlinks.io/ar44... 📝 TYPEFORM: https://typeform.cello.so/rM8vRjChpbp ✅ CLICKUP: https://clickup.pxf.io/4PQo61 📅 MONDAY.COM: https://try.monday.com/1ty9wtpsara2 📓 NOTION: https://affiliate.notion.so/3viwitl53eg7 🤖 APIFY: https://www.apify.com/?fpr=98rff 🛠️ MAKE: https://www.make.com/en/register?pc=n... 🚀 GOHIGHLEVEL: https://www.gohighlevel.com/30-day-tr... 📈 RIZE: https://rize.io/?via=LEFTCLICKAI (use promo code NICK) 🌐 WEBFLOW: https://try.webflow.com/e31xtgbyscm8 🃏 CARRD: https://try.carrd.co/myjz1yxp 💬 REPLY: https://get.reply.io/yszpkkqzkb8f 📨 MISSIVE: https://missiveapp.com/?ref_id=E3BEE4... 📄 PDF.CO: https://pdf.ai/?via=nick 🔥 FIREFLIES.AI: https://fireflies.ai/?fpr=nick33 🔍 DATAFORSEO: https://dataforseo.com/?aff=178012 🖼️ BANNERBEAR: https://www.bannerbear.com/?via=nick 🗣️ VAPI.AI: https://vapi.ai/?aff=nicksaraev 🤖 BOTPRESS: https://try.botpress.com/ygwdv3dcwetq 🤝 CLOSE: https://refer.close.com/r3ec5kps99cs 💬 MANYCHAT: https://manychat.partnerlinks.io/sxbx... 🛠️ SOFTR: https://softrplatformsgmbh.partnerlin... 🌐 SITEGROUND: https://www.siteground.com/index.htm?... ⏱️ TOGGL: https://toggl.com/?via=nick 📝 JOTFORM: https://link.jotform.com/nicksaraev-D... 📊 FATHOM: https://usefathom.com/ref/YOHMXL 🛒 AMAZON: https://kit.co/nicksaraev/longform-au... 📇 DROPCONTACT: https://www.dropcontact.com/?kfl_ln=l... 📸 GEAR KIT: https://link.nicksaraev.com/kit 🟩 UPWORK https://link.nicksaraev.com/upwork 🛑 TODOIST: https://get.todoist.io/62mhvgid6gh3 🧑💼 CONVERTKIT: https://partners.convertkit.com/lhq98... FOLLOW ME ✍🏻 My content writing agency: https://1secondcopy.com 🦾 My automation agency: https://leftclick.ai 🕊️ My Twitter/X: / nicksaraev 🤙 My blog (followed by the founder of HubSpot!): https://nicksaraev.com WHY ME? If this is your first watch—hi, I’m Nick! TLDR: I spent five years building automated businesses with Make.com (most notably 1SecondCopy, a content company that hit 7 figures). Today a lot of people talk about automation, but I’ve noticed that very few have practical, real world success making money with it. So this channel is me chiming in and showing you what real systems that make real revenue look like! Hopefully I can help you improve your business, and in doing so, the rest of your life :-) Please like, subscribe, and leave me a comment if you have a specific request! Thanks.\nFollow along using the transcript.\nNick Saraev\n22.4K subscribers \nTranscript",
+ "markdown": "# How I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com\n\nSign in to confirm you’re not a bot\n\nThis helps protect our community. [Learn more](https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3037019#zippy=%2Ccheck-that-youre-signed-into-youtube)\n\n## Comments 57\n\n## Description\n\nHow I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com\n\n593Likes\n\n16,116Views\n\nMay 102024\n\nGET THE BLUEPRINT HERE FOR FREE ⤵️ [https://leftclicker.gumroad.com/l/rswve](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbWNfWlZoOGN3UXkyYVR2X3NnWmY4QnVOWTNxZ3xBQ3Jtc0trQWswWkU2YmljcE9kbjRXRGtHdXlXSDBEbnQ3T0gxYmNIYmluMXd6ajExTGtBeWxseWFmQlBWX2I1Y1RxVlotcWtEdFpLOUtySHRsaVNfM2Z0dEtuTjNHcnNEYWYxa3NSUnZCVXM4NlNiTnhCeklOSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fleftclicker.gumroad.com%2Fl%2Frswve&v=wWDQOqcRT48) GET ALL BLUEPRINTS + COMMUNITY COACHING + WEEKLY OFFICE HOURS (LIMITED) ⤵️ [https://makemoneywithmake.com/](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbktCYUN5QldCY002S1dYWGdUU2ZZZVlhNHUtQXxBQ3Jtc0tuMUFCYWxuV0NXbWlEYm5Nal9KQ1kzTWZIbEpJYkJOTG1VWDdldmVkZ2I1S0xTU0xkcXN0bFNQY0hDZS1vb3BMYmFMYUpsWmlESGRKUTkzRDIwOEQwcE8wbzZnWmlYd1VzeC00OGpESS1CMkpMRE1IWQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fmakemoneywithmake.com%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) WANT A SYSTEM BUILT FOR YOU? ⤵️ [https://leftclick.typeform.com/to/Rln...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbG1SY2d3MEZuZFNOYTlOWGJ3WmFhQnZxRUh0QXxBQ3Jtc0trZnV4aWh5Qmx1LXctTFlZVWRYeDZUaGhILTVaNzROazVUblFfcFp1Ry1vQTVseFlNSFFXRXRkSlpOMVVlaXFqWGQ1cUxlQmdwSk05RXAyQWFGTXZxNFlYSXFYXzNtR2NVdnZES3dacmhOYnN3a05qSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fleftclick.typeform.com%2Fto%2FRlnRTagz&v=wWDQOqcRT48) WHAT TO WATCH NEXT 🍿 How I Make $20K/Mo on Upwork with Make: [• This Make.com AI Content Generator Pr...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuOdz4I9h6E&t=0s) My $21K/Mo Make.com Proposal System: [• This Make.com Proposal System Generat...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVLeX600irk&t=0s) Generate Content Automatically With AI: [• This Simple Make.com Automation Gener...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2Y_DVW1TSQ&t=0s) MY TOOLS, SOFTWARE DEALS & GEAR (some of these links give me kickbacks—thank you!) 🚀 INSTANTLY: [https://instantly.ai/?via=nick-saraev](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbHhldUN3Vlo2LXVkVkdZMkFFVGpiSS1IRjgtZ3xBQ3Jtc0trcEJKdHJPMDFGbGVCVEFrbVdNcUI3ZjQ5UWlGcFU0ODZzRG1JMTFjbWFjVEg0WEJtVVR2Ni1Ld1kxUWlsRHJNSXFLbWVXOXVZNFQtSVFzQXNTeS1jMjQydkh5cm1KTEJMZHcyd2pBRGVHTXJoQ0dzSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Finstantly.ai%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick-saraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🧠 SMARTLEAD.AI: [https://smartlead.ai/?via=nick-saraev](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa3Z1V2RxSG1xTVAyMUV1SlVUSTNmU2RsVHFCZ3xBQ3Jtc0tubzdRMlR4c2R0RGUxR1Y4V3NmaFhwQ19YMDctV0g0ZTZtbFZnMGRCTGQwamxZOS0yUmdiYXFTUUlpbi1SY1MtN0xReFdqOEFJUklPTU5kVzhjdmV1aDNjU3NmaWU1RDQxWGU2dHYtWHNabk53WkR1TQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartlead.ai%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick-saraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📧 ANYMAIL FINDER: [https://anymailfinder.com/?via=nick](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbExvVzF6b3BCRzR0QmFXb0xtZEhySW5RbS1pUXxBQ3Jtc0tuZTRTS1M5ZGJ1TEhxT2tNUGRoRl8ycHByNk5wenpnQXFnaG9KQUVTbzQ3SWdFZnpneHhhVXN0czM1YkdMUlk3R3B0bl90UUdHUnNOWG1oT21MczVnaEJwWkMwZ0k4cmZmWW9mQlpuemNiT1B3eUhYcw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fanymailfinder.com%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🚀 APOLLO.IO: [https://get.apollo.io/bisgh2z5mxc1](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa054V1NrcVU3bWRuWnJKMGZwYzR2aUwzcEVYUXxBQ3Jtc0tscXJQak80cE51NlZJaGpkV2JJVU1WdTgxRV9LekJYcWlGX3h3Vk1rQ2hMUVBpNmFjS2dfY0tzQzlTMFdRYmpuVGNZWHVCNzA2Mmt5WHZuLVZ2cGRPMDQyTWZsUWtZMGVPV1piUjdBTFIwM0NRdnlRbw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fget.apollo.io%2Fbisgh2z5mxc1&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 👻 PHANTOMBUSTER: [https://phantombuster.com/?deal=noah60](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbkRIMmtQVEJwUlFac0ZWVnZkY1daU09TclV6d3xBQ3Jtc0ttVFFDOXlpSDBxZ0otUEhfblJ6XzNLaDdXVGp4UEJMNTA4eWdyU0V0SXRkS1lrQ3J5YnpxM2J5dUVnN29ZUU5TNkI0dlpqY0JlLUhWWU9GQk9yeElkOE5nU3BhOGlfWkRZMXp3LU0tOEpPWVI5SmZIOA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fphantombuster.com%2F%3Fdeal%3Dnoah60&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📄 PANDADOC: [https://pandadoc.partnerlinks.io/ar44...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbGZnVHlhUkpPdFNfZ1pYdkw2MGFlRDJKVFhSUXxBQ3Jtc0tuam9WbVdKeDVmdWRxOER4aU52c0oyeDl2QUdaNEEyYXJjOGNpbFF2ejJrbGVwQm5zQUdRd3BlRnlQVUdUZnNBeVk2M1d2MkhnbHFWSmNNTGl3YnNHVmszYWhQbzVHd1dqNEQ5bkgxTHJiTFg0RWk1TQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fpandadoc.partnerlinks.io%2Far44yghojibe&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📝 TYPEFORM: [https://typeform.cello.so/rM8vRjChpbp](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbF80MmRqYzktQ3B5VGZreFdGYnp4OUVMTC1LQXxBQ3Jtc0tueGg0TnpEQ3pQTzlGX01RMGpDNlh4WmJFNHRRYWsxUmtBYTVPQm0zN082UlJ1SnItUXNGRWJQZlluOHIyVHllVldEQkVoWDcwTl9sQ1l3UWhKQkxPaWZXOUtmQkFUUUpGNUVpM2xTaml3VUNnRGZtOA&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftypeform.cello.so%2FrM8vRjChpbp&v=wWDQOqcRT48) ✅ CLICKUP: [https://clickup.pxf.io/4PQo61](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbWw1VmZULTg0b3hEdGdfbzRfMmpHZUVWRmVyZ3xBQ3Jtc0tudWdhb2lUQjlNYmdRTDNQQWM4VVNhbUJ2RnBRa2tDUzRFVUZ3TFM1bVc0SjNoeE81LUhpUmVyeFJ3eWJmSGxiNjdfa2xFRENkOEVQbFdBOXJQVEdScjBFUmRKWFFXOUJXd2hHX3NrX1ZCWHR5MUlVUQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fclickup.pxf.io%2F4PQo61&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📅 MONDAY.COM: [https://try.monday.com/1ty9wtpsara2](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqblFaOGcxS1A4WTBIbHc4a0lvbXNQeVRKNDFEQXxBQ3Jtc0tuNlJQc0F0aEVWSW1aazhqT25PSU5vS1VoZDRPRWZvWHBaWUZsRWRST1RqbWw1elgtckxTOXE0cld3V3NFcFVuaUVrNWFtX09iWnZWQmdtbHItRnpRRk8wY2M3THBXT0JKcmlqeVZ0VEpwNjhEck5LWQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftry.monday.com%2F1ty9wtpsara2&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📓 NOTION: [https://affiliate.notion.so/3viwitl53eg7](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbDFHMEUwYW03TUlXNDhQUWxLWklOTTRnaDRLQXxBQ3Jtc0tsaTRCVExHSHpHRUZSVm5iMWZJN1R5cDllNmRmTXlVeEE2UW51M2FnSXRiTENjaDJhZDdBNnZ1TzFmMGl6MWFxY29BY1JrYjQ4QTU1VUZzaWIzYko0a281NkgweWlyWXhWbHR1OFBHbzVJSzV6cVZVMA&q=https%3A%2F%2Faffiliate.notion.so%2F3viwitl53eg7&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🤖 APIFY: [https://www.apify.com/?fpr=98rff](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqazhtV3NRYzFjWFRCYlNqNkdKb0QxLW1STFNUd3xBQ3Jtc0trdWdnQzRmTkROeFFQM1drVDMwY1FkVHpFZk9uU3JLRFF1Qldkc04yMTIySmRGNnp5VmRicHlCUWFYSkNTLXluZEpxRW1MMmxHMDVEdjVBV0REYW51dkdZYkQxR0M4UDZTQ0t0Qkw5aFFySVhtQXNvSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apify.com%2F%3Ffpr%3D98rff&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🛠️ MAKE: [https://www.make.com/en/register?pc=n...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqazRILUI0bFd4eTNQSUJXLXhmejZhTXFSU0xaUXxBQ3Jtc0trdTFmMmxHN1J4dkUwdE5IeHl6Vk80VWpJTjBEZFFxX0xDU1lUWFZib3JXSUlZWS1LZG9SVlRjbi1nQXA1ZWt1aFFLSDdtMVUxVkhNcjNpQm1OWTNTTU1VMFFVSHkzdzdSb3lwbFBUN1I5YnVTYnp2MA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.make.com%2Fen%2Fregister%3Fpc%3Dnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🚀 GOHIGHLEVEL: [https://www.gohighlevel.com/30-day-tr...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbVh1S2dmWkUzRzI4Y3RFZ0VNY04teXdKX3VBZ3xBQ3Jtc0tuVmJDbTQxeEdNTHRFQ2RvVXRSbURrdmFoOFRITG9oMFd5NWtrWW5GWVlQMktiMmUzTzZKTExUalJ2Mkd6LWVvNHh4QlpvaWthdE5fVjRGNV8tUUQ2UzhVUnhDWW45WTlQYnEwT2w5eTZJTmVlaV9rdw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gohighlevel.com%2F30-day-trial%3Ffp_ref%3Dnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📈 RIZE: [https://rize.io/?via=LEFTCLICKAI](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbEg2aENZdF9mTDhQR2RDQTRjX2JCS2xnOHZjZ3xBQ3Jtc0tuY2FYZXBKZjM1XzdTTWtjTTZXV2pFV1h0b081QXBFbnQwSGZuemg2c0FYWGZ4azgwbkI5MGt3eFJ2S19CZnZFMVhEMG1HdDVuMDAxdzRVMzduUDNyX1hpdlNVdDZhc1VzajdsM0U1SWQxVE1mdlBpRQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Frize.io%2F%3Fvia%3DLEFTCLICKAI&v=wWDQOqcRT48) (use promo code NICK) 🌐 WEBFLOW: [https://try.webflow.com/e31xtgbyscm8](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqazNLMXBDZlZTVHNPMU1tc2ZOdXQ5S2pEcjZ5Z3xBQ3Jtc0tsVFU0RW92Yk1xaGpIWkN1bEU2N1M4SEp5WWgwNTE2UGU3TGw2SVZ3VzF3QVFyUEowMHdPZkJBYVplNmZfZzhGMGZTd0V3My1qZE5XclBldEt4eXI5LVBPLS04dUlaUnU3RmdxRTJUc3ZKNDhPbm1Vbw&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftry.webflow.com%2Fe31xtgbyscm8&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🃏 CARRD: 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[https://missiveapp.com/?ref\\_id=E3BEE4...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa3RSSEVTXzNhWGg4MlVMR0FadVBYMmMxWUt0UXxBQ3Jtc0ttT0dfWWJfYVFZbDkwUkJsbUhOYVR1b1I1YTlsQktEbG1zMndJcTFTQnRleXczVkZLTmlURlQ2aDdVSUZEUExNOHJDU2VxMS1vcFlhVG4yRDJRX2s2NEszRU9BNXN3Y25SOGd5MmtDbm4tOTNGNzVjUQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fmissiveapp.com%2F%3Fref_id%3DE3BEE459EB71&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📄 PDF.CO: [https://pdf.ai/?via=nick](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqblJlcDI1b2pOY2tWVW4xRzQ2NXFRNE5ZVXh6QXxBQ3Jtc0ttZHhfLThoR0p1T3Q3R0xDeEVZekpjcTdRUG5BTmVaTy10OWt2M0ZXb05XYVV2cnh3M1hCSGVCTDNSeWRkM1NsMXh1Tk5FWHM0cXpsQ2NoT2dOVE1ubGJmOHAwdzhNbFJLV2p1cEl5ck1YVGtwMUZMRQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.ai%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🔥 FIREFLIES.AI: [https://fireflies.ai/?fpr=nick33](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbC1COEJyMDhHT3pieG1RRjAwcUVDeHoxZF95Z3xBQ3Jtc0tuVDZqX2k4T1lYaFFXUE9JQjZaaWM4TWhGMkZnYktaYS1mbkpXZF9GZ29iNGJhWk43RzFOVWtsWkFINUhBMjdFMXlPSXRrRFJWN3k3enZMM0NMYl8zdjJKV214elZPYjN2Z1hqUEFRLVplQk5rbHJ2RQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Ffireflies.ai%2F%3Ffpr%3Dnick33&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🔍 DATAFORSEO: [https://dataforseo.com/?aff=178012](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbTRQU3BRZFlPSUZIR21HSi1ydUhtZkFjeUN4d3xBQ3Jtc0ttS2puZ1h4aVE2WDduX0liZEoyTzlwVUwxVGZiRWpYQ09jRjJ3cUJqMlIyRi0tM216Tl83QjFSSmw5Y29SQXF4d01XeXBqcWtSVFVsaG9TUzByc25RU0ZObWNJSFZfNkFVTkVQLWFjYzJwbWZxbW5HUQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fdataforseo.com%2F%3Faff%3D178012&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🖼️ BANNERBEAR: [https://www.bannerbear.com/?via=nick](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbl8xdktkZkNEeWlpSHVnSzRqcmIzTEhvQmFxUXxBQ3Jtc0ttT2MxUnNGYkdDLURSOVRKZVg4aHNXbG9FY1RLNUp5a01oNzhMeVJXNVFqdXNqREhMRlB1cmtfdzJzV0x0eXBhX21NM0JQZzJzWTFDMzBLeVVrcjhTODNXM0xubXRoR0lWc3YtNE5tZFhSbS01djBBdw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bannerbear.com%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🗣️ VAPI.AI: [https://vapi.ai/?aff=nicksaraev](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbDdOd19qSXM2d1Y3Y0I0b0pGVXluLXhLMGQwUXxBQ3Jtc0ttb3hpVFJPZEd5bFJybVVvVFNfUi1EYUtIR1N0eUtoeHFDM1huSEVDMFhuTEJpM0ZCSnhWYTlrQm01OTVNdnJPVVFQQzdGQ2V2WGpRTTM1LVM1bFBoSF8xV2tFSXVlTjNnQ2I5Yk5kY3BLLUhfc2IzZw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fvapi.ai%2F%3Faff%3Dnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🤖 BOTPRESS: [https://try.botpress.com/ygwdv3dcwetq](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbHNaUXQxTkV0WE1TNWQ2LW5rdXRkVGY2bTJaZ3xBQ3Jtc0tuOG40V3lNbnJ6c2pNQTJtYzVsQXdtc0lkZk45dGc2NFdkTmFkMlhwNHg2Q1VpaXRIMnh6M0V6X2xfMjduVWZjVWVsWVlGN1NXZGhlS0hxUTl2ajNYakpMVzhabGtHbndjTTdoUkx4Nk5idmczbHBhaw&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftry.botpress.com%2Fygwdv3dcwetq&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🤝 CLOSE: [https://refer.close.com/r3ec5kps99cs](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbHFwMHFKUFFLNlRaU3R4bVh5c3BKbW5XT2VkQXxBQ3Jtc0tuV3gxNkxLeFpWd0tFX2hxdDZuODV1QzN5ZkhCak9teUhNYl92c3hwSVZkc0J5b2w4UFBlM2NubG9qTWtVa29EREZlRVlsaVVTMnhkbkxMRi0xZEpsZm9JcHNIUEJMU250dkJ4VU5UZzBISk9odzhJRQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Frefer.close.com%2Fr3ec5kps99cs&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 💬 MANYCHAT: [https://manychat.partnerlinks.io/sxbx...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbG1BOHRfOEExMUFQd1FKZ2VXbEliTFdHa2dTZ3xBQ3Jtc0ttRVhiSzUxQVdLZk5ZZ0Rxbno5S0ZkdG85RC1fQnNKczloMldpMHA3VEVFaHVRVTFmdjlpeFdMcXlPN0o5LUZpcHFHcVFIT2hZS0ZlaHdRYkFsTTJEcExfbTRNT1hFdkJpVGd3bnV0R0lGR2dCY0ZENA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fmanychat.partnerlinks.io%2Fsxbxj12s1hcz&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🛠️ SOFTR: [https://softrplatformsgmbh.partnerlin...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbFlmM2JXamNYdVQ0Q2tYRzlqU09rZ0Jya0dvZ3xBQ3Jtc0trZnBPUzU0TEtfMlF0WXlBSS0wUkMyNGVtNTdVQU9OWWdSWTFURE41U0lodXpsUXloRXQzbmpCbm1pTDJQX2d6TTVXNEp3RElQNGtyazFWT0hxTUtlYko5bUFYVkhydk5oSjRWR3FPdFJHN1hxUXZaSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fsoftrplatformsgmbh.partnerlinks.io%2Fgf1xliozt7tm&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🌐 SITEGROUND: [https://www.siteground.com/index.htm?...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqazdYMzRQSi1QYTVqSzBYMTRwSF9kcHREdGxFUXxBQ3Jtc0trR3FNTFBtc0Y0SzRLQnNFRjBZRUhMUkxnZmJvZU9tb3pSLVpEcElBYUJ5RTlHZGxIdWVBZ2Yyd05OcC1DMUZJVkNVV0FvQ2ZBQjVPS18tZG05T0sxZUdmTmFLT0FVRE5VUVdLdFpJNEFnWnZ1Mk5vdw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siteground.com%2Findex.htm%3Fafcode%3Dac0191f0a28399bc5ae396903640aea1&v=wWDQOqcRT48) ⏱️ TOGGL: [https://toggl.com/?via=nick](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa094SmhFbDlxUVZ4YmV6YlhkRlE2bUhqdGxad3xBQ3Jtc0tsTVlvOThadlQ2QVpkTF9QU2RHZDMzalg2dVROazNCamJvUE1EZEtwTjFpTEQzT2dsYjY0TlJNSUgxZlp2NTVaOFlDYktTN1BScE40Q1Z4WV9qMTBmdFlDQllQSUJxbmZwS0gyWGY0akFsSTUzYzNidw&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftoggl.com%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📝 JOTFORM: [https://link.jotform.com/nicksaraev-D...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbUpSRmNKYUNONFhFZGVSVkVBQ2RqT2JqWU9OQXxBQ3Jtc0trdFRmc243MHliaGtpeS1SbWlXbnZvSVlILWx6RDVRQkxpTThhWGlNa1ZaSmFmYmhkRzNYX0Q1bzBrZW1sWlo0bjB6R2pEWXJ5TkRsZ3lGVDgybExjdXJUZ2xxQ3RfU2FWamM4TXlIcDR3ZGgzWnc3QQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Flink.jotform.com%2Fnicksaraev-Dsl1CkHo1C&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📊 FATHOM: [https://usefathom.com/ref/YOHMXL](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbHRvMHplWXFIZkFMR1ZkbWdSM3A0MnFsNWg1UXxBQ3Jtc0trTmxKcVVBWVJpMnVDemg3M1IyVmo2cTh1ZGpmMm9Gb2VyRXlmUmRXbm1RbmgzVHhCSVU5Y1hyWkpSYlg1MmVtdWpVVDhXbGlUVk56aHR0LXlxWGdYS1kwTXB1aGRYcVp4bVEzdmM5YkljN2hhMzVnZw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fusefathom.com%2Fref%2FYOHMXL&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🛒 AMAZON: [https://kit.co/nicksaraev/longform-au...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa1VBU3VCcTlLRm5sQTZZZXgwcXU4aldnWl81Z3xBQ3Jtc0trM0N3LUpBUUowaDFycVZrM0hyeXpRQ3lsaFlkWlJYaDdpYnV4WUtQUzVCOU1KaGxOUXRXVDkxMlBncWJFTU42ZklIUW5yamtYNXJoZFQ3ZmhtYm1ScWt0OHhoZVVweUZxOHdvS09aZGFBSU44aU1HTQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fkit.co%2Fnicksaraev%2Flongform-automation-content-youtube-kit&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📇 DROPCONTACT: [https://www.dropcontact.com/?kfl\\_ln=l...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbkEybkY1X2dCTmpwakh6Zy10SXNzZW02YnowQXxBQ3Jtc0trM1c1cHpwQ0dpWi1adFdSelJES1ZpYWlteHhtc1FUblNERFlsaldYb2ZOeGRyX2NZQnNQbG5HMDkyVVlpOHByeVVqVFhrX2dSU3BET2lXSk83TXFhWlRveUh2Tm5XZ085WGVsWHloZ0pSdnpYbkM2Yw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dropcontact.com%2F%3Fkfl_ln%3Dleftclick&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📸 GEAR KIT: [https://link.nicksaraev.com/kit](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbEZaRXNGcmpzWjkzd21UMHNveFhHM2RfNUt2QXxBQ3Jtc0trTnZTOWhZZTlzX0xEZ2FlYkZINWhRd2JsUjdjcVotb1VkV2xnTjdWS0lYS3g3UEVsTTFHZlBwQ0JpdXpTWTU3dlRCaTNBNGxESlQ4UTBNbVRwbFNNQmFSY2VJSklTSUtXejJyQUJ5RU1DR1l2TC1TUQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Flink.nicksaraev.com%2Fkit&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🟩 UPWORK [https://link.nicksaraev.com/upwork](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbGpITXp5dWZjZzRaa1lxa2J3VzBNOUVxSWMyQXxBQ3Jtc0tsWDVxdTBSTVJlREh0XzJwNm5pTXdVbDVuRUhHZllfYkNxdXVqTURkbUo5SlBMRDd1ZmRvXzdBcV9ZTUhQNFpTWlZOdHVFNXA2WUExUHdUMmt5cHR0UWZLb3JGT1RsaUtkRThiVGVnbGdfRUtKaElYQQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Flink.nicksaraev.com%2Fupwork&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🛑 TODOIST: [https://get.todoist.io/62mhvgid6gh3](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqblJNLWVKSWowZHhpVlQ1SkJ5OG56UFNLSk4tUXxBQ3Jtc0tsVXllRm1STlg4RWN0a1lIZmszdGF3WFptOXd3OFRaU2t1c0tpS2VmcmVqaVNCZldaaTljWUxNODhFT2JWVlZMYTZqTm9IemZNT3ZGaDBKZzFMOW9iQTVoU2E0RzZkYlowalpKTlpxRjNaYkZtTllvOA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fget.todoist.io%2F62mhvgid6gh3&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🧑💼 CONVERTKIT: [https://partners.convertkit.com/lhq98...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbTBydWlJWkV0ekRneGtpRlpUNnhSQmZkQnBEZ3xBQ3Jtc0ttX01Mei1ka0xiaWpscHBqLVFzcUhTVm9RMVRDdWROaVdCVksyd3ZBV0hTUGZMWDRnZTNwYzBzWUNzTTlabmx5VG9aUmhKWXdiQjE0aDBGa2R1V2JQZ3BsT2JuRy1LanN2NXJNSWNJcTNoYmszWGRaUQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fpartners.convertkit.com%2Flhq98iqntgjh&v=wWDQOqcRT48) FOLLOW ME ✍🏻 My content writing agency: [https://1secondcopy.com](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa0swZ2RvdnYzY3NzR1lkbDgyQmctc3BEcHNtQXxBQ3Jtc0trREZueFJ3N0hDUzduVEJmeVM3ZFJySGRpUF9zSG5Cd2o4TnlVU05xc29BZWpjWXZXS01yeXlrdTZfVkFfODRRYzNRRjY0MG90X3NRN19MME9IRFNvcHYtbUxtUDl3SHpTM0tvcWdIY3llYmRzQ0Rscw&q=https%3A%2F%2F1secondcopy.com%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🦾 My automation agency: [https://leftclick.ai](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa19lV0xYVHJGMWw1bXlvanB0WUQ3c1VhbldDQXxBQ3Jtc0tuOGxtV3RheHcyWkhRRmYtYW4yWkl1Y241ZDI5dkNQZk1Kc1NDVDZJa2FpZHppYjhXMkdIb3VzUkQtVWI5Z0FLeF80T2JvNWlVZkdKRE5MaTR2Q1Y4cHBhRE9xd3prWUM2VlhlQ01zT25JSEY4bnFRYw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fleftclick.ai%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🕊️ My Twitter/X: [/ nicksaraev](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbEVEdjdLektfMmJ5SDZNTTY3cDJtT0JzNmpkZ3xBQ3Jtc0ttaFJMbUwxU3lQU2hLNHN0Sk8wX3lIWWFESkJWSXI0dFdqei1XbmRUMkhVcmZmdE1hck9iUDZKM2ZxclBfb0pRTnFyVnVzcmFpS1NrT0gyWTlzME85OFkza0NVakVUclpNaUgxaDI5dmFDYjVhOVpvOA&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🤙 My blog (followed by the founder of HubSpot!): [https://nicksaraev.com](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbWE0d3JEQk5DX3U5dy0wbkhLRzdXUktKNHFkQXxBQ3Jtc0trckktUzB5NkxkTW5ZOVBzU2FOdUJWVVFvV2tsclQ4cXhscnkwX2JDaG9HVmcxNUREOUJyNmhiUGxDZXI4dFpCNGUwQjlyMmlnSGZ0RjNYdDdnY045U1VCSVQ0OXNTbjVXZTJrelFoQUlMcVFzaklsQQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fnicksaraev.com%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) WHY ME? If this is your first watch—hi, I’m Nick! TLDR: I spent five years building automated businesses with Make.com (most notably 1SecondCopy, a content company that hit 7 figures). Today a lot of people talk about automation, but I’ve noticed that very few have practical, real world success making money with it. So this channel is me chiming in and showing you what real systems that make real revenue look like! Hopefully I can help you improve your business, and in doing so, the rest of your life :-) Please like, subscribe, and leave me a comment if you have a specific request! Thanks.\n\nFollow along using the transcript.\n\n[\n\n### Nick Saraev\n\n22.4K subscribers\n\n\n\n](https://www.youtube.com/@nicksaraev)\n\n## Transcript",
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+ "text": "Apify - YouTube\nApify is the platform where developers build, deploy, and publish web scraping, data extraction, and web automation tools. Choose from over 2,000+ pre-built APIs in Apify Store - our growing automation marketplace 🤖 ⚠️ Sign up now: https://apify.it/3ySJSdE 📈 Lead Generation Scrapers: https://apify.it/3X6rc4s 🛒 E-commerce Scrapers: https://apify.it/3R6XqsA 📱 Social Media Scrapers: https://apify.it/3XaGNjl ✈️ Travel Scrapers: https://apify.it/4c4w3ra Both dev and noob-friendly 🧑💻 Actors (as we like to call them) feature an auto-generated UI for setting their input, meaning you don’t have to be a dev to scrape the web. Integrations. Everywhere. 🧩 Further automate your workflow by scheduling or integrating your Actors. Connect them with platforms such as Zapier, the Google Suite, GitHub or feed your LLMs through LangChain and LlamaIndex. Build your own 🛠️ Can’t find an Actor? Build it yourself from one of our web scraping templates or import existing code from a Git repo in any programming language. Publish your project in Apify Store and earn passive income. Never get blocked 🚫 Use our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints. 🛍️ Browse 1,500+ Apify Actors: https://apify.it/4aLe8o7 🛠️ Build your own: https://apify.it/3VahX0w 🧩 See available integrations: https://apify.it/3VaCrpI *Follow us* 🤳 https://www.linkedin.com/company/apif... https://twitter.com/apify https://www.tiktok.com/@apifytech https://discord.com/invite/jyEM2PRvMU #webscraping #automation \nRead more",
+ "markdown": "# Apify - YouTube\n\nApify is the platform where developers build, deploy, and publish web scraping, data extraction, and web automation tools. Choose from over 2,000+ pre-built APIs in Apify Store - our growing automation marketplace 🤖 ⚠️ Sign up now: [https://apify.it/3ySJSdE](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbXpfNm1MNVZwVlplUFl4TnlrM1J0RWs2R3UwQXxBQ3Jtc0tudERwWnhnbkdBYU1yMFhTb2dIZmx2MjhWeDQ2dThBYk9wZF96MVdHVWEyMVl0bmt1Zk53Nlp2bUEtaG1rWWg0Zjg2VEY4T2pSRFJtSlBfSTczY1BpT1V0eWlDUmw2ei1qN0N4UEcza2FaazlmTlp4OA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3ySJSdE) 📈 Lead Generation Scrapers: [https://apify.it/3X6rc4s](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbi1CT3V4QmNLT0dQS1gtY1dZeXBHYkkxckZRd3xBQ3Jtc0tsU0RQMXc3cHBrc2ZJaGdNRC1qR001ZWhHbW5JN0k2YXlSRmZIQ3F4TV9uc01LdllfNFFPSzk5SDJaMDFwa0RpLWY0Y2g3MlI0WGJMNUowUkVtdGVxOG1rOW5GUU14b1EySTE2UFZadDR3T29JRjBHSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3X6rc4s) 🛒 E-commerce Scrapers: [https://apify.it/3R6XqsA](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbVU4cS1TZHlxdkNpdzduQk14RHJ1akUwUlp2UXxBQ3Jtc0tuSVZCbDk2SGVIZV9UUXVLWTlHdF8zY2Y1dzJ4U0xGMHFOZzlnWjJXVkREMVdaWTJISy0wNUEyQW5YbF9xeVRqQVB4QUFxX2tyQlVGN0RES0p4SXNuZjgyVXVVNVc3UEthX2I5TWdQaW04UHVSbTJzaw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3R6XqsA) 📱 Social Media Scrapers: [https://apify.it/3XaGNjl](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa1MtWHpyS21NYlY4ODlrV1Y4Ny1qMklvSU1pQXxBQ3Jtc0trR0VnZFh2cVlWS2VjdzZJZ2N3NUFKSHRxa2VFZS1NWnd1RE1PajgzQXdCYnl6dnZBYWx6SjdyRDBNUVdzLXFVNmcxR25VVHJCSWpwZ2VFTkxBSHF2dTZIMDFmNHd0U1NRWktubHk0c21GZlBxbFU3NA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3XaGNjl) ✈️ Travel Scrapers: [https://apify.it/4c4w3ra](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbllkV1I2bDBFSnVQcUlidjFuWC12UUo3V29iUXxBQ3Jtc0trUzV2WVdtSVZvLXVfWnI1UC1Fb09VVlItRmkzQzRWMzloaEhoTTIxMmJadGthY2VhbHlOYXpqZVBlaXYzLUVjOFBRcjdrNWNJRkRyLUNXU3NtM3l4UDFWNnlmRXc1bjJLaVFuOFlLMVF4Qi1icS1kMA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F4c4w3ra) Both dev and noob-friendly 🧑💻 Actors (as we like to call them) feature an auto-generated UI for setting their input, meaning you don’t have to be a dev to scrape the web. Integrations. Everywhere. 🧩 Further automate your workflow by scheduling or integrating your Actors. Connect them with platforms such as Zapier, the Google Suite, GitHub or feed your LLMs through LangChain and LlamaIndex. Build your own 🛠️ Can’t find an Actor? Build it yourself from one of our web scraping templates or import existing code from a Git repo in any programming language. Publish your project in Apify Store and earn passive income. Never get blocked 🚫 Use our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints. 🛍️ Browse 1,500+ Apify Actors: [https://apify.it/4aLe8o7](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbWpTY2d0OXF3YU81QW14XzZUYklMOUpFWndvQXxBQ3Jtc0tuQ3hWb3o3S3ZEVFNIMF9FcTFMYUl6SktKYmFYQ09LRVlEaWd3aXA1YVphejN4VkRZVjR1OVZNdG9vVFlLOUpoX2VmWHZkUW1aZGY0ZktuRm4xVS1BTFY5WWMzQTNhMUREMWd5S1M0ek1WZU1kT1BXTQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F4aLe8o7) 🛠️ Build your own: [https://apify.it/3VahX0w](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbjJER3RydDFWWldMd1hXSlFia1Z4QVAzeXhuUXxBQ3Jtc0tsWDJNWkppY1pWdF9xZG5SQ2dtRXdmRHJDWGVLTFRLVlVxVjYyak8yQmtsQnNmMkZ2NGE0X1JEd3g5MmpJejNKdFZJdG4xbTF1OXhtQ1JNUDBCYUF0SC1Sek5XLTlCeXRXbklCMmhJQTE1WndpblJXbw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3VahX0w) 🧩 See available integrations: [https://apify.it/3VaCrpI](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbC1zUGtJSkxvR2ZCUGFOYjd1LVdyTTBZYTJKQXxBQ3Jtc0treTVHOGJqRmFHQUNtVERxbFFQWkV2SE9uQl9iNGZvUHdlQjdUeEZ5OHVWd19TZFpIbXB0TnJ3dUJJdGVfdkZrOFVGeFluNXY3cWhEb0lzTW1yYlY4RVlwWGFLbHdRa1BOVGxMeTQ3U0lnT2ZMdVVXMA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3VaCrpI) \\*Follow us\\* 🤳 [https://www.linkedin.com/company/apif...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbVJYQ2xKeHNfUUl3eUZCSDFuSlBMYzA2XzZ1d3xBQ3Jtc0tsSDFsYmhMVWViYXNMSXNwbk1Iclc1bmtBQi1DdTZvaXV0WXNyYW1ObW92V0VEWFo0NnUydXlCNFhxNlNSVmdIX3g2MVdSZzEyTFM0Q254cThuaW5SejFPRUwtLWdlaklIaHk2eXIybjdQTjYtclJEcw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Fapifytech) [https://twitter.com/apify](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa20xaWQwX2xRRzJRTnJrVjFLdnROYk1kY2pDUXxBQ3Jtc0ttejJGeGxmcUtuU0pBcVNhdVRQV1g1anI3cXJvbENSVllTajlUQ3lRWFNNRnJ1WlE0Z3d6X3NYekJ0YzlOVWhrSVJNcEFjaF82aFlHaS1iUTRCUTljYU5lUGFYa3hGQjdHc1NJaEdfRWVXaWNCNDdTSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fapify) [https://www.tiktok.com/@apifytech](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbUJGa0xKRkdBZ3d4ZUdlZ3JSS19IdU5kMklQQXxBQ3Jtc0ttRmw5NXp6aFdKT21QY1d0NGdpT25tN3JtRi0wbEhkVlU2aE93dHBTZEhOOUVaTWFfWmhwMk9na0xYeHFBVExsZjFRMFZYR1laX2Y4bjM5ejFEU3daSlM5SHgxcVNGRllQdGJ0d2hZbDJnbm04b3VYcw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiktok.com%2F%40apifytech) [https://discord.com/invite/jyEM2PRvMU](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbFBxUDFkeVVjMGJ0QVVsek42ZFBtdU9IcGZJQXxBQ3Jtc0trUzdmTHBMY3VPVmRhR0s0NFBFcEtYZmhCS1dpZnAyQnJIN1NXVlduXzRPektHbE9nb2xjakswM0RabV8xd0JXWGJRMWx3RnFkMWRUTHpyUEZBS2xGUUszMGNHaU5kUlhXVTZ0N0RxaURwNkY3Mmlkbw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.com%2Finvite%2FjyEM2PRvMU) [#webscraping](https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/webscraping) [#automation](https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/automation)\n\n[Read more](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQNgQVRG9_U)",
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+ "title": "Home | Donald J. Trump",
+ "description": "Certified Website of Donald J. Trump For President 2024. America's comeback starts right now. Join our movement to Make America Great Again!",
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+ "text": "Home | Donald J. Trump\n\"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States \nContribute VOLUNTEER \nAgenda47 Platform\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more. \nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate. \nPlatform \nI AM YOUR VOICE. AMERICA FIRST!\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\nAgenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\nAgenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\nPresident Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\nPresident Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\nWe Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.",
+ "markdown": "# Home | Donald J. Trump\n\n## \"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\n\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States\n\n[Contribute](https://secure.winred.com/trump-national-committee-jfc/lp-website-contribute-button) [VOLUNTEER](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/join)\n\n## Agenda47 Platform\n\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more.\n\nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate.\n\n[Platform](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/platform)\n\n\n\n\n\n## I AM **YOUR VOICE**. AMERICA FIRST!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2ff6i4/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\n\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27rnh8/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27mkjo/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v26a8h6/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\n\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24rq6y/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\n\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v25d8w0/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\n\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2597vg/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\n\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24n0j2/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\n\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23qmwu/?rel=0)\n\n### We Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\n\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n",
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+ "title": "Donald Trump - Wikipedia",
+ "description": null,
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"
+ },
+ "text": "Donald Trump\nDonald Trump\nOfficial portrait, 2017\n\t\n\t\n45th President of the United States\nIn office\nJanuary 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021\t\nVice PresidentMike Pence\t\nPreceded byBarack Obama\t\nSucceeded byJoe Biden\t\nPersonal details\nBorn\nDonald John Trump\n\nJune 14, 1946 (age 78)\nQueens, New York City, U.S.\t\nPolitical partyRepublican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)\t\nOther political\naffiliations\nReform (1999–2001)\nDemocratic (2001–2009)\nIndependent (2011–2012)\n\t\nSpouses\nIvana Zelníčková\n\n\n(m. ; div.\n)\nMarla Maples\n\n\n(m.\n; div.\n)\nMelania Knauss\n\n(m.\n)\n\t\nChildren\nDonald Jr.\nIvanka\nEric\nTiffany\nBarron\n\t\nRelativesFamily of Donald Trump\t\nAlma materUniversity of Pennsylvania (BS)\t\nOccupation\nPolitician\nbusinessman\nmedia personality\n\t\nAwardsFull list\t\nSignature\t\nWebsite\nCampaign website\nPresidential library\nWhite House archives\n\t\nDuration: 5 minutes and 3 seconds.\nDonald Trump speaks on the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization.\nRecorded March 11, 2020\n\t\n\t\nDonald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. \nTrump received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. His father made him president of the family real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it the Trump Organization and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late 1990s, he launched side ventures, mostly licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. He and his businesses have been plaintiffs or defendants in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies. \nTrump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican Party nominee against Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote.[a] The Mueller special counsel investigation determined that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to favor Trump. During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the only U.S. president without prior military or government experience. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic. \nAs president, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a family separation policy. He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes and eliminated the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and spread misinformation about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un three times but made no progress on denuclearization. \nTrump is the only U.S. president to have been impeached twice, in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after he pressured Ukraine to investigate Joe Biden, and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in both cases. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Biden but refused to concede. He falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud and attempted to overturn the results. On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them attacked. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history. \nSince leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is their candidate again in the 2024 presidential election, having chosen as his running mate U.S. Senator JD Vance of Ohio. In May 2024, a jury in New York found Trump guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records related to a hush money payment to Stormy Daniels in an attempt to influence the 2016 election, making him the first former U.S. president to be convicted of a crime. He has been indicted in three other jurisdictions on 54 other felony counts related to his mishandling of classified documents and for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liable for sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, defamation in 2024, and financial fraud in 2024. \nPersonal life\nEarly life\nTrump at the New York Military Academy, 1964 \nTrump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City,[1] the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. He grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.[2][3][4] He went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[5][6] At age 13, he entered the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school.[7] In 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[8][9] In 2015, Trump's lawyer threatened Trump's colleges, his high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released his academic records.[10] \nWhile in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War.[11] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[12] In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,[13] and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F, unfit for military service, due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him.[14] \nFamily\nIn 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[15] They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (1981), and Eric (1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[16] Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993), who was raised by Maples in California.[17] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[18] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).[19] \nReligion\nIn the 1970s, Trump's parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church, part of the Reformed Church in America.[5][20] In 2015, he said he was a Presbyterian and attended Marble Collegiate Church; the church said he was not an active member.[6] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[21] In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.[22] \nHealth habits\nTrump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[23][24] He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[25][26] He has called golfing his \"primary form of exercise\" but usually does not walk the course.[27] He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is \"like a battery, with a finite amount of energy\", which is depleted by exercise.[28][29] In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that Trump would \"be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency\".[30] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.[30][31] \nWealth\nTrump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King Fahd of Saudi Arabia in 1985, with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan \nIn 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[32] His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[33] After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[34] Forbes estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[35] In their 2024 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).[36] \nJournalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named \"John Barron\". Greenberg said that Trump, just to get a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans, identified himself as \"Barron\", and then falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father's business. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[37] \nTrump has often said he began his career with \"a small loan of a million dollars\" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[38] He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[39][40] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance started an investigation.[40] His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[41][42] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[43] \nContrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[44][45][32] \nIn 2020, The New York Times obtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[46] \nAs of October 2021, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.[47] In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including Bank of China, Deutsche Bank, and UBS, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[48] \nBusiness career\nReal estate\nTrump in 1985 with a model of one of his aborted Manhattan development projects[49] \nStarting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[50][51] In 1971, his father made him president of the company and he began using the Trump Organization as an umbrella brand.[52] Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.[53] \nManhattan and Chicago developments\nTrump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[54] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[51][55] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[56] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[57] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[58][59] \nIn 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[60] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[61] In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a \"vast and humiliating restructuring\" that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.[62][63] The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they \"all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead.\"[62] \nIn 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building.[64] In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, Riverside South.[65] \nTrump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) which opened in 2008. In 2024, the New York Times and ProPublica reported that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether Trump had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building Trump had declared tto be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[66][67] \nAtlantic City casinos\nEntrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City \nIn 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.[68] It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[69] In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump Castle.[70] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.[71] \nTrump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[72][73] Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[74] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[75] \nIn 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[76] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.[68] He remained chairman until 2009.[77] \nClubs\nIn 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[78] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[79] Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[59] The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999.[80] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[80][81] \nLicensing of the Trump brand\nThe Trump name has been licensed for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[82][83] According to The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[84] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[82] \nSide ventures\nTrump and New Jersey Generals quarterback Doug Flutie at a 1985 press conference in Trump Tower \nIn September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[85][86] \nTrump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.[68][87] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[88] \nFrom 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[44] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.[89] The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but \"lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously\".[44] \nIn 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[32] in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.[90] Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[91] \nTrump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame \nIn 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.[40][92] The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[40] \nFrom 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[93][94] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[95][96] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[97] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.[98] \nTrump University\nIn 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000.[99] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of \"university\" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[100] \nIn 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[101] Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[102][103][104] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[105] \nFoundation\nThe Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[106][107] From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[108] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.[109] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[110] and charities that held events at Trump properties.[108] \nIn 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[111] Also in 2016, the New York attorney general determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[112] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[113] \nIn June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[114] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[115] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[116][117] \nLegal affairs and bankruptcies\nRoy Cohn was Trump's fixer, lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[118] According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[118] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[32] over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.[119] In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.[120] Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[121] \nAccording to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[122] While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[123] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[123] \nDuring the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[124] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[125] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.[126] \nBooks\nUsing ghostwriters, Trump has produced 19 books under his name.[127] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony Schwartz. According to The New Yorker, the book made Trump famous as an \"emblem of the successful tycoon\".[128] \nFilm and television\nTrump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[129] \nStarting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[130] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[131][132] From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friends.[133][134] \nFrom 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase \"You're fired.\" The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[135][136] With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.[137] \nIn February 2021, Trump, who had been a member of SAG-AFTRA since 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[138] Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.[139] \nPolitical career\nTrump and President Bill Clinton, June 2000 \nTrump registered as a Republican in 1987;[140] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999;[141] a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[140] \nIn 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[142] expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[143] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request \"strange and unbelievable\".[144] \nPresidential campaigns (2000–2016)\nTrump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 presidential election but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[145][146][147] \nTrump speaking at CPAC 2011 \nIn 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[148][149] In May 2011, he announced he would not run.[148] Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[150] \n2016 presidential campaign\nTrump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151] He adopted the phrase \"truthful hyperbole\", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[128][152] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[153] and a record number were false.[154][155][156] Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.[157][158] \nTrump campaigning in Arizona, March 2016 \nTrump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[159][160] His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[161] He became the front-runner in March 2016[162] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[163] \nHillary Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[164][165] In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate,[166] and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[167] Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[168] \nCampaign rhetoric and political positions\nTrump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist.[169][170][171] Politico described them as \"eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory\", quoting a health-care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were a \"random assortment of whatever plays publicly\".[172] NBC News counted \"141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues\" during his campaign.[173] \nTrump described NATO as \"obsolete\"[174][175] and espoused views that were described as non-interventionist and protectionist.[176] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[177] \nTrump helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[178] In August 2016, Trump hired Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as \"the platform for the alt-right\"—as his campaign CEO.[179] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[180][181][182] \nFinancial disclosures\nTrump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[34][183] Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[184][185] He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[186] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[187][188] \nIn October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[189] \nElection to the presidency\nOn November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton, though, after elector defections on both sides, the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[190] Trump, the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote, received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[191] He also was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.[192] Trump's victory was a political upset.[193] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states.[194] \nTrump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, states which had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.[195] \nWomen's March in Washington on January 21, 2017 \nTrump's election victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities.[196][197] On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.[198] \nPresidency (2017–2021)\nEarly actions\nTrump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts \nTrump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders, which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act (\"Obamacare\"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, advancement of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[199] \nTrump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.[200][201] \nConflicts of interest\nTrump's presidency was marked by significant public concern about conflict of interest stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses.[202] Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., and Chief Finance Officer Allen Weisselberg and claimed they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses.[203][204][205] Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in a blind trust or equivalent arrangement \"to cleanly sever himself from his business interests\".[206] Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[205][207] \nAs his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts.[208] Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate.[206][209] Though he said he would eschew \"new foreign deals\", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[205][207] In January 2024, Democratic members of the US House Committee on Oversight and Accountability released a report that detailed over $7.8 million in payments from foreign governments to Trump-owned businesses.[210][211] \nTrump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[212] One case was dismissed in lower court.[213] Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.[214] \nDuring Trump's term in office, he visited a Trump Organization property on 428 days, one visit for every 3.4 days of his presidency.[215] In September 2020, The Washington Post reported that Trump's properties had charged the government over $1.1 million since the beginning of his presidency. Government officials and Secret Service employees were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties.[216] \nDomestic policy\nEconomy\nTrump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[217] which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[218] \nIn December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 passed by Congress without Democratic votes.[relevant?] It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025,[importance?] and set the penalty associated with the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate to $0.[219][220] The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[221] \nDespite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[222] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.[223] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[224] \nTrump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[217][225] \nClimate change, environment, and energy\nTrump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[226][227][228][229] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[230] He withdrew from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[231] \nTrump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.[232][233] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[234][235] Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.[236] \nDeregulation\nIn 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies \"identify\" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.[237] He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[238][239] labor,[240][239] and the environment,[241][239] among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[242] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[243] often \"after requests by the regulated industries\".[244] The Institute for Policy Integrity found that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[245] \nHealth care\nDuring his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.[246] In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.[247][248] Trump expressed a desire to \"let Obamacare fail\"; his administration halved the enrollment period and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[249][250] In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[251][252] Their pleading would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[251] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[253] \nIn response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.[254] \nTrump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[255] He said he supported \"traditional marriage\" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage \"settled\".[256] His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.[257] Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.[258] \nTrump has said he is opposed to gun control, although his views have shifted over time.[259] After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[260] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[261] \nTrump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[262][263] Under his administration, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.[264] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding[265][266] but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.[267] \nTrump and group of officials and advisors on the way from the White House to St. John's Church \nIn June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials controversially used less lethal weapons to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[268][269] Trump then posed with a Bible for a photo-op at the nearby St. John's Episcopal Church,[268][270][271] with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[272] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[273] \nPardons and commutations\nTrump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[274] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[275][276] In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[277] Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[275] The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[278] \nImmigration\nTrump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border to restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[279] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[280] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing \"anchor babies\".[281] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an \"invasion\" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13.[282] \nTrump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[283][284] \nFrom 2018 onward, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border[285] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the public charge rule to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.[286] Trump reduced the number of refugees admitted to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[287][288] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.[289] \nTravel ban\nFollowing the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[290] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a \"proven history of terrorism\".[291] \nOn January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.[292][293] Protests began at airports the next day,[292][293] and legal challenges resulted in nationwide preliminary injunctions.[294] A March 6 revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[295][296] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a \"credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States\".[297] \nThe temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[298] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[299] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.[300] \nFamily separation at the border\nThe Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[301][302] In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a \"zero tolerance\" policy whereby adults suspected of illegal entry were to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[303][304] The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[305][306] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[307][308][309] \nAlthough Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless \"there is a concern\" of a risk to the child.[310][311] On June 26, 2018, Judge Dana Sabraw concluded that the Trump administration had \"no system in place to keep track of\" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[312] Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[313] After the order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the ACLU contended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[302] \nTrump wall and government shutdown\nTrump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California. \nOne of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[314] By the end of his term, the U.S. had built \"40 miles [64 km] of new primary wall and 33 miles [53 km] of secondary wall\" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[315] \nIn 2018, Trump refused to sign any appropriations bill from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,[316] resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.[317][318] Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay.[319] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.[317] The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.[320] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[321] \nTo prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[322] Trump also declared a national emergency on the southern border, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[322] Trump vetoed a joint resolution to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a veto override.[323] Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction efforts[324][325] and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[326][327] were unsuccessful. \nForeign policy\nTrump with the other G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019 \nTrump described himself as a \"nationalist\"[328] and his foreign policy as \"America First\".[329] He praised and supported populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.[330] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency.[329][331] Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[332] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.[333][334] \nTrade\nTrump withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[335] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[336] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[337] While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[338] Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the trade deficit skyrocketed under Trump.[339] Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[340] \nRussia\nVladimir Putin and Trump shaking hands at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019 \nThe Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. against Russian entities after Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea.[341][342] Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance,[343] and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.[344] \nTrump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin[345][346] but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[347][348] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[349][350][351] Trump did not discuss alleged Russian bounties offered to Taliban fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.[352] \nChina\nTrump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping at the G20 Buenos Aires summit, December 2018 \nTrump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[353] He launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a failure,[354][355][356] sanctioned Huawei for alleged ties to Iran,[357] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[358] and classified China as a currency manipulator.[359] Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,[360] which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[361] After initially praising China for its handling of COVID-19,[362] he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.[363] \nTrump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[364] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur minority.[365] \nNorth Korea\nTrump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at the Singapore summit, June 2018 \nIn 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[366] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with \"fire and fury like the world has never seen\".[367][368] In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's \"complete denuclearization\", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong Un.[367][369] After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[370][371] In March 2019, Trump lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea against the advice of his Treasury Department.[372] \nTrump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.[373] However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,[374] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[375] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[376][377] \nAfghanistan\nU.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meeting with Taliban delegation in Qatar in September 2020 \nU.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[378] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[379] In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a peace agreement with the Taliban, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months \"contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies\" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by the Afghan government.[380][381][382] By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[382] \nIsrael\nTrump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[383] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel[384] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights,[385] leading to international condemnation including from the UN General Assembly, European Union, and Arab League.[386][387] In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of agreements, named Abraham Accords, between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to normalize their foreign relations.[388] \nSaudi Arabia\nTrump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia \nTrump actively supported the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[389] In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[390][391] Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two Patriot batteries, and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[392] \nSyria\nTrump and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the White House in May 2017 \nTrump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[393][394] In December 2018, Trump declared \"we have won against ISIS\", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[395][396] The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump's decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[397] In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds.[398] Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354–60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for \"abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe\".[399][400] \nIran\nIn May 2018, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions on Iran's nuclear program.[401][402] In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to use a section of the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.[403] Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[404] \nOn January 1, 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant Iranian and Iranian-backed operation over the preceding two decades.[405][406] One week later, Iran retaliated with ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially denied Purple Hearts and the benefits accorded to its recipients.[407][404] \nPersonnel\nThe Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[408] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[409] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[410] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[411] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[411] Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.[412] Some later returned in different posts.[413] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[414] \nTrump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[415] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.[416] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[417] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[415] \nOn May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[418] At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[419] In March and April, Trump asked Comey to \"lift the cloud impairing his ability to act\" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[419][420] \nTrump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[421] Health and Human Services secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[421][412] Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[422][423] \nTrump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[424] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[425] \nJudiciary\nTrump and his third Supreme Court nominee, Amy Coney Barrett \nTrump appointed 226 Article III judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[426] His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[427][428][429] In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned \"automatically\" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[430][431][432] \nTrump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[433][434][435] \nCOVID-19 pandemic\nInitial response\nThe first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[436] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.[437] Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[438][439] Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[440] In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was \"very much under control\", and would soon be over.[441] On March 19, 2020, Trump privately told Bob Woodward that he was deliberately \"playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic\".[442][443] \nBy mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the pandemic.[444] On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[445] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a pandemic,[446] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[447] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak \"horrible\" but \"a temporary moment\" and saying there was no financial crisis.[448] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[449] Trump claimed that \"anybody that wants a test can get a test\", despite test availability being severely limited.[450] \nOn April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[451] In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[452] \nWhite House Coronavirus Task Force\nTrump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020. \nTrump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.[453] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[454] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[455] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[454][456] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[457] His repeated use of \"Chinese virus\" and \"China virus\" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[458][459][460] \nBy early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[461] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[462] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[463][464] \nIn early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would \"indefinitely\" continue.[465] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[466] \nWorld Health Organization\nPrior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[467] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[467] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of \"severely mismanaging\" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,[467][468][469] and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[467] These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[467][470][471] In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.[468][469] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as \"short-sighted\", \"senseless\", and \"dangerous\".[468][469] \nPressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures\nIn April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[472][473] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[474] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.[475] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[476] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[477] Trump often refused to mask at public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[478] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[479] By June, Trump had said masks were a \"double-edged sword\"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[479] Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[478][479] \nIn June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases \"makes us look bad\".[480][481] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be \"quickly identified and tested\" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[482][483] In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, \"do not necessarily need a test\". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[484][485] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[485] \nDespite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are \"totally harmless\".[486][487] He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[488] \nPolitical pressure on health agencies\nTrump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[484] such as approving unproven treatments[489][490] or speeding up vaccine approvals.[490] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[491][492] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a \"deep state\" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[493] \nOutbreak at the White House\nTrump boards Marine One for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020 \nOn October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19, part of a White House outbreak.[494] Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[495][496] During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[495] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[496] \nEffects on the 2020 presidential campaign\nBy July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[497] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[498] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[497] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[499] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was \"rounding the turn\" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[500] A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[501] \nInvestigations\nAfter he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[502] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[503] \nIn April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[504] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[505] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[506][507] Trump's attorneys appealed.[508] In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[509] \nRussian election interference\nIn January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with \"high confidence\" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[510][511] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress, \"[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts.\"[512] \nMany suspicious[513] links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies were discovered and the relationships between Russians and \"team Trump\", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[514][515][516][517] Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[518][519] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[520] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[521] \nTrump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[522] \nFBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations\nIn July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed Crossfire Hurricane, into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[523] After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.[524] Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[525] but Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[526][527] \nMueller investigation\nIn May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ), ordering him to \"examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign\". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters \"in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference\".[526] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[528] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[529] Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[530] \nIn March 2019, Mueller gave his final report to Attorney General William Barr,[531] which Barr purported to summarize in a letter to Congress. A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[532][533][534] Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[535] \nA redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[536] Despite \"numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign\", the report found that the prevailing evidence \"did not establish\" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[537][538] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[538] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[539][540][541][542] \nThe report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but \"did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct\".[543][544] Investigators decided they could not \"apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes\" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[545] and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[546] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, \"may apply the obstruction laws\".[545] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[547][548] \nSeveral Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort[549] and Flynn.[550][551] Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[552] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone \"was prosecuted for covering up for the president\".[553] \nFirst impeachment\nMembers of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755), December 18, 2019 \nIn August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter.[554] The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[555] \nHouse Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[556] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[557][558] On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[554][559] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[560] In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[561] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[562] \nOn December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.[563] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.[564] \nImpeachment trial in the Senate\nTrump displaying the headline \"Trump acquitted\" \nDuring the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[565] \nTrump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[566] They argued that the impeachment was \"constitutionally and legally invalid\" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[566] \nOn January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[567] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[568] \nTrump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[569] Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[570] \n2020 presidential campaign\nBreaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[571] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[572] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.[573] \nIn his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[574] By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[575] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[576] \nTrump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[577] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[578][579] and shifted to appeals to racism.[580] \n2020 presidential election\nStarting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[581][582] When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[583] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a peaceful transition of power.[584][585] \nBiden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[586][587] and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump's 232.[588] \nFalse claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition\nAt 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[589] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that \"this election is far from over\" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[590] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[591][592] Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.[593] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[594] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[595] \nTrump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[596] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[597][598] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the \"apparent winner\" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[599] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[600][601] \nThe Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[588] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[602] Republican state and federal legislators,[603] the Justice Department,[604] and Vice President Pence,[605] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to \"find\" votes and announce a \"recalculated\" result.[603] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[606] \nTrump did not attend Biden's inauguration.[607] \nConcern about a possible coup attempt or military action\nIn December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[608] \nWhen Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.[609][610] Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.[611][612] \nJanuary 6 Capitol attack\nOn January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at the Ellipse, Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to \"take back our country\" by marching to the Capitol to \"fight like hell\".[613][614] Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[615] During the violence, Trump posted messages on Twitter without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6 p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should \"go home with love & in peace\", calling them \"great patriots\" and repeating that the election was stolen.[616] After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.[617] According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[618][619] \nIn March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a song to benefit the prisoners, and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.[620] \nSecond impeachment\nSpeaker of the House Nancy Pelosi signing the second impeachment of Trump \nOn January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[621] The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[622] Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[623] \nOn February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[624][625] Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[626] \nPost-presidency (2021–present)\nAt the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club and established an office as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.[59][627][628] Trump is entitled to live there legally as a club employee.[629][630] \nTrump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the \"big lie\" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[631][632] The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.[632][633] As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[634] \nUnlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom supported his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[635][636][637] \nBusiness activities\nIn February 2021, Trump registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing \"social networking services\" to U.S. customers.[638][639] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.[640] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.[641] As of March 2023, Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[642][643] \nInvestigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits\nTrump is the only U.S. president or former president to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[644] He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[645][646] \nFBI investigations\nClassified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago \nWhen Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[647] The Justice Department began an investigation[648] and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[647] Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,[647] one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[649] \nOn August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act,[650][651] reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[652] The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[653] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as \"top secret\" and one as \"top secret/SCI\", the highest level of classification.[650][651] \nOn November 18, 2022, U.S. attorney general Merrick Garland appointed federal prosecutor Jack Smith as a special counsel to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack.[654][655] \nCriminal referral by the House January 6 Committee\nOn December 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[656] \nFederal and state criminal indictments\nIn June 2023, following a special counsel investigation, a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of \"willfully retaining national defense information\" under the Espionage Act, one count of making false statements, and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[657] He pleaded not guilty.[658] A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[659] The judge assigned to the case, Aileen Cannon, was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a past civil case, some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[660] She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.[661] On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[662] \nOn August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to defraud the U.S., obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and deprive voters of the civil right to have their votes counted, and obstructing an official proceeding.[663] Trump pleaded not guilty.[664] \nIn August 2023, a Fulton County, Georgia, grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[665][666] Trump surrendered, was processed at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[667] He pleaded not guilty.[668] On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.[669] \nIn July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years.[670] In January 2023, the organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was sentenced to five months in jail and five years of probation for tax fraud after a plea deal.[671] In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on all counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with the scheme.[672][673] In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million.[673] Trump was not personally charged in that case.[673] \nCriminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case\nDuring the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), publisher of the National Enquirer,[674] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[675] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.[676] Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[677][678] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[679] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[680][681] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[682] but in 2021, the New York State Attorney General's Office and Manhattan District Attorney's Office opened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.[683] The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[684] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[685] \nIn March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[686][687][688] The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.[689] Sentencing is set for September 18, 2024.[690] \nCivil judgments against Trump\nIn September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[691] During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[692] In an August 2022 deposition, Trump invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.[693] The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[694] In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any \"restructuring and potential dissolution\" would be the decision of the monitor.[695] \nIn May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist E. Jean Carroll in 2022 (\"Carroll II\") found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[696] Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,[697][698] writing that Carroll's accusation of \"rape\" is \"substantially true\".[699] Trump appealed both decisions.[697][700] In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 (\"Carroll I\") ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[701] \n2024 presidential campaign\nTrump rally in New Hampshire, January 2024 \nOn November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election and set up a fundraising account.[702][703] In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's leadership PAC. Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[704][705] \nIn December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court restored his name to the ballot in a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforce Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.[706] \nDuring the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[708][709][710] He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,[711][712] and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[713][714][715][716] \nOn July 13, 2024, Trump was cut on the ear by gunfire in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvania.[717][718] The campaign declined to disclose medical or hospital records.[719] \nTwo days later, the 2024 Republican National Convention nominated Trump as their presidential candidate, with U.S. senator JD Vance as his running mate.[720] \nPublic image\nScholarly assessment and public approval surveys\nIn the C-SPAN \"Presidential Historians Survey 2021\",[721] historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[722][723] The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked Trump 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[724] In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the American Political Science Association ranked Trump the worst president in American history.[725][726] \nTrump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[727] Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[728] Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[727][729] \nIn Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[730][731] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[732] \nA Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[733] approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.[734] By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.[735] \nFalse or misleading statements\nFact-checkers from The Washington Post,[736] the Toronto Star,[737] and CNN[738] compiled data on \"false or misleading claims\" (orange background), and \"false claims\" (violet foreground), respectively. \nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[739][154] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[739][740][741] His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[740] \nTrump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[736] Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.[742] \nSome of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the \"biggest inaugural crowd ever\".[743][744] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[745][746] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[747][748] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the \"spread of radical Islamic terror\", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[749] Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[750] \nUntil 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[751][752][753] \nIn 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[754][755] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[756][757] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[439][754] \nPromotion of conspiracy theories\nBefore and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton body count conspiracy theory, the conspiracy theory movement QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, alleged foul-play in the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed,[758][759][760][761][762] and linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer.[763] In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[760] \nDuring and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[764] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and \"finding\" suitcases full of Biden votes.[765][766] \nIncitement of violence\nResearch suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[767][768] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[769][770] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[771][772] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[773] \nTrump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.[774] Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[775] In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[776] \nAfter years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[777] In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms \"totally silence\" conservatives and that he would \"strongly regulate, or close them down\".[778] In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.[779] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[780][781] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[782] Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[783] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[784] Elon Musk, after acquiring Twitter, reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[785][786] Meta Platforms' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,[787] although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an \"enemy of the people.\"[788] \nRelationship with the press\nTrump talking to the press, March 2017 \nTrump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a \"love-hate\" relationship with the press.[789] In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151] The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created \"must-see TV.\"[790] \nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the \"fake news media\" and \"the enemy of the people\".[791][792] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media \"so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you\".[793] \nAs president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[794] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[795] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[795] \nTrump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[796] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[797][798] All the suits were dismissed.[799][800][801] \nRacial views\nMany of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[802][803][804] In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[805][806] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[807][808] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[809] \nIn 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[50] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[810] \nIn 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist \"birther\" conspiracy theory, alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[811][812] In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the \"long-form\" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him \"very popular\".[813][814] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[815] In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[816] \nAccording to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made \"explicitly racist appeals to whites\" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[817] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were \"bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists\".[818][819] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[820] \nAnswering questions about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville \nTrump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning \"this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides\" and stating that there were \"very fine people on both sides\", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[821][822][823][824] \nIn a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as \"shithole countries\".[825] His remarks were condemned as racist.[826][827] \nIn July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should \"go back\" to the countries they \"came from\".[828] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his \"racist comments\".[829] White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[830] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[831] \nMisogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct\nTrump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[832][833] He has made lewd comments about women[834][835] and has disparaged women's physical appearances and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[833][836][837] At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[838][839][840] Trump has denied the allegations.[840] \nIn October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 \"hot mic\" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that \"when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy.\"[841] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[842] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[843] \nPopular culture\nTrump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of hip hop songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[844] \nHonors and awards\nDonald Trump has been granted thiry-six awards and accolades, both domestic [845] and international.[846] Three honorary degrees were later revoked,[847][848][849] and a public square named after him was renamed.[850] \nNotes\n^ Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the Electoral College. 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Now he's stuck\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2023. \n^ Mac, Ryan; Browning, Kellen (November 19, 2022). \"Elon Musk Reinstates Trump's Twitter Account\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2022. \n^ Dang, Sheila; Coster, Helen (November 20, 2022). \"Trump snubs Twitter after Musk announces reactivation of ex-president's account\". Reuters. Retrieved May 10, 2024. \n^ Bond, Shannon (January 23, 2023). \"Meta allows Donald Trump back on Facebook and Instagram\". NPR. \n^ Egan, Matt (March 11, 2024). \"Trump calls Facebook the enemy of the people. Meta's stock sinks\". CNN. \n^ Parnes, Amie (April 28, 2018). \"Trump's love-hate relationship with the press\". The Hill. Retrieved July 4, 2018. \n^ Chozick, Amy (September 29, 2018). \"Why Trump Will Win a Second Term\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2019. \n^ Hetherington, Marc; Ladd, Jonathan M. (May 1, 2020). \"Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster\". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 11, 2021. \n^ Rosen, Jacob (March 11, 2024). \"Trump, in reversal, opposes TikTok ban, calls Facebook \"enemy of the people\"\". CBS News. Retrieved July 31, 2024. \n^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (May 22, 2018). \"'60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage\". The Hill. Retrieved May 23, 2018. \n^ Stelter, Brian; Collins, Kaitlan (May 9, 2018). \"Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'\". CNN Money. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2018. \n^ Jump up to: a b Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 30, 2019). \"After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021. \n^ Geltzer, Joshua A.; Katyal, Neal K. (March 11, 2020). \"The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits\". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 1, 2020. \n^ Folkenflik, David (March 3, 2020). \"Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit\". NPR. Retrieved October 11, 2021. \n^ Flood, Brian; Singman, Brooke (March 6, 2020). \"Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages\". Fox News. Retrieved October 11, 2021. \n^ Darcy, Oliver (November 12, 2020). \"Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN\". CNN. Retrieved June 7, 2021. \n^ Klasfeld, Adam (March 9, 2021). \"Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against New York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed\". Law and Crime. Retrieved October 11, 2021. \n^ Tillman, Zoe (February 3, 2023). \"Trump 2020 Campaign Suit Against Washington Post Dismissed (1)\". Bloomberg News. \n^ Multiple sources: \nLopez, German (February 14, 2019). \"Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019\". Vox. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\nDesjardins, Lisa (January 12, 2018). \"Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race\". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\nDawsey, Josh (January 11, 2018). \"Trump's history of making offensive comments about nonwhite immigrants\". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2018.\nWeaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). \"Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe\". Politico. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\nStoddard, Ed; Mfula, Chris (January 12, 2018). \"Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark\". Reuters. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n^ \"Trump: 'I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world' – video\". The Guardian. July 30, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2021. \n^ Marcelo, Philip (July 28, 2023). \"Donald Trump was accused of racism long before his presidency, despite what online posts claim\". AP News. Retrieved May 10, 2024. \n^ Cummins, William (July 31, 2019). \"A majority of voters say President Donald Trump is a racist, Quinnipiac University poll finds\". USA Today. Retrieved December 21, 2023. \n^ \"Harsh Words For U.S. Family Separation Policy, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Have Dim View Of Trump, Dems On Immigration\". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018. \n^ McElwee, Sean; McDaniel, Jason (May 8, 2017). \"Economic Anxiety Didn't Make People Vote Trump, Racism Did\". The Nation. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \n^ Lopez, German (December 15, 2017). \"The past year of research has made it very clear: Trump won because of racial resentment\". Vox. Retrieved January 14, 2018. \n^ Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). \"Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump\". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3 (1): 112–152. doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37. \n^ Bohlen, Celestine (May 12, 1989). \"The Park Attack, Weeks Later: An Anger That Will Not Let Go\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024. \n^ John, Arit (June 23, 2020). \"From birtherism to 'treason': Trump's false allegations against Obama\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 17, 2023. \n^ Farley, Robert (February 14, 2011). \"Donald Trump says people who went to school with Obama never saw him\". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 31, 2020. \n^ Madison, Lucy (April 27, 2011). \"Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'\". CBS News. Retrieved May 9, 2011. \n^ Keneally, Meghan (September 18, 2015). \"Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama\". ABC News. Retrieved August 27, 2016. \n^ Haberman, Maggie; Rappeport, Alan (September 16, 2016). \"Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2021. \n^ Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (November 28, 2017). \"Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020. \n^ Schaffner, Brian F.; Macwilliams, Matthew; Nteta, Tatishe (March 2018). \"Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism\". Political Science Quarterly. 133 (1): 9–34. doi:10.1002/polq.12737. \n^ Reilly, Katie (August 31, 2016). \"Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico\". Time. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \n^ Wolf, Z. Byron (April 6, 2018). \"Trump basically called Mexicans rapists again\". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2022. \n^ Steinhauer, Jennifer; Martin, Jonathan; Herszenhorn, David M. (June 7, 2016). \"Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \n^ Merica, Dan (August 26, 2017). \"Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville\". CNN. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \n^ Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017). \"Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2021. \n^ Kessler, Glenn (May 8, 2020). \"The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2021. \n^ Holan, Angie Dobric (April 26, 2019). \"In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)\". PolitiFact. Retrieved October 22, 2021. \n^ Beauchamp, Zack (January 11, 2018). \"Trump's \"shithole countries\" comment exposes the core of Trumpism\". Vox. Retrieved January 11, 2018. \n^ Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). \"Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe\". Politico. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \n^ Wintour, Patrick; Burke, Jason; Livsey, Anna (January 13, 2018). \"'There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark\". The Guardian. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \n^ Rogers, Katie; Fandos, Nicholas (July 14, 2019). \"Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021. \n^ Mak, Tim (July 16, 2019). \"House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'\". NPR. Retrieved July 17, 2019. \n^ Simon, Mallory; Sidner, Sara (July 16, 2019). \"Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do\". CNN. Retrieved July 20, 2019. \n^ Choi, Matthew (September 22, 2020). \"'She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots\". Politico. Retrieved October 12, 2021. \n^ Rothe, Dawn L.; Collins, Victoria E. (November 17, 2019). \"Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration\". Victims & Offenders. 14 (8): 965–978. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284. \n^ Jump up to: a b Shear, Michael D.; Sullivan, Eileen (October 16, 2018). \"'Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2020. \n^ Fieldstadt, Elisha (October 9, 2016). \"Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'\". NBC News. Retrieved November 27, 2020. \n^ \"Donald Trump blasted over lewd comments about women\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved September 2, 2024. \n^ Mahdawi, Arwa (May 10, 2023). \"'The more women accuse him, the better he does': the meaning and misogyny of the Trump-Carroll case\". The Guardian. Retrieved July 25, 2024. \n^ Prasad, Ritu (November 29, 2019). \"How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?\". BBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2020. \n^ Nelson, Libby; McGann, Laura (June 21, 2019). \"E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct\". Vox. Retrieved June 25, 2019. \n^ Rupar, Aaron (October 9, 2019). \"Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago\". Vox. Retrieved April 27, 2020. \n^ Jump up to: a b Osborne, Lucy (September 17, 2020). \"'It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 6, 2024. \n^ Timm, Jane C. (October 7, 2016). \"Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005\". NBC News. Retrieved June 10, 2018. \n^ Burns, Alexander; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (October 7, 2016). \"Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2016. \n^ Hagen, Lisa (October 7, 2016). \"Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'\". The Hill. Retrieved October 8, 2016. \n^ McCann, Allison (July 14, 2016). \"Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump\". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved October 7, 2021. \n^ \"Trump to be honored for working with youths\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 25, 1995. \n^ \"Saakashvili, Trump Unveil Tower Project, Praise Each Other\". Civil Georgia. April 22, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2018. \n^ \"Donald Trump: Robert Gordon University strips honorary degree\". BBC. December 9, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023. \n^ Chappell, Bill. \"Lehigh University Revokes President Trump's Honorary Degree\". npr.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021. \n^ \"A Message from the Board of Trustees\". wagner.edu. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. \n^ Deutsch, Matan (November 1, 2023). \"The famous Petah Tikva square changes its name [Hebrew]\". petahtikva.mynet.co.il. Retrieved August 25, 2024. \nWorks cited\nBlair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.\nKranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.\nO'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1-946025-26-5.\n \nExternal links",
+ "markdown": "# Donald Trump\n\nDonald Trump\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg)\n\nOfficial portrait, 2017\n\n45th [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\")\n\n**In office** \nJanuary 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021\n\n[Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\")\n\n[Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence \"Mike Pence\")\n\nPreceded by\n\n[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\")\n\nSucceeded by\n\n[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")\n\nPersonal details\n\nBorn\n\nDonald John Trump\n\n \nJune 14, 1946 (age 78) \n[Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens \"Queens\"), New York City, U.S.\n\nPolitical party\n\n[Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Republican Party (United States)\") (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)\n\nOther political \naffiliations\n\n* [Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America \"Reform Party of the United States of America\") (1999–2001)\n* [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Democratic Party (United States)\") (2001–2009)\n* [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") (2011–2012)\n\nSpouses\n\n[Ivana Zelníčková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Zeln%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 \"Ivana Zelníčková\")\n\n\n\n\n\n(m. ; div.\n\n)\n\n[Marla Maples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Maples \"Marla Maples\")\n\n\n\n\n\n(m.\n\n; div.\n\n)\n\n[Melania Knauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Knauss \"Melania Knauss\")\n\n\n\n(m.\n\n)\n\nChildren\n\n* [Donald Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. \"Donald Trump Jr.\")\n* [Ivanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump \"Ivanka Trump\")\n* [Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump \"Eric Trump\")\n* [Tiffany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Trump \"Tiffany Trump\")\n* [Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Trump \"Barron Trump\")\n\nRelatives\n\n[Family of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump \"Family of Donald Trump\")\n\n[Alma mater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater \"Alma mater\")\n\n[University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") ([BS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\"))\n\nOccupation\n\n* [Politician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump \"Political career of Donald Trump\")\n* [businessman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump \"Business career of Donald Trump\")\n* [media personality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump \"Media career of Donald Trump\")\n\nAwards\n\n[Full list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump \"List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump\")\n\nSignature\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_\\(Presidential_signature\\).svg \"Donald Trump's signature\")\n\nWebsite\n\n* [Campaign website](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/)\n* [Presidential library](https://www.trumplibrary.gov/)\n* [White House archives](https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_speaks_on_declaration_of_Covid-19_as_a_Global_Pandemic_by_the_World_Health_Organization.ogg \"Play audio\")Duration: 5 minutes and 3 seconds.\n\nDonald Trump speaks on the declaration of [COVID-19 as a global pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\"). \nRecorded March 11, 2020\n\n**Donald John Trump** (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") from 2017 to 2021.\n\nTrump received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") in 1968. His father made him president of the family real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it [the Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization \"The Trump Organization\") and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late 1990s, he launched side ventures, mostly licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series _[The Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_\\(American_TV_series\\) \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")_. He and his businesses have been plaintiffs or defendants in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.\n\nTrump won the [2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\") as the [Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Republican Party (United States)\") nominee against [Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Democratic Party (United States)\") candidate [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") while losing the popular vote.[\\[a\\]](#cite_note-electoral-college-1) The [Mueller special counsel investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation \"Mueller special counsel investigation\") determined that [Russia interfered in the 2016 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections \"Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections\") to favor Trump. During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the only U.S. president without prior military or government experience. Trump [promoted conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump \"List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump\") and made [many false and misleading statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump \"False or misleading statements by Donald Trump\") during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic.\n\nAs president, Trump [ordered a travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 \"Executive Order 13769\") on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented [a family separation policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy \"Trump administration family separation policy\"). He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act \"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act\") of 2017, which cut taxes and eliminated the [individual health insurance mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_mandate \"Health insurance mandate\") penalty of the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"). He appointed [Neil Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch \"Neil Gorsuch\"), [Brett Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh \"Brett Kavanaugh\"), and [Amy Coney Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett \"Amy Coney Barrett\") to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\"), ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and [spread misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States \"COVID-19 misinformation by the United States\") about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed [Trans-Pacific Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership \"Trans-Pacific Partnership\") trade agreement, the [Paris Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement \"Paris Agreement\") on climate change, and the [Iran nuclear deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\"). He met with North Korean leader [Kim Jong Un](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un \"Kim Jong Un\") three times but made no progress on denuclearization.\n\nTrump is the only U.S. president to have been [impeached](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment \"Impeachment\") twice, [in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"First impeachment of Donald Trump\") for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after he pressured Ukraine to investigate [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\"), and [in 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment of Donald Trump\") for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in both cases. Trump lost the [2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\") to Biden but refused to concede. He falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud and [attempted to overturn the results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"). On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the [U.S. Capitol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Capitol \"U.S. Capitol\"), which [many of them attacked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack \"January 6 United States Capitol attack\"). Scholars and historians [rank Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States \"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\") as one of the worst presidents in American history.\n\nSince leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is their candidate again in the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election \"2024 United States presidential election\"), having chosen as his running mate U.S. Senator [JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance \"JD Vance\") of [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"). In May 2024, a jury in New York [found Trump guilty on 34 felony counts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York \"Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York\") of falsifying business records related to a [hush money payment to Stormy Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal \"Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal\") in an attempt to influence the 2016 election, making him the first former U.S. president to be convicted of a crime. He has been indicted in three other jurisdictions on 54 other felony counts related to his [mishandling of classified documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents \"FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents\") and for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liable [for sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, defamation in 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump \"E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump\"), and [financial fraud in 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_business_fraud_lawsuit_against_the_Trump_Organization \"New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization\").\n\n## Personal life\n\n### Early life\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg)\n\nTrump at the [New York Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Military_Academy \"New York Military Academy\"), 1964\n\nTrump was born on June 14, 1946, at [Jamaica Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Hospital_Medical_Center \"Jamaica Hospital Medical Center\") in [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens \"Queens\"), New York City,[\\[1\\]](#cite_note-2) the fourth child of [Fred Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump \"Fred Trump\") and [Mary Anne MacLeod Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump \"Mary Anne MacLeod Trump\"). He grew up with older siblings [Maryanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry \"Maryanne Trump Barry\"), [Fred Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr. \"Fred Trump Jr.\"), and Elizabeth and younger brother [Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trump \"Robert Trump\") in the [Jamaica Estates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Estates,_Queens \"Jamaica Estates, Queens\") neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private [Kew-Forest School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew-Forest_School \"Kew-Forest School\") from kindergarten through seventh grade.[\\[2\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-3)[\\[3\\]](#cite_note-4)[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-5) He went to Sunday school and was [confirmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation \"Confirmation\") in 1959 at the [First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_in_Jamaica \"First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica\"), Queens.[\\[5\\]](#cite_note-BarronNYT-6)[\\[6\\]](#cite_note-inactive-7) At age 13, he entered the [New York Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Military_Academy \"New York Military Academy\"), a private boarding school.[\\[7\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA38_38]-8) In 1964, he enrolled at [Fordham University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University \"Fordham University\"). Two years later, he transferred to the [Wharton School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School \"Wharton School\") of the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\"), graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[\\[8\\]](#cite_note-9)[\\[9\\]](#cite_note-10) In 2015, Trump's lawyer threatened Trump's colleges, his high school, and the [College Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board \"College Board\") with legal action if they released his academic records.[\\[10\\]](#cite_note-11)\n\nWhile in college, Trump obtained four student [draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States \"Conscription in the United States\") deferments during the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").[\\[11\\]](#cite_note-12) In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[\\[12\\]](#cite_note-13) In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,[\\[13\\]](#cite_note-14) and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F, unfit for military service, due to [bone spurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_spurs \"Bone spurs\"), permanently disqualifying him.[\\[14\\]](#cite_note-15)\n\n### Family\n\nIn 1977, Trump married Czech model [Ivana Zelníčková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Zeln%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 \"Ivana Zelníčková\").[\\[15\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2015300-16) They had three children: [Donald Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. \"Donald Trump Jr.\") (born 1977), [Ivanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump \"Ivanka Trump\") (1981), and [Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump \"Eric Trump\") (1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress [Marla Maples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Maples \"Marla Maples\").[\\[16\\]](#cite_note-17) Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, [Tiffany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Trump \"Tiffany Trump\") (born 1993), who was raised by Maples in California.[\\[17\\]](#cite_note-18) In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model [Melania Knauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Knauss \"Melania Knauss\").[\\[18\\]](#cite_note-19) They have one son, [Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Trump \"Barron Trump\") (born 2006).[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-20)\n\n### Religion\n\nIn the 1970s, Trump's parents joined the [Marble Collegiate Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Collegiate_Church \"Marble Collegiate Church\"), part of the [Reformed Church in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America \"Reformed Church in America\").[\\[5\\]](#cite_note-BarronNYT-6)[\\[20\\]](#cite_note-WaPo.March.18.17-21) In 2015, he said he was a [Presbyterian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_\\(USA\\) \"Presbyterian Church (USA)\") and attended Marble Collegiate Church; the church said he was not an active member.[\\[6\\]](#cite_note-inactive-7) In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist [Paula White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_White \"Paula White\"), to the White House [Office of Public Liaison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison \"Office of Public Liaison\").[\\[21\\]](#cite_note-22) In 2020, he said he identified as a [non-denominational Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Christian \"Non-denominational Christian\").[\\[22\\]](#cite_note-23)\n\n### Health habits\n\nTrump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[\\[23\\]](#cite_note-24)[\\[24\\]](#cite_note-25) He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[\\[25\\]](#cite_note-26)[\\[26\\]](#cite_note-27) He has called golfing his \"primary form of exercise\" but usually does not walk the course.[\\[27\\]](#cite_note-28) He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is \"like a battery, with a finite amount of energy\", which is depleted by exercise.[\\[28\\]](#cite_note-29)[\\[29\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991133-30) In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, [Harold Bornstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bornstein \"Harold Bornstein\"), stating that Trump would \"be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency\".[\\[30\\]](#cite_note-dictation-31) In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.[\\[30\\]](#cite_note-dictation-31)[\\[31\\]](#cite_note-32)\n\n### Wealth\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg)\n\nTrump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King [Fahd of Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Fahd of Saudi Arabia\") in 1985, with U.S. president [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and First Lady [Nancy Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan \"Nancy Reagan\")\n\nIn 1982, Trump made the initial _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_ list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33) His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[\\[33\\]](#cite_note-34) After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the [FEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission \"Federal Election Commission\") in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[\\[34\\]](#cite_note-disclosure-35) _Forbes_ estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[\\[35\\]](#cite_note-36) In their 2024 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).[\\[36\\]](#cite_note-37)\n\nJournalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named \"[John Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barron_\\(pseudonym\\) \"John Barron (pseudonym)\")\". Greenberg said that Trump, just to get a higher ranking on the [_Forbes_ 400](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400 \"Forbes 400\") list of wealthy Americans, identified himself as \"Barron\", and then falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father's business. Greenberg also wrote that _Forbes_ had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[\\[37\\]](#cite_note-38)\n\nTrump has often said he began his career with \"a small loan of a million dollars\" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[\\[38\\]](#cite_note-39) He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[\\[39\\]](#cite_note-40)[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41) In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the [New York State Department of Taxation and Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Taxation_and_Finance \"New York State Department of Taxation and Finance\") started an investigation.[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41) His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[\\[41\\]](#cite_note-42)[\\[42\\]](#cite_note-43) _Forbes_ estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[\\[43\\]](#cite_note-44)\n\nContrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, [Trump's tax returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump \"Tax returns of Donald Trump\") from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-Buettner-190508-45)[\\[45\\]](#cite_note-46)[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33)\n\nIn 2020, _The New York Times_ obtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in _[The Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_\\(American_TV_series\\) \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")_ and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in [tax credits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower \"Trump Tower\") (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[\\[46\\]](#cite_note-47)\n\nAs of October 2021, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.[\\[47\\]](#cite_note-48) In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including [Bank of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China \"Bank of China\"), [Deutsche Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank \"Deutsche Bank\"), and [UBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS \"UBS\"), and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-49)\n\n## Business career\n\n### Real estate\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_with_model_of_Television_City.jpg)\n\nTrump in 1985 with a model of one of his aborted Manhattan development projects[\\[49\\]](#cite_note-50)\n\nStarting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[\\[50\\]](#cite_note-Mahler-51)[\\[51\\]](#cite_note-Rich_NYMag-52) In 1971, his father made him president of the company and he began using the [Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Organization \"Trump Organization\") as an [umbrella brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_brand \"Umbrella brand\").[\\[52\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduJifCgAAQBAJpgPA250_250]-53) Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for [Chapter 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11 \"Chapter 11\") bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the [Plaza Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Hotel \"Plaza Hotel\") in Manhattan, the casinos in [Atlantic City, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\"), and the [Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Hotels_%26_Casino_Resorts \"Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts\") company.[\\[53\\]](#cite_note-54)\n\n#### Manhattan and Chicago developments\n\nTrump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict [Commodore Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hyatt_New_York \"Grand Hyatt New York\"), adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[\\[54\\]](#cite_note-55) The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly with [Hyatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt \"Hyatt\"), guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[\\[51\\]](#cite_note-Rich_NYMag-52)[\\[55\\]](#cite_note-56) The hotel reopened in 1980 as the [Grand Hyatt Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hyatt_New_York \"Grand Hyatt New York\"),[\\[56\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA84_84]-57) and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower \"Trump Tower\"), a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[\\[57\\]](#cite_note-58) The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's [PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee \"Political action committee\") and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[\\[58\\]](#cite_note-59)[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-moved-60)\n\nIn 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[\\[60\\]](#cite_note-61) The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[\\[61\\]](#cite_note-62) In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a \"vast and humiliating restructuring\" that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.[\\[62\\]](#cite_note-plaza-63)[\\[63\\]](#cite_note-64) The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they \"all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead.\"[\\[62\\]](#cite_note-plaza-63)\n\nIn 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at [40 Wall Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_Wall_Street \"40 Wall Street\"), later rebranded as the Trump Building.[\\[64\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLqf0CwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]-65) In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the [Lincoln Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Square,_Manhattan \"Lincoln Square, Manhattan\") neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, [Riverside South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_South,_Manhattan \"Riverside South, Manhattan\").[\\[65\\]](#cite_note-66)\n\nTrump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use [Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_\\(Chicago\\) \"Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)\") which opened in 2008. In 2024, the [New York Times and ProPublica reported](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_\\(Chicago\\)#Tax_deductions \"Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)\") that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether Trump had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building Trump had declared tto be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[\\[66\\]](#cite_note-67)[\\[67\\]](#cite_note-68)\n\n#### Atlantic City casinos\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_Taj_Mahal,_2007.jpg)\n\nEntrance of the [Trump Taj Mahal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Taj_Mahal \"Trump Taj Mahal\") in [Atlantic City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City \"Atlantic City\")\n\nIn 1984, Trump opened [Harrah's at Trump Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrah%27s_at_Trump_Plaza \"Harrah's at Trump Plaza\"), a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the [Holiday Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Corporation \"Holiday Corporation\").[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-fall-69) It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[\\[69\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA128_128]-70) In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it [Trump Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Atlantic_City \"Golden Nugget Atlantic City\").[\\[70\\]](#cite_note-71) Both casinos filed for [Chapter 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11 \"Chapter 11\") bankruptcy protection in 1992.[\\[71\\]](#cite_note-72)\n\nTrump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the [Trump Taj Mahal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_%26_Casino_Atlantic_City \"Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City\"). It was financed with $675 million in [junk bonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_bonds \"Junk bonds\") and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[\\[72\\]](#cite_note-73)[\\[73\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA135_135]-74) Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[\\[74\\]](#cite_note-75) To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the [Trump Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Shuttle \"Trump Shuttle\") airline; his megayacht, the _[Trump Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Princess \"Trump Princess\")_, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[\\[75\\]](#cite_note-76)\n\nIn 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[\\[76\\]](#cite_note-77) THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-fall-69) He remained chairman until 2009.[\\[77\\]](#cite_note-78)\n\n#### Clubs\n\nIn 1985, Trump acquired the [Mar-a-Lago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago \"Mar-a-Lago\") estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[\\[78\\]](#cite_note-79) In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[\\[79\\]](#cite_note-80) Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-moved-60) The Trump Organization began [building and buying golf courses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf \"Donald Trump and golf\") in 1999.[\\[80\\]](#cite_note-CNN-81) It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[\\[80\\]](#cite_note-CNN-81)[\\[81\\]](#cite_note-82)\n\n### Licensing of the Trump brand\n\nThe Trump name has been [licensed for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization#Related_ventures_and_investments \"The Trump Organization\") consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[\\[82\\]](#cite_note-neckties-83)[\\[83\\]](#cite_note-84) According to _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[\\[84\\]](#cite_note-85) By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[\\[82\\]](#cite_note-neckties-83)\n\n### Side ventures\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Doug_Flutie_at_a_press_conference_in_the_Trump_Tower.jpg)\n\nTrump and New Jersey Generals quarterback [Doug Flutie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Flutie \"Doug Flutie\") at a 1985 press conference in Trump Tower\n\nIn September 1983, Trump purchased the [New Jersey Generals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Generals \"New Jersey Generals\"), a team in the [United States Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Football_League \"United States Football League\"). After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[\\[85\\]](#cite_note-86)[\\[86\\]](#cite_note-87)\n\nTrump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the [Atlantic City Convention Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Convention_Hall \"Atlantic City Convention Hall\").[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-fall-69)[\\[87\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991137–143-88) In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the [Tour de Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Trump \"Tour de Trump\") cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the [Tour de France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France \"Tour de France\") or the [Giro d'Italia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia \"Giro d'Italia\").[\\[88\\]](#cite_note-89)\n\nFrom 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-Buettner-190508-45) leading some observers to think he was engaged in [greenmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenmail \"Greenmail\").[\\[89\\]](#cite_note-90) _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_ found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but \"lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously\".[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-Buettner-190508-45)\n\nIn 1988, Trump purchased the [Eastern Air Lines Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Shuttle \"Eastern Air Lines Shuttle\"), financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33) in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline [Trump Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Shuttle \"Trump Shuttle\") and operated it until 1992.[\\[90\\]](#cite_note-TA-91) Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[\\[91\\]](#cite_note-92)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_star_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.JPG)\n\nTrump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame\n\nIn 1992, Trump, his siblings [Maryanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry \"Maryanne Trump Barry\"), Elizabeth, and [Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trump \"Robert Trump\"), and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41)[\\[92\\]](#cite_note-93) The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41)\n\nFrom 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the [Miss Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe \"Miss Universe\") pageants, including [Miss USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA \"Miss USA\") and [Miss Teen USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA \"Miss Teen USA\").[\\[93\\]](#cite_note-pageantsaleWME-94)[\\[94\\]](#cite_note-95) Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[\\[95\\]](#cite_note-96)[\\[96\\]](#cite_note-97) In 2007, Trump received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\") for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[\\[97\\]](#cite_note-98) NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.[\\[98\\]](#cite_note-99)\n\n#### Trump University\n\nIn 2004, Trump co-founded [Trump University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_University \"Trump University\"), a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000.[\\[99\\]](#cite_note-100) After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of \"university\" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[\\[100\\]](#cite_note-101)\n\nIn 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[\\[101\\]](#cite_note-102) Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[\\[102\\]](#cite_note-103)[\\[103\\]](#cite_note-104)[\\[104\\]](#cite_note-105) Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[\\[105\\]](#cite_note-106)\n\n### Foundation\n\nThe Donald J. Trump Foundation was a [private foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_foundation_\\(United_States\\) \"Private foundation (United States)\") established in 1988.[\\[106\\]](#cite_note-107)[\\[107\\]](#cite_note-108) From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[\\[108\\]](#cite_note-retool-109) which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from [Vince McMahon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon \"Vince McMahon\").[\\[109\\]](#cite_note-110) The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[\\[110\\]](#cite_note-111) and charities that held events at Trump properties.[\\[108\\]](#cite_note-retool-109)\n\nIn 2016, _The Washington Post_ reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible [tax evasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion \"Tax evasion\").[\\[111\\]](#cite_note-112) Also in 2016, the New York attorney general determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[\\[112\\]](#cite_note-113) Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[\\[113\\]](#cite_note-114)\n\nIn June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[\\[114\\]](#cite_note-115) In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[\\[115\\]](#cite_note-116) In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[\\[116\\]](#cite_note-117)[\\[117\\]](#cite_note-118)\n\n### Legal affairs and bankruptcies\n\n[Roy Cohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn \"Roy Cohn\") was Trump's [fixer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_\\(person\\) \"Fixer (person)\"), lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[\\[118\\]](#cite_note-Mahler2016Cohn-119) According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[\\[118\\]](#cite_note-Mahler2016Cohn-119) In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33) over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.[\\[119\\]](#cite_note-120) In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the [New York Urban League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League \"National Urban League\") with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.[\\[120\\]](#cite_note-121) Cohn introduced political consultant [Roger Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stone \"Roger Stone\") to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[\\[121\\]](#cite_note-122)\n\nAccording to a review of state and federal court files conducted by _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_ in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[\\[122\\]](#cite_note-123) While Trump has not filed for [personal bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_bankruptcy \"Personal bankruptcy\"), his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for [Chapter 11 bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy \"Chapter 11 bankruptcy\") protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[\\[123\\]](#cite_note-TW-124) They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[\\[123\\]](#cite_note-TW-124)\n\nDuring the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[\\[124\\]](#cite_note-125) After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[\\[125\\]](#cite_note-126) After the [January 6 Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_Capitol_attack \"January 6 Capitol attack\"), the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.[\\[126\\]](#cite_note-127)\n\n### Books\n\nUsing [ghostwriters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriters \"Ghostwriters\"), Trump has produced 19 books under his name.[\\[127\\]](#cite_note-128) His first book, _[The Art of the Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Deal \"The Art of the Deal\")_ (1987), was a [_New York Times_ Best Seller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\"). While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by [Tony Schwartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Schwartz_\\(author\\) \"Tony Schwartz (author)\"). According to _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_, the book made Trump famous as an \"emblem of the successful tycoon\".[\\[128\\]](#cite_note-JM-129)\n\n### Film and television\n\nTrump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[\\[129\\]](#cite_note-130)\n\nStarting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated _[Howard Stern Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stern_Show \"Howard Stern Show\")_.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA166_166]-131) He also had his own short-form talk radio program called _[Trumped!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumped! \"Trumped!\")_ (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[\\[131\\]](#cite_note-132)[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-133) From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on _[Fox & Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_%26_Friends \"Fox & Friends\")_.[\\[133\\]](#cite_note-134)[\\[134\\]](#cite_note-135)\n\nFrom 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows _The Apprentice_ and _[The Celebrity Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celebrity_Apprentice \"The Celebrity Apprentice\")_. Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the [catchphrase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchphrase \"Catchphrase\") \"You're fired.\" The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[\\[135\\]](#cite_note-136)[\\[136\\]](#cite_note-137) With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.[\\[137\\]](#cite_note-138)\n\nIn February 2021, Trump, who had been a member of [SAG-AFTRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAG-AFTRA \"SAG-AFTRA\") since 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[\\[138\\]](#cite_note-139) Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.[\\[139\\]](#cite_note-140)\n\n## Political career\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Bill_Clinton.jpg)\n\nTrump and President [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), June 2000\n\nTrump registered as a Republican in 1987;[\\[140\\]](#cite_note-reg-141) a member of the [Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York \"Independence Party of New York\"), the New York state affiliate of the [Reform Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America \"Reform Party of the United States of America\"), in 1999;[\\[141\\]](#cite_note-142) a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[\\[140\\]](#cite_note-reg-141)\n\nIn 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[\\[142\\]](#cite_note-hint-143) expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[\\[143\\]](#cite_note-144) In 1988, he approached [Lee Atwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Atwater \"Lee Atwater\"), asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\")'s running mate. Bush found the request \"strange and unbelievable\".[\\[144\\]](#cite_note-145)\n\n### Presidential campaigns (2000–2016)\n\nTrump [ran in the California and Michigan primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign \"Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign\") for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the [2000 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election \"2000 United States presidential election\") but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[\\[145\\]](#cite_note-146)[\\[146\\]](#cite_note-147)[\\[147\\]](#cite_note-148)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_speaking_at_CPAC_2011_by_Mark_Taylor.jpg)\n\nTrump speaking at [CPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference \"Conservative Political Action Conference\") 2011\n\nIn 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in [the 2012 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election \"2012 United States presidential election\"), making his first speaking appearance at the [Conservative Political Action Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference \"Conservative Political Action Conference\") (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[\\[148\\]](#cite_note-McA-149)[\\[149\\]](#cite_note-150) In May 2011, he announced he would not run.[\\[148\\]](#cite_note-McA-149) Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[\\[150\\]](#cite_note-151)\n\n#### 2016 presidential campaign\n\nTrump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of [free media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_media \"Earned media\"), elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[\\[151\\]](#cite_note-Cillizza-160614-152) He adopted the phrase \"truthful hyperbole\", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[\\[128\\]](#cite_note-JM-129)[\\[152\\]](#cite_note-153) His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[\\[153\\]](#cite_note-154) and a record number were false.[\\[154\\]](#cite_note-whoppers-155)[\\[155\\]](#cite_note-156)[\\[156\\]](#cite_note-157) Trump said he disdained [political correctness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness \"Political correctness\") and frequently made claims of [media bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias \"Media bias\").[\\[157\\]](#cite_note-Walsh-160724-158)[\\[158\\]](#cite_note-159)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore_5.jpg)\n\nTrump campaigning in Arizona, March 2016\n\nTrump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[\\[159\\]](#cite_note-160)[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-161) [His campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign \"Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign\") was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[\\[161\\]](#cite_note-162) He became the front-runner in March 2016[\\[162\\]](#cite_note-163) and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[\\[163\\]](#cite_note-164)\n\n[Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") led Trump in [national polling averages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016 \"Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016\") throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[\\[164\\]](#cite_note-165)[\\[165\\]](#cite_note-166) In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor [Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence \"Mike Pence\") as his running mate,[\\[166\\]](#cite_note-167) and the two were officially nominated at the [2016 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention \"2016 Republican National Convention\").[\\[167\\]](#cite_note-168) Trump and Clinton faced off in [three presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates \"2016 United States presidential debates\") in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[\\[168\\]](#cite_note-169)\n\n##### Campaign rhetoric and political positions\n\nTrump's political positions and rhetoric were [right-wing populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism \"Right-wing populism\").[\\[169\\]](#cite_note-170)[\\[170\\]](#cite_note-171)[\\[171\\]](#cite_note-172) _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_ described them as \"eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory\", quoting a health-care policy expert at the [American Enterprise Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute \"American Enterprise Institute\") as saying that his political positions were a \"random assortment of whatever plays publicly\".[\\[172\\]](#cite_note-173) [NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\") counted \"141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues\" during his campaign.[\\[173\\]](#cite_note-174)\n\nTrump described NATO as \"obsolete\"[\\[174\\]](#cite_note-175)[\\[175\\]](#cite_note-176) and espoused views that were described as [non-interventionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interventionism \"Non-interventionism\") and protectionist.[\\[176\\]](#cite_note-177) His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating [U.S.–China relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations \"China–United States relations\") and free trade agreements such as [NAFTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA \"NAFTA\"), strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building [a new wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_wall \"Trump wall\") along the [U.S.–Mexico border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico_border \"U.S.–Mexico border\"). Other campaign positions included pursuing [energy independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_independence \"Energy independence\") while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing [services for veterans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs#Veterans_Benefits_Administration \"United States Department of Veterans Affairs\"), repealing and replacing the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), abolishing [Common Core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core \"Common Core\") education standards, [investing in infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development \"Infrastructure-based development\"), simplifying the [tax code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code \"Internal Revenue Code\") while reducing taxes, and imposing [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff \"Tariff\") on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[\\[177\\]](#cite_note-178)\n\nTrump helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[\\[178\\]](#cite_note-179) In August 2016, Trump hired [Steve Bannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bannon \"Steve Bannon\"), the executive chairman of _[Breitbart News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitbart_News \"Breitbart News\")_—described by Bannon as \"the platform for the alt-right\"—as his campaign CEO.[\\[179\\]](#cite_note-180) The [alt-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right \"Alt-right\") movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its [opposition to multiculturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_multiculturalism \"Opposition to multiculturalism\") and [immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration \"Opposition to immigration\").[\\[180\\]](#cite_note-181)[\\[181\\]](#cite_note-182)[\\[182\\]](#cite_note-183)\n\n##### Financial disclosures\n\nTrump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[\\[34\\]](#cite_note-disclosure-35)[\\[183\\]](#cite_note-184) Trump did not release [his tax returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_tax_returns \"Donald Trump's tax returns\"), contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[\\[184\\]](#cite_note-185)[\\[185\\]](#cite_note-186) He said his tax returns were being [audited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_audit \"Income tax audit\"), and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[\\[186\\]](#cite_note-187) After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the [Manhattan district attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney \"New York County District Attorney\") for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\"), in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[\\[187\\]](#cite_note-188)[\\[188\\]](#cite_note-189)\n\nIn October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from _The New York Times_. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[\\[189\\]](#cite_note-190)\n\n##### Election to the presidency\n\nOn November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged [electoral votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_\\(United_States\\) \"Electoral College (United States)\") versus 232 for Clinton, though, after elector [defections on both sides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016 \"Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016\"), the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[\\[190\\]](#cite_note-191) Trump, the fifth person to be elected president [while losing the popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote \"List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote\"), received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[\\[191\\]](#cite_note-192) He also was the only president who [neither served in the military nor held any government office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience \"List of presidents of the United States by previous experience\") prior to becoming president.[\\[192\\]](#cite_note-193) Trump's victory was a [political upset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_upset \"Political upset\").[\\[193\\]](#cite_note-194) Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a [nationwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election \"Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election\")—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the [competitive states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election \"Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election\").[\\[194\\]](#cite_note-195)\n\nTrump won 30 states, including [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"), [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), and [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), states which had been considered a [blue wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wall_\\(U.S._politics\\) \"Blue wall (U.S. politics)\") of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia \"District of Columbia\"). Trump's victory marked the return of an [undivided](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States \"Divided government in the United States\") Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\").[\\[195\\]](#cite_note-196)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_March_on_Washington_\\(32593123745\\).jpg)\n\n[Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March \"2017 Women's March\") in Washington on January 21, 2017\n\nTrump's election victory sparked [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#After_the_election \"Protests against Donald Trump\") in major U.S. cities.[\\[196\\]](#cite_note-197)[\\[197\\]](#cite_note-198) On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the [Women's Marches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March \"2017 Women's March\").[\\[198\\]](#cite_note-199)\n\n## Presidency (2017–2021)\n\n### Early actions\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg)\n\nTrump is [sworn in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump \"Inauguration of Donald Trump\") as president by Chief Justice [John Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts \"John Roberts\")\n\n[Trump was inaugurated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump \"Inauguration of Donald Trump\") on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed [six executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump#Executive_orders \"List of executive actions by Donald Trump\"), which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act (\"Obamacare\"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the [Mexico City policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_policy \"Mexico City policy\"), advancement of the [Keystone XL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline \"Keystone Pipeline\") and [Dakota Access Pipeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline \"Dakota Access Pipeline\") construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[\\[199\\]](#cite_note-200)\n\nTrump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law [Jared Kushner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Kushner \"Jared Kushner\") became his [assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_to_the_President \"Assistant to the President\") and [senior advisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States \"Senior Advisor to the President of the United States\"), respectively.[\\[200\\]](#cite_note-201)[\\[201\\]](#cite_note-202)\n\n### Conflicts of interest\n\nTrump's presidency was marked by significant public concern about [conflict of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest \"Conflict of interest\") stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses.[\\[202\\]](#cite_note-203) Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a [revocable trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocable_trust \"Revocable trust\") run by his sons, [Eric Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump \"Eric Trump\") and [Donald Trump Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. \"Donald Trump Jr.\"), and Chief Finance Officer [Allen Weisselberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Weisselberg \"Allen Weisselberg\") and claimed they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses.[\\[203\\]](#cite_note-204)[\\[204\\]](#cite_note-205)[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-BBC041817-206) Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in a [blind trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_trust \"Blind trust\") or equivalent arrangement \"to cleanly sever himself from his business interests\".[\\[206\\]](#cite_note-YourishBuchanan-207) Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-BBC041817-206)[\\[207\\]](#cite_note-Venook-208)\n\nAs his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts.[\\[208\\]](#cite_note-209) Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate.[\\[206\\]](#cite_note-YourishBuchanan-207)[\\[209\\]](#cite_note-210) Though he said he would eschew \"new foreign deals\", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-BBC041817-206)[\\[207\\]](#cite_note-Venook-208) In January 2024, Democratic members of the [US House Committee on Oversight and Accountability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Accountability \"United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability\") released a report that detailed over $7.8 million in payments from foreign governments to Trump-owned businesses.[\\[210\\]](#cite_note-211)[\\[211\\]](#cite_note-212)\n\nTrump was sued for violating the [Domestic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Emoluments_Clause \"Domestic Emoluments Clause\") and [Foreign Emoluments Clauses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause \"Foreign Emoluments Clause\") of the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution \"U.S. Constitution\"), marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[\\[212\\]](#cite_note-CRSRpt-213) One case was dismissed in lower court.[\\[213\\]](#cite_note-214) Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.[\\[214\\]](#cite_note-215)\n\nDuring Trump's term in office, he visited a Trump Organization property on 428 days, one visit for every 3.4 days of his presidency.[\\[215\\]](#cite_note-216) In September 2020, _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_ reported that Trump's properties had charged the government over $1.1 million since the beginning of his presidency. Government officials and [Secret Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\") employees were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties.[\\[216\\]](#cite_note-217)\n\n### Domestic policy\n\n#### Economy\n\nTrump took office at the height of the longest [economic expansion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_expansion \"Economic expansion\") in American history,[\\[217\\]](#cite_note-VanDam-218) which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") began.[\\[218\\]](#cite_note-219)\n\nIn December 2017, Trump signed the [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017 \"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017\") passed by Congress without Democratic votes.\\[_[relevant?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic \"Wikipedia:Writing better articles\")_\\] It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025,\\[_[importance?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content \"Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not\")_\\] and set the penalty associated with the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\")'s individual mandate to $0.[\\[219\\]](#cite_note-220)[\\[220\\]](#cite_note-221) The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[\\[221\\]](#cite_note-222)\n\nDespite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[\\[222\\]](#cite_note-223) Under Trump, the [U.S. national debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_debt \"U.S. national debt\") increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S. [debt-to-GDP ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio \"Debt-to-GDP ratio\") hit a post-World War II high.[\\[223\\]](#cite_note-224) Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[\\[224\\]](#cite_note-225)\n\nTrump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[\\[217\\]](#cite_note-VanDam-218)[\\[225\\]](#cite_note-226)\n\n#### Climate change, environment, and energy\n\nTrump rejects the [scientific consensus on climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change \"Scientific consensus on climate change\").[\\[226\\]](#cite_note-227)[\\[227\\]](#cite_note-228)[\\[228\\]](#cite_note-229)[\\[229\\]](#cite_note-230) He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[\\[230\\]](#cite_note-231) He [withdrew from the Paris Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_the_United_States_from_the_Paris_Agreement \"Withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement\"), making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[\\[231\\]](#cite_note-232)\n\nTrump aimed to boost the production and exports of [fossil fuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\").[\\[232\\]](#cite_note-233)[\\[233\\]](#cite_note-234) Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[\\[234\\]](#cite_note-235)[\\[235\\]](#cite_note-Subramaniam-236) Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed [greenhouse gas emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions \"Greenhouse gas emissions\"), air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing [drilling in the Arctic Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy \"Arctic Refuge drilling controversy\").[\\[236\\]](#cite_note-237)\n\n#### Deregulation\n\nIn 2017, Trump signed [Executive Order 13771](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13771 \"Executive Order 13771\"), which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies \"identify\" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.[\\[237\\]](#cite_note-238) He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[\\[238\\]](#cite_note-239)[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-midnight-240) labor,[\\[240\\]](#cite_note-241)[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-midnight-240) and the environment,[\\[241\\]](#cite_note-242)[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-midnight-240) among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[\\[242\\]](#cite_note-243) During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[\\[243\\]](#cite_note-244) often \"after requests by the regulated industries\".[\\[244\\]](#cite_note-245) The [Institute for Policy Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Policy_Integrity \"Institute for Policy Integrity\") found that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[\\[245\\]](#cite_note-246)\n\n#### Health care\n\nDuring his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\").[\\[246\\]](#cite_note-247) In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.[\\[247\\]](#cite_note-248)[\\[248\\]](#cite_note-249) Trump expressed a desire to \"let Obamacare fail\"; his administration halved the [enrollment period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_enrollment \"Annual enrollment\") and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[\\[249\\]](#cite_note-250)[\\[250\\]](#cite_note-251) In June 2018, the Trump administration [joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_v._Texas \"California v. Texas\") that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[\\[251\\]](#cite_note-StolbergACA-252)[\\[252\\]](#cite_note-253) Their pleading would have eliminated [health insurance coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States \"Health insurance coverage in the United States\") for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[\\[251\\]](#cite_note-StolbergACA-252) During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[\\[253\\]](#cite_note-254)\n\nIn response to the [opioid epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States \"Opioid epidemic in the United States\"), Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.[\\[254\\]](#cite_note-255)\n\nTrump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[\\[255\\]](#cite_note-256) He said he supported \"traditional marriage\" but considered the [nationwide legality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States \"Same-sex marriage in the United States\") of [same-sex marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\") \"settled\".[\\[256\\]](#cite_note-257) His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against [discrimination of LGBT people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBT_people \"Discrimination against LGBT people\").[\\[257\\]](#cite_note-258) Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for [transgender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender \"Transgender\") patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to [gender identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity \"Gender identity\") and sexual orientation.[\\[258\\]](#cite_note-259)\n\nTrump has said he is [opposed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States \"Gun politics in the United States\") to [gun control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control \"Gun control\"), although his views have shifted over time.[\\[259\\]](#cite_note-260) After several [mass shootings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States \"Mass shootings in the United States\") during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[\\[260\\]](#cite_note-261) His administration took an [anti-marijuana position](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration \"Cannabis policy of the Donald Trump administration\"), revoking [Obama-era policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum \"Cole Memorandum\") that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[\\[261\\]](#cite_note-262)\n\nTrump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[\\[262\\]](#cite_note-263)[\\[263\\]](#cite_note-264) Under his administration, the [federal government executed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_federal_government \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\") 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.[\\[264\\]](#cite_note-265) In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as [waterboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboarding \"Waterboarding\")[\\[265\\]](#cite_note-266)[\\[266\\]](#cite_note-267) but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary [James Mattis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mattis \"James Mattis\").[\\[267\\]](#cite_note-268)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Visits_St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_\\(49964153176\\).jpg)\n\nTrump and group of officials and advisors on the way from the White House to St. John's Church\n\nIn June 2020, during the [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests \"George Floyd protests\"), federal law-enforcement officials controversially used [less lethal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_lethal \"Less lethal\") weapons to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from [Lafayette Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C. \"Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.\"), outside the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House \"White House\").[\\[268\\]](#cite_note-wb-269)[\\[269\\]](#cite_note-bumpline-270) Trump then posed with a Bible for [a photo-op](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo-op_at_St._John%27s_Church \"Donald Trump photo-op at St. John's Church\") at the nearby [St. John's Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square \"St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square\"),[\\[268\\]](#cite_note-wb-269)[\\[270\\]](#cite_note-271)[\\[271\\]](#cite_note-272) with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[\\[272\\]](#cite_note-273) Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[\\[273\\]](#cite_note-274)\n\n### Pardons and commutations\n\nTrump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") and [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\").[\\[274\\]](#cite_note-275) Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's [Office of the Pardon Attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Pardon_Attorney \"Office of the Pardon Attorney\"); the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[\\[275\\]](#cite_note-road-276)[\\[276\\]](#cite_note-OloDaw-277) In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[\\[277\\]](#cite_note-278) Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[\\[275\\]](#cite_note-road-276) The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[\\[278\\]](#cite_note-279)\n\n### Immigration\n\nTrump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the campaign. He promised to build [a wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_wall \"Trump wall\") on the [Mexico–U.S. border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93U.S._border \"Mexico–U.S. border\") to restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[\\[279\\]](#cite_note-280) He pledged to deport millions of [illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States \"Illegal immigrant population of the United States\"),[\\[280\\]](#cite_note-281) and criticized [birthright citizenship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States \"Birthright citizenship in the United States\") for incentivizing \"[anchor babies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_babies \"Anchor babies\")\".[\\[281\\]](#cite_note-282) As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an \"invasion\" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang [MS-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-13 \"MS-13\").[\\[282\\]](#cite_note-283)\n\nTrump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[\\[283\\]](#cite_note-284)[\\[284\\]](#cite_note-285)\n\nFrom 2018 onward, Trump [deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot \"Operation Faithful Patriot\")[\\[285\\]](#cite_note-286) to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the [public charge rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_charge_rule \"Public charge rule\") to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.[\\[286\\]](#cite_note-287) Trump reduced the number of [refugees admitted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Refugee_Admissions_Program \"United States Refugee Admissions Program\") to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[\\[287\\]](#cite_note-288)[\\[288\\]](#cite_note-289) Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.[\\[289\\]](#cite_note-290)\n\n#### Travel ban\n\nFollowing the [2015 San Bernardino attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack \"2015 San Bernardino attack\"), Trump proposed to ban [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims \"Muslims\") foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[\\[290\\]](#cite_note-291) He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a \"proven history of terrorism\".[\\[291\\]](#cite_note-292)\n\nOn January 27, 2017, Trump signed [Executive Order 13769](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 \"Executive Order 13769\"), which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.[\\[292\\]](#cite_note-frontline-293)[\\[293\\]](#cite_note-airport-294) [Protests began at airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 \"Protests against Executive Order 13769\") the next day,[\\[292\\]](#cite_note-frontline-293)[\\[293\\]](#cite_note-airport-294) and [legal challenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban \"Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban\") resulted in [nationwide preliminary injunctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_injunctions \"National injunctions\").[\\[294\\]](#cite_note-295) A March 6 [revised order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780 \"Executive Order 13780\"), which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[\\[295\\]](#cite_note-296)[\\[296\\]](#cite_note-297) In a [decision in June 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%27l_Refugee_Assistance_Project_v._Trump \"Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump\"), the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a \"credible claim of a _bona fide_ relationship with a person or entity in the United States\".[\\[297\\]](#cite_note-298)\n\nThe temporary order was replaced by [Presidential Proclamation 9645](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Proclamation_9645 \"Presidential Proclamation 9645\") on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[\\[298\\]](#cite_note-299) After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[\\[299\\]](#cite_note-300) and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.[\\[300\\]](#cite_note-301)\n\n#### Family separation at the border\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ursula_\\(detention_center\\)_1.png)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ursula_\\(detention_center\\)_2.jpg)\n\nThe Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[\\[301\\]](#cite_note-302)[\\[302\\]](#cite_note-Spagat-303) In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a \"[zero tolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy \"Trump administration family separation policy\")\" policy whereby adults suspected of [illegal entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_entry \"Illegal entry\") were to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[\\[303\\]](#cite_note-304)[\\[304\\]](#cite_note-305) The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[\\[305\\]](#cite_note-Domonoske-306)[\\[306\\]](#cite_note-307) Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[\\[307\\]](#cite_note-308)[\\[308\\]](#cite_note-309)[\\[309\\]](#cite_note-310)\n\nAlthough Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless \"there is a concern\" of a risk to the child.[\\[310\\]](#cite_note-311)[\\[311\\]](#cite_note-312) On June 26, 2018, Judge [Dana Sabraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Sabraw \"Dana Sabraw\") concluded that the Trump administration had \"no system in place to keep track of\" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[\\[312\\]](#cite_note-313) Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[\\[313\\]](#cite_note-314) After the order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the [ACLU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU \"ACLU\") contended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[\\[302\\]](#cite_note-Spagat-303)\n\n#### Trump wall and government shutdown\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg)\n\nTrump examines border wall prototypes in [Otay Mesa, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otay_Mesa,_California \"Otay Mesa, California\").\n\nOne of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[\\[314\\]](#cite_note-timm-315) By the end of his term, the U.S. had built \"40 miles \\[64 km\\] of new primary wall and 33 miles \\[53 km\\] of secondary wall\" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[\\[315\\]](#cite_note-316)\n\nIn 2018, Trump refused to sign any [appropriations bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriations_bill \"Appropriations bill\") from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,[\\[316\\]](#cite_note-317) resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the [longest U.S. government shutdown in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_funding_gaps \"List of United States federal funding gaps\").[\\[317\\]](#cite_note-Gambino-318)[\\[318\\]](#cite_note-319) Around 800,000 government employees were [furloughed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough \"Furlough\") or worked without pay.[\\[319\\]](#cite_note-320) Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.[\\[317\\]](#cite_note-Gambino-318) The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the [Congressional Budget Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office \"Congressional Budget Office\").[\\[320\\]](#cite_note-321) About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[\\[321\\]](#cite_note-322)\n\nTo prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[\\[322\\]](#cite_note-Wilkie-323) Trump also declared a [national emergency on the southern border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States \"National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States\"), intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[\\[322\\]](#cite_note-Wilkie-323) Trump [vetoed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States#In_federal_government \"Veto power in the United States\") a [joint resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_resolution \"Joint resolution\") to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a [veto override](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_override \"Veto override\").[\\[323\\]](#cite_note-324) Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the [Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\")'s drug interdiction efforts[\\[324\\]](#cite_note-325)[\\[325\\]](#cite_note-326) and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[\\[326\\]](#cite_note-327)[\\[327\\]](#cite_note-328) were unsuccessful.\n\n### Foreign policy\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:-G7Biarritz_\\(48616362963\\).jpg)\n\nTrump with the other [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven \"Group of Seven\") leaders at the [45th summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit \"45th G7 summit\") in France, 2019\n\nTrump described himself as a \"nationalist\"[\\[328\\]](#cite_note-329) and his foreign policy as \"[America First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_\\(policy\\) \"America First (policy)\")\".[\\[329\\]](#cite_note-Bennhold-330) He praised and supported [populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism \"Populism\"), [neo-nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-nationalism \"Neo-nationalism\"), and authoritarian governments.[\\[330\\]](#cite_note-331) Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency.[\\[329\\]](#cite_note-Bennhold-330)[\\[331\\]](#cite_note-332) Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[\\[332\\]](#cite_note-333) He criticized [NATO allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO \"Member states of NATO\") and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should [withdraw from NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_NATO#United_States \"Withdrawal from NATO\").[\\[333\\]](#cite_note-334)[\\[334\\]](#cite_note-335)\n\n#### Trade\n\nTrump withdrew the U.S. from the [Trans-Pacific Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership \"Trans-Pacific Partnership\") (TPP) negotiations,[\\[335\\]](#cite_note-336) imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[\\[336\\]](#cite_note-337) and launched a [trade war with China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war \"China–United States trade war\") by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[\\[337\\]](#cite_note-338) While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the [U.S. Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury \"U.S. Treasury\"), they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[\\[338\\]](#cite_note-339) Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large [trade deficits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficits \"Trade deficits\"), the trade deficit skyrocketed under Trump.[\\[339\\]](#cite_note-Palmer_2021-340) Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the [United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-Mexico-Canada_Agreement \"United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement\") (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[\\[340\\]](#cite_note-341)\n\n#### Russia\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_at_the_G20_\\(48144047611\\).jpg)\n\n[Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") and Trump shaking hands at the [G20 Osaka summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit \"2019 G20 Osaka summit\"), June 2019\n\nThe Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. against Russian entities after Russia's [2014 annexation of Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_annexation_of_Crimea \"2014 annexation of Crimea\").[\\[341\\]](#cite_note-342)[\\[342\\]](#cite_note-343) Trump withdrew the U.S. from the [Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty \"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty\"), citing alleged Russian non-compliance,[\\[343\\]](#cite_note-344) and supported a potential return of Russia to the [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7 \"G7\").[\\[344\\]](#cite_note-G8-345)\n\nTrump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\")[\\[345\\]](#cite_note-346)[\\[346\\]](#cite_note-347) but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[\\[347\\]](#cite_note-348)[\\[348\\]](#cite_note-349) After he met Putin at the [Helsinki Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit \"2018 Russia–United States summit\") in 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of [Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_presidential_election \"Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election\"), rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[\\[349\\]](#cite_note-350)[\\[350\\]](#cite_note-351)[\\[351\\]](#cite_note-352) Trump did not discuss alleged [Russian bounties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_bounty_program \"Russian bounty program\") offered to [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.[\\[352\\]](#cite_note-353)\n\n#### China\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Xi_Jinping_meets_at_2018_G20_Summit.jpg)\n\nTrump and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") at the [G20 Buenos Aires summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit \"2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit\"), December 2018\n\nTrump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[\\[353\\]](#cite_note-354) He [launched a trade war against China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war \"China–United States trade war\") that was widely characterized as a failure,[\\[354\\]](#cite_note-355)[\\[355\\]](#cite_note-356)[\\[356\\]](#cite_note-357) sanctioned [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei \"Huawei\") for alleged ties to Iran,[\\[357\\]](#cite_note-358) significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[\\[358\\]](#cite_note-359) and classified China as a [currency manipulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_manipulator \"Currency manipulator\").[\\[359\\]](#cite_note-360) Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\"),[\\[360\\]](#cite_note-361) which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[\\[361\\]](#cite_note-362) After initially praising China for [its handling of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 \"Chinese government response to COVID-19\"),[\\[362\\]](#cite_note-363) he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.[\\[363\\]](#cite_note-364)\n\nTrump said he resisted punishing China for [its human rights abuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China \"Human rights in China\") against ethnic minorities in the [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang \"Xinjiang\") region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[\\[364\\]](#cite_note-365) In July 2020, [the Trump administration imposed sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions \"United States sanctions\") and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass [detention camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps \"Xinjiang re-education camps\") holding more than a million of the country's [Uyghur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs \"Uyghurs\") minority.[\\[365\\]](#cite_note-366)\n\n#### North Korea\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_and_Trump_shaking_hands_at_the_red_carpet_during_the_DPRK%E2%80%93USA_Singapore_Summit.jpg)\n\nTrump and North Korean leader [Kim Jong Un](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un \"Kim Jong Un\") at the [Singapore summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit \"2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit\"), June 2018\n\nIn 2017, when [North Korea's nuclear weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%27s_nuclear_weapons \"North Korea's nuclear weapons\") were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[\\[366\\]](#cite_note-367) Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with \"fire and fury like the world has never seen\".[\\[367\\]](#cite_note-Windrem-368)[\\[368\\]](#cite_note-369) In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's \"complete denuclearization\", and engaged in [name-calling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name-calling \"Name-calling\") with leader [Kim Jong Un](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un \"Kim Jong Un\").[\\[367\\]](#cite_note-Windrem-368)[\\[369\\]](#cite_note-370) After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[\\[370\\]](#cite_note-371)[\\[371\\]](#cite_note-372) In March 2019, Trump lifted some U.S. [sanctions against North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea \"Sanctions against North Korea\") against the advice of his Treasury Department.[\\[372\\]](#cite_note-373)\n\nTrump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times: [in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit \"2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit\") in 2018, [in Hanoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit \"2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit\") in 2019, and [in the Korean Demilitarized Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit \"2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit\") in 2019.[\\[373\\]](#cite_note-374) However, no [denuclearization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denuclearization \"Denuclearization\") agreement was reached,[\\[374\\]](#cite_note-375) and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[\\[375\\]](#cite_note-376) While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[\\[376\\]](#cite_note-377)[\\[377\\]](#cite_note-378)\n\n#### Afghanistan\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_the_Taliban_Delegation_\\(50333305012\\).jpg)\n\nU.S. Secretary of State [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo \"Mike Pompeo\") meeting with Taliban delegation in [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar \"Qatar\") in September 2020\n\nU.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[\\[378\\]](#cite_note-379) reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[\\[379\\]](#cite_note-380) In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a [peace agreement with the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal \"United States–Taliban deal\"), which called for the [withdrawal of foreign troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan \"2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan\") in 14 months \"contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies\" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") imprisoned by the Afghan government.[\\[380\\]](#cite_note-381)[\\[381\\]](#cite_note-382)[\\[382\\]](#cite_note-5,000-383) By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[\\[382\\]](#cite_note-5,000-383)\n\n#### Israel\n\nTrump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\").[\\[383\\]](#cite_note-384) Under Trump, the U.S. [recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel \"United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel\")[\\[384\\]](#cite_note-385) and [Israeli sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel \"United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel\") over the [Golan Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights \"Golan Heights\"),[\\[385\\]](#cite_note-386) leading to international condemnation including from the [UN General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\"), [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), and [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\").[\\[386\\]](#cite_note-387)[\\[387\\]](#cite_note-388) In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of agreements, named [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords \"Abraham Accords\"), between Israel and the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") and [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain \"Bahrain\") to normalize their foreign relations.[\\[388\\]](#cite_note-389)\n\n#### Saudi Arabia\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi,_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Melania_Trump,_and_Donald_Trump,_May_2017.jpg)\n\nTrump, King [Salman of Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Salman of Saudi Arabia\"), and Egyptian president [Abdel Fattah el-Sisi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi \"Abdel Fattah el-Sisi\") at the [2017 Riyadh summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit \"2017 Riyadh summit\") in Saudi Arabia\n\nTrump actively supported the [Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen \"Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen\") against the [Houthis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis \"Houthis\") and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\").[\\[389\\]](#cite_note-390) In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[\\[390\\]](#cite_note-391)[\\[391\\]](#cite_note-392) Following the [2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack \"Abqaiq–Khurais attack\"), which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two [Patriot batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot \"MIM-104 Patriot\"), and a [Terminal High Altitude Area Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense \"Terminal High Altitude Area Defense\") system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[\\[392\\]](#cite_note-393)\n\n#### Syria\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_President_Erdo%C4%9Fan_joint_statement_in_the_Roosevelt_Room,_May_16,_2017.jpg)\n\nTrump and Turkish president [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\") at the White House in May 2017\n\nTrump ordered [missile strikes in April 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike \"2017 Shayrat missile strike\") and [April 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria \"April 2018 missile strikes against Syria\") against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the [Khan Shaykhun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack \"Khan Shaykhun chemical attack\") and [Douma chemical attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack \"Douma chemical attack\"), respectively.[\\[393\\]](#cite_note-394)[\\[394\\]](#cite_note-395) In December 2018, Trump declared \"we have won against ISIS\", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[\\[395\\]](#cite_note-396)[\\[396\\]](#cite_note-397) The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump's decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s [Kurdish allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\") who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[\\[397\\]](#cite_note-398) In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\"), [U.S. troops in northern Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war \"US intervention in the Syrian civil war\") were withdrawn from the area and Turkey [invaded northern Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria \"2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria\"), attacking and [displacing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_displacement \"Forced displacement\") American-allied [Kurds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria \"Kurds in Syria\").[\\[398\\]](#cite_note-399) Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354–60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for \"abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe\".[\\[399\\]](#cite_note-400)[\\[400\\]](#cite_note-401)\n\n#### Iran\n\nIn May 2018, Trump [withdrew the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\") from the [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\"), the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions on [Iran's nuclear program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran \"Nuclear program of Iran\").[\\[401\\]](#cite_note-AP180508-402)[\\[402\\]](#cite_note-403) In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to use a section of the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.[\\[403\\]](#cite_note-404) Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[\\[404\\]](#cite_note-close-405)\n\nOn January 1, 2020, Trump ordered [a U.S. airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani \"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani\") that killed Iranian general [Qasem Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani \"Qasem Soleimani\"), who had planned nearly every significant Iranian and [Iranian-backed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_\\(2014%E2%80%93present\\) \"Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)\") operation over the preceding two decades.[\\[405\\]](#cite_note-406)[\\[406\\]](#cite_note-407) One week later, Iran retaliated with [ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani \"Operation Martyr Soleimani\") in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially denied [Purple Hearts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart \"Purple Heart\") and the benefits accorded to its recipients.[\\[407\\]](#cite_note-408)[\\[404\\]](#cite_note-close-405)\n\n### Personnel\n\nThe Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[\\[408\\]](#cite_note-409) As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[\\[409\\]](#cite_note-410) and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[\\[410\\]](#cite_note-411) Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[\\[411\\]](#cite_note-Keith-412) Notable early departures included National Security Advisor [Michael Flynn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Flynn \"Michael Flynn\") (after just 25 days), and Press Secretary [Sean Spicer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Spicer \"Sean Spicer\").[\\[411\\]](#cite_note-Keith-412) Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, [Hope Hicks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Hicks \"Hope Hicks\"), [John McEntee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEntee_\\(political_aide\\) \"John McEntee (political aide)\"), and [Keith Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Schiller \"Keith Schiller\") quit or were forced out.[\\[412\\]](#cite_note-Brookings-413) Some later returned in different posts.[\\[413\\]](#cite_note-414) Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[\\[414\\]](#cite_note-415)\n\nTrump had four [White House chiefs of staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_chiefs_of_staff \"White House chiefs of staff\"), marginalizing or pushing out several.[\\[415\\]](#cite_note-Keither-416) [Reince Priebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reince_Priebus \"Reince Priebus\") was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general [John F. Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kelly \"John F. Kelly\").[\\[416\\]](#cite_note-417) Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[\\[417\\]](#cite_note-418) Kelly was succeeded by [Mick Mulvaney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney \"Mick Mulvaney\") as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by [Mark Meadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows \"Mark Meadows\").[\\[415\\]](#cite_note-Keither-416)\n\nOn May 9, 2017, Trump [dismissed FBI director James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey \"Dismissal of James Comey\"). While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about [Hillary Clinton's emails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy#October_2016_%E2%80%93_Additional_investigation \"Hillary Clinton email controversy\"), Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[\\[418\\]](#cite_note-419) At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[\\[419\\]](#cite_note-cloud-420) In March and April, Trump asked Comey to \"lift the cloud impairing his ability to act\" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[\\[419\\]](#cite_note-cloud-420)[\\[420\\]](#cite_note-421)\n\nTrump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[\\[421\\]](#cite_note-538_Cabinet-422) Health and Human Services secretary [Tom Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Price_\\(American_politician\\) \"Tom Price (American politician)\") was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[\\[421\\]](#cite_note-538_Cabinet-422)[\\[412\\]](#cite_note-Brookings-413) Environmental Protection Agency administrator [Scott Pruitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruitt \"Scott Pruitt\") resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior [Ryan Zinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Zinke \"Ryan Zinke\") in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[\\[422\\]](#cite_note-423)[\\[423\\]](#cite_note-424)\n\nTrump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[\\[424\\]](#cite_note-425) By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[\\[425\\]](#cite_note-426)\n\n### Judiciary\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Nominates_Judge_Amy_Coney_Barrett_for_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_\\(50397882607\\).jpg)\n\nTrump and his third Supreme Court nominee, [Amy Coney Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett \"Amy Coney Barrett\")\n\nTrump appointed 226 [Article III judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge \"United States federal judge\"), including 54 to the [courts of appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals \"United States courts of appeals\") and [three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates \"Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates\") to the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\"): [Neil Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch \"Neil Gorsuch\"), [Brett Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh \"Brett Kavanaugh\"), and [Amy Coney Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett \"Amy Coney Barrett\").[\\[426\\]](#cite_note-427) His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[\\[427\\]](#cite_note-428)[\\[428\\]](#cite_note-429)[\\[429\\]](#cite_note-430) In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that _Roe v. Wade_ would be overturned \"automatically\" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when _Roe_ was overturned in _[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization \"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\")_; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[\\[430\\]](#cite_note-431)[\\[431\\]](#cite_note-432)[\\[432\\]](#cite_note-433)\n\nTrump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the [judicial independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence \"Judicial independence\") and public confidence in the judiciary.[\\[433\\]](#cite_note-434)[\\[434\\]](#cite_note-435)[\\[435\\]](#cite_note-436)\n\n### COVID-19 pandemic\n\n#### Initial response\n\nThe first confirmed case of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[\\[436\\]](#cite_note-437) The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by [Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"United States Secretary of Health and Human Services\") [Alex Azar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar \"Alex Azar\") on January 31, 2020.[\\[437\\]](#cite_note-438) Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[\\[438\\]](#cite_note-439)[\\[439\\]](#cite_note-NYT_4_11_20-440) Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[\\[440\\]](#cite_note-441) In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than [influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza \"Influenza\"), was \"very much under control\", and would soon be over.[\\[441\\]](#cite_note-442) On March 19, 2020, Trump privately told [Bob Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodward \"Bob Woodward\") that he was deliberately \"playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic\".[\\[442\\]](#cite_note-443)[\\[443\\]](#cite_note-444)\n\nBy mid-March, most global financial markets had [severely contracted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash \"2020 stock market crash\") in response to the pandemic.[\\[444\\]](#cite_note-445) On March 6, Trump signed the [Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Preparedness_and_Response_Supplemental_Appropriations_Act \"Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act\"), which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[\\[445\\]](#cite_note-446) On March 11, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic \"Pandemic\"),[\\[446\\]](#cite_note-WHOpandemic2-447) and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[\\[447\\]](#cite_note-448) That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak \"horrible\" but \"a temporary moment\" and saying there was no financial crisis.[\\[448\\]](#cite_note-449) On March 13, he declared a [national emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency \"State of emergency\"), freeing up federal resources.[\\[449\\]](#cite_note-450) Trump claimed that \"anybody that wants a test can get a test\", despite test availability being severely limited.[\\[450\\]](#cite_note-451)\n\nOn April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[\\[451\\]](#cite_note-452) In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[\\[452\\]](#cite_note-453)\n\n#### White House Coronavirus Task Force\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_House_Press_Briefing_\\(49666120807\\).jpg)\n\nTrump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") on March 15, 2020.\n\nTrump established the [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") on January 29, 2020.[\\[453\\]](#cite_note-454) Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[\\[454\\]](#cite_note-Karni-455) sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[\\[455\\]](#cite_note-456) Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[\\[454\\]](#cite_note-Karni-455)[\\[456\\]](#cite_note-457) On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[\\[457\\]](#cite_note-458) His repeated use of \"Chinese virus\" and \"China virus\" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[\\[458\\]](#cite_note-459)[\\[459\\]](#cite_note-460)[\\[460\\]](#cite_note-461)\n\nBy early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[\\[461\\]](#cite_note-462) The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[\\[462\\]](#cite_note-463) the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[\\[463\\]](#cite_note-464)[\\[464\\]](#cite_note-465)\n\nIn early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would \"indefinitely\" continue.[\\[465\\]](#cite_note-466) By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[\\[466\\]](#cite_note-467)\n\n#### World Health Organization\n\nPrior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468) His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468) In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of \"severely mismanaging\" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468)[\\[468\\]](#cite_note-CNN_WHO-469)[\\[469\\]](#cite_note-BBC_WHO-470) and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468) These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468)[\\[470\\]](#cite_note-471)[\\[471\\]](#cite_note-472) In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.[\\[468\\]](#cite_note-CNN_WHO-469)[\\[469\\]](#cite_note-BBC_WHO-470) The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as \"short-sighted\", \"senseless\", and \"dangerous\".[\\[468\\]](#cite_note-CNN_WHO-469)[\\[469\\]](#cite_note-BBC_WHO-470)\n\n#### Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures\n\nIn April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized [anti-lockdown protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_in_the_United_States_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests in the United States over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[\\[472\\]](#cite_note-473)[\\[473\\]](#cite_note-474) Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[\\[474\\]](#cite_note-475) even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.[\\[475\\]](#cite_note-476) In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\\(U.S._state\\) \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") Governor [Brian Kemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kemp \"Brian Kemp\")'s plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[\\[476\\]](#cite_note-477) Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[\\[477\\]](#cite_note-478) Trump often refused to [mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") at public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[\\[478\\]](#cite_note-99days-479) and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[\\[479\\]](#cite_note-WAPost_Mask-480) By June, Trump had said masks were a \"double-edged sword\"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[\\[479\\]](#cite_note-WAPost_Mask-480) Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[\\[478\\]](#cite_note-99days-479)[\\[479\\]](#cite_note-WAPost_Mask-480)\n\nIn June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases \"makes us look bad\".[\\[480\\]](#cite_note-481)[\\[481\\]](#cite_note-482) The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be \"quickly identified and tested\" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[\\[482\\]](#cite_note-483)[\\[483\\]](#cite_note-484) In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, \"do not necessarily need a test\". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[\\[484\\]](#cite_note-CNN-testing-pressure-485)[\\[485\\]](#cite_note-Gumbrecht-486) The day after this [political interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies \"Trump administration political interference with science agencies\") was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[\\[485\\]](#cite_note-Gumbrecht-486)\n\nDespite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are \"totally harmless\".[\\[486\\]](#cite_note-487)[\\[487\\]](#cite_note-488) He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[\\[488\\]](#cite_note-489)\n\n#### Political pressure on health agencies\n\nTrump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[\\[484\\]](#cite_note-CNN-testing-pressure-485) such as approving unproven treatments[\\[489\\]](#cite_note-490)[\\[490\\]](#cite_note-pressed-491) or speeding up vaccine approvals.[\\[490\\]](#cite_note-pressed-491) Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[\\[491\\]](#cite_note-492)[\\[492\\]](#cite_note-493) Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a \"[deep state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_state \"Deep state\")\" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[\\[493\\]](#cite_note-494)\n\n#### Outbreak at the White House\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Boards_Marine_One_\\(50436803733\\).jpg)\n\nTrump boards [Marine One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_One \"Marine One\") for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020\n\nOn October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\"), part of a White House outbreak.[\\[494\\]](#cite_note-495) Later that day [Trump was hospitalized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_COVID-19_infection \"Donald Trump's COVID-19 infection\") at [Walter Reed National Military Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center \"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center\"), reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[\\[495\\]](#cite_note-downplay-496)[\\[496\\]](#cite_note-sicker-497) During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[\\[495\\]](#cite_note-downplay-496) In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[\\[496\\]](#cite_note-sicker-497)\n\n#### Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign\n\nBy July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[\\[497\\]](#cite_note-Election_NBCNews-498) Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[\\[498\\]](#cite_note-499) Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[\\[497\\]](#cite_note-Election_NBCNews-498) and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an [Ipsos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos \"Ipsos\")/[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\") poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[\\[499\\]](#cite_note-500) In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was \"rounding the turn\" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[\\[500\\]](#cite_note-501) A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[\\[501\\]](#cite_note-502)\n\n### Investigations\n\nAfter he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his [private businesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization \"The Trump Organization\"), personal taxes, and [charitable foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation \"Donald J. Trump Foundation\").[\\[502\\]](#cite_note-503) There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[\\[503\\]](#cite_note-504)\n\nIn April 2019, the [House Oversight Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Oversight_Committee \"House Oversight Committee\") issued [subpoenas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena \"Subpoena\") seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and [Capital One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One \"Capital One\"), and his accounting firm, [Mazars USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazars_USA \"Mazars USA\"). Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair [Elijah Cummings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Cummings \"Elijah Cummings\") to prevent the disclosures.[\\[504\\]](#cite_note-505) In May, [DC District Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia \"United States District Court for the District of Columbia\") judge [Amit Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Mehta \"Amit Mehta\") ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[\\[505\\]](#cite_note-506) and judge [Edgardo Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Ramos \"Edgardo Ramos\") of the [Southern District Court of New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York \"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\") ruled that the banks must also comply.[\\[506\\]](#cite_note-507)[\\[507\\]](#cite_note-508) Trump's attorneys appealed.[\\[508\\]](#cite_note-509) In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[\\[509\\]](#cite_note-510)\n\n#### Russian election interference\n\nIn January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA \"CIA\"), the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI \"FBI\"), and the [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA \"NSA\"), represented by the [Director of National Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence \"Director of National Intelligence\")—jointly stated with \"[high confidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_confidence#Levels_of_analytic_confidence_in_national_security_reports \"Analytic confidence\")\" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[\\[510\\]](#cite_note-511)[\\[511\\]](#cite_note-512) In March 2017, FBI Director [James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Comey \"James Comey\") told Congress, \"\\[T\\]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts.\"[\\[512\\]](#cite_note-513)\n\nMany suspicious[\\[513\\]](#cite_note-514) [links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials_and_spies \"Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies\") were discovered and the relationships between Russians and \"team Trump\", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[\\[514\\]](#cite_note-515)[\\[515\\]](#cite_note-516)[\\[516\\]](#cite_note-517)[\\[517\\]](#cite_note-518) Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[\\[518\\]](#cite_note-519)[\\[519\\]](#cite_note-520) On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador [Sergey Kislyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Kislyak \"Sergey Kislyak\") about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[\\[520\\]](#cite_note-521) Trump told Kislyak and [Sergei Lavrov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov \"Sergei Lavrov\") in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[\\[521\\]](#cite_note-522)\n\nTrump and his allies promoted [a conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal \"Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal\") that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to [frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameup \"Frameup\") Ukraine.[\\[522\\]](#cite_note-523)\n\n#### FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations\n\nIn July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed [Crossfire Hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_\\(FBI_investigation\\) \"Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)\"), into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[\\[523\\]](#cite_note-524) After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and [business dealings with Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia \"Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia\").[\\[524\\]](#cite_note-525) Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[\\[525\\]](#cite_note-526) but Deputy Attorney General [Rod Rosenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein \"Rod Rosenstein\") ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the [Robert Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mueller \"Robert Mueller\")'s special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[\\[526\\]](#cite_note-never-527)[\\[527\\]](#cite_note-528)\n\n#### Mueller investigation\n\nIn May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller [special counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_counsel \"Special counsel\") for the [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") (DOJ), ordering him to \"examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign\". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters \"in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference\".[\\[526\\]](#cite_note-never-527) The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's [dismissal of James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey \"Dismissal of James Comey\") as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[\\[528\\]](#cite_note-529) and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar \"Qatar\"), Israel, and China.[\\[529\\]](#cite_note-530) Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[\\[530\\]](#cite_note-531)\n\nIn March 2019, Mueller gave [his final report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_report \"Mueller report\") to Attorney General [William Barr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barr \"William Barr\"),[\\[531\\]](#cite_note-532) which Barr purported to summarize [in a letter to Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_letter \"Barr letter\"). A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[\\[532\\]](#cite_note-533)[\\[533\\]](#cite_note-534)[\\[534\\]](#cite_note-535) Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[\\[535\\]](#cite_note-536)\n\nA redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[\\[536\\]](#cite_note-537) Despite \"numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign\", the report found that the prevailing evidence \"did not establish\" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[\\[537\\]](#cite_note-538)[\\[538\\]](#cite_note-takeaways-539) The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[\\[538\\]](#cite_note-takeaways-539) and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[\\[539\\]](#cite_note-540)[\\[540\\]](#cite_note-541)[\\[541\\]](#cite_note-542)[\\[542\\]](#cite_note-543)\n\nThe report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but \"did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct\".[\\[543\\]](#cite_note-544)[\\[544\\]](#cite_note-545) Investigators decided they could not \"apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes\" as an [Office of Legal Counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel \"Office of Legal Counsel\") opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[\\[545\\]](#cite_note-LM-546) and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[\\[546\\]](#cite_note-547) The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, \"may apply the obstruction laws\".[\\[545\\]](#cite_note-LM-546) The House of Representatives subsequently launched an [impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump \"Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump\") following the [Trump–Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal \"Trump–Ukraine scandal\"), but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[\\[547\\]](#cite_note-548)[\\[548\\]](#cite_note-549)\n\nSeveral Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort[\\[549\\]](#cite_note-550) and Flynn.[\\[550\\]](#cite_note-551)[\\[551\\]](#cite_note-552) Trump's former attorney [Michael Cohen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cohen_\\(lawyer\\) \"Michael Cohen (lawyer)\") pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build [a Trump Tower in Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_Moscow \"Trump Tower Moscow\"). Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[\\[552\\]](#cite_note-553) In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone \"was prosecuted for covering up for the president\".[\\[553\\]](#cite_note-554)\n\n### First impeachment\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_Votes_to_Adopt_the_Articles_of_Impeachment_Against_Donald_Trump.jpg)\n\nMembers of House of Representatives vote on two [articles of impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment \"Articles of impeachment\") ([H.Res. 755](https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/755)), December 18, 2019\n\nIn August 2019, a [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_protection_in_the_United_States \"Whistleblower protection in the United States\") filed a complaint with the [Inspector General of the Intelligence Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Intelligence_Community \"Inspector General of the Intelligence Community\") about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine [Volodymyr Zelenskyy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy \"Volodymyr Zelenskyy\"), during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son [Hunter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden \"Hunter Biden\").[\\[554\\]](#cite_note-undermine-555) The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney [Rudy Giuliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani \"Rudy Giuliani\") that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[\\[555\\]](#cite_note-abuse-556)\n\nHouse Speaker [Nancy Pelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi \"Nancy Pelosi\") initiated [a formal impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump \"Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump\") on September 24.[\\[556\\]](#cite_note-557) Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[\\[557\\]](#cite_note-558)[\\[558\\]](#cite_note-559) On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[\\[554\\]](#cite_note-undermine-555)[\\[559\\]](#cite_note-560) The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[\\[560\\]](#cite_note-561) In October, [William B. Taylor Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Taylor_Jr. \"William B. Taylor Jr.\"), the [chargé d'affaires for Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Ukraine \"List of ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine\"), testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[\\[561\\]](#cite_note-562) He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[\\[562\\]](#cite_note-563)\n\nOn December 13, the [House Judiciary Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee \"House Judiciary Committee\") voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for [abuse of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_power \"Abuse of power\") and one for [obstruction of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_Congress \"Obstruction of Congress\").[\\[563\\]](#cite_note-564) After debate, the House of Representatives [impeached](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States \"Impeachment in the United States\") Trump on both articles on December 18.[\\[564\\]](#cite_note-565)\n\n#### Impeachment trial in the Senate\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_\\(49498772251\\).jpg)\n\nTrump displaying the headline \"Trump acquitted\"\n\nDuring the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[\\[565\\]](#cite_note-566)\n\nTrump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[\\[566\\]](#cite_note-brazen-567) They argued that the impeachment was \"constitutionally and legally invalid\" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[\\[566\\]](#cite_note-brazen-567)\n\nOn January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[\\[567\\]](#cite_note-568) The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[\\[568\\]](#cite_note-569)\n\nTrump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[\\[569\\]](#cite_note-570) Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[\\[570\\]](#cite_note-571)\n\n### 2020 presidential campaign\n\nBreaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[\\[571\\]](#cite_note-572) He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[\\[572\\]](#cite_note-573) and officially became the [Republican nominee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries \"2020 Republican Party presidential primaries\") in August 2020.[\\[573\\]](#cite_note-574)\n\nIn his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[\\[574\\]](#cite_note-575) By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[\\[575\\]](#cite_note-576) The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[\\[576\\]](#cite_note-577)\n\nTrump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[\\[577\\]](#cite_note-578) Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[\\[578\\]](#cite_note-579)[\\[579\\]](#cite_note-580) and shifted to appeals to racism.[\\[580\\]](#cite_note-581)\n\n### 2020 presidential election\n\nStarting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[\\[581\\]](#cite_note-582)[\\[582\\]](#cite_note-583) When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[\\[583\\]](#cite_note-584) He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a [peaceful transition of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power \"Peaceful transition of power\").[\\[584\\]](#cite_note-585)[\\[585\\]](#cite_note-586)\n\nBiden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[\\[586\\]](#cite_note-vote1-587)[\\[587\\]](#cite_note-vote2-588) and 306 [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College \"United States Electoral College\") votes to Trump's 232.[\\[588\\]](#cite_note-formalize-589)\n\n#### False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition\n\nAt 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[\\[589\\]](#cite_note-590) After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that \"this election is far from over\" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[\\[590\\]](#cite_note-591) Trump and his allies filed many [legal challenges to the results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election\"), which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the [state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_\\(United_States\\) \"State court (United States)\") and [federal courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_courts \"United States federal courts\"), including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[\\[591\\]](#cite_note-592)[\\[592\\]](#cite_note-593) Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.[\\[593\\]](#cite_note-594) After [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity_and_Infrastructure_Security_Agency \"Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency\") director [Chris Krebs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Krebs \"Chris Krebs\") contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[\\[594\\]](#cite_note-BBC_election-595) On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear [a case from the Texas attorney general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania \"Texas v. Pennsylvania\") that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[\\[595\\]](#cite_note-596)\n\nTrump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[\\[596\\]](#cite_note-597) He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in [Biden's presidential transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden \"Presidential transition of Joe Biden\").[\\[597\\]](#cite_note-598)[\\[598\\]](#cite_note-599) After three weeks, the administrator of the [General Services Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration \"General Services Administration\") declared Biden the \"apparent winner\" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[\\[599\\]](#cite_note-600) Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[\\[600\\]](#cite_note-601)[\\[601\\]](#cite_note-602)\n\nThe Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[\\[588\\]](#cite_note-formalize-589) From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to [overturn the results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"), personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[\\[602\\]](#cite_note-603) Republican state and federal legislators,[\\[603\\]](#cite_note-pressure-604) the Justice Department,[\\[604\\]](#cite_note-605) and Vice President Pence,[\\[605\\]](#cite_note-606) urging various actions such as [replacing presidential electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot \"Trump fake electors plot\"), or a request for Georgia officials to \"find\" votes and announce a \"recalculated\" result.[\\[603\\]](#cite_note-pressure-604) On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[\\[606\\]](#cite_note-607)\n\nTrump did not attend Biden's inauguration.[\\[607\\]](#cite_note-608)\n\n#### Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action\n\nIn December 2020, _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_ reported [the Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared [martial law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law \"Martial law\"). The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[\\[608\\]](#cite_note-609)\n\nWhen Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [Mark Milley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Milley \"Mark Milley\") and CIA director [Gina Haspel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Haspel \"Gina Haspel\") became concerned about the threat of a possible [coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-coup \"Self-coup\") attempt or military action against China or Iran.[\\[609\\]](#cite_note-610)[\\[610\\]](#cite_note-611) Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director [Paul Nakasone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nakasone \"Paul Nakasone\") to monitor developments closely.[\\[611\\]](#cite_note-612)[\\[612\\]](#cite_note-613)\n\n#### January 6 Capitol attack\n\nOn January 6, 2021, while [congressional certification of the presidential election results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count \"2021 United States Electoral College vote count\") was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at [the Ellipse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellipse \"The Ellipse\"), Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to \"take back our country\" by marching to the Capitol to \"fight like hell\".[\\[613\\]](#cite_note-614)[\\[614\\]](#cite_note-615) Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[\\[615\\]](#cite_note-616) During the violence, Trump posted messages on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6 p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should \"go home with love & in peace\", calling them \"great patriots\" and repeating that the election was stolen.[\\[616\\]](#cite_note-617) After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.[\\[617\\]](#cite_note-618) According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[\\[618\\]](#cite_note-619)[\\[619\\]](#cite_note-620)\n\nIn March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a [song to benefit the prisoners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_for_All_\\(song\\) \"Justice for All (song)\"), and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.[\\[620\\]](#cite_note-621)\n\n#### Second impeachment\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelosi_Signing_Second_Trump_Impeachment.png)\n\nSpeaker of the House [Nancy Pelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi \"Nancy Pelosi\") signing the second impeachment of Trump\n\nOn January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with [incitement of insurrection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitement_of_insurrection \"Incitement of insurrection\") against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[\\[621\\]](#cite_note-622) The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[\\[622\\]](#cite_note-SecondImpeachment-623) Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[\\[623\\]](#cite_note-624)\n\nOn February 13, following a [five-day Senate trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump\"), Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[\\[624\\]](#cite_note-625)[\\[625\\]](#cite_note-626) Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[\\[626\\]](#cite_note-627)\n\n## Post-presidency (2021–present)\n\nAt the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club and established an office as provided for by the [Former Presidents Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act \"Former Presidents Act\").[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-moved-60)[\\[627\\]](#cite_note-628)[\\[628\\]](#cite_note-629) Trump is [entitled to live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago#Use_as_a_Trump_residence \"Mar-a-Lago\") there legally as a club employee.[\\[629\\]](#cite_note-630)[\\[630\\]](#cite_note-631)\n\n[Trump's false claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie#Donald_Trump's_false_claims_of_a_stolen_election \"Big lie\") concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the \"[big lie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie \"Big lie\")\" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[\\[631\\]](#cite_note-632)[\\[632\\]](#cite_note-key-633) The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the [imposition of new voting restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election \"Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election\") in its favor.[\\[632\\]](#cite_note-key-633)[\\[633\\]](#cite_note-634) As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[\\[634\\]](#cite_note-635)\n\nUnlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern [party boss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_boss \"Party boss\"). He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the [2022 midterm elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections \"2022 United States elections\") he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, [most of whom supported](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections#Democracy \"2022 United States elections\") his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[\\[635\\]](#cite_note-636)[\\[636\\]](#cite_note-637)[\\[637\\]](#cite_note-lat-638)\n\n### Business activities\n\nIn February 2021, Trump registered a new company, [Trump Media & Technology Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group \"Trump Media & Technology Group\") (TMTG), for providing \"social networking services\" to U.S. customers.[\\[638\\]](#cite_note-639)[\\[639\\]](#cite_note-640) In March 2024, TMTG merged with [special-purpose acquisition company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company \"Special-purpose acquisition company\") [Digital World Acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_World_Acquisition_Corp. \"Digital World Acquisition Corp.\") and became a [public company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company \"Public company\").[\\[640\\]](#cite_note-641) In February 2022, TMTG launched [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social \"Truth Social\"), a social media platform.[\\[641\\]](#cite_note-642) As of March 2023, Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[\\[642\\]](#cite_note-643)[\\[643\\]](#cite_note-644)\n\n### Investigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits\n\nTrump is [the only U.S. president or former president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_firsts \"List of United States presidential firsts\") to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[\\[644\\]](#cite_note-645) He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[\\[645\\]](#cite_note-646)[\\[646\\]](#cite_note-647)\n\n#### FBI investigations\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classified_intelligence_material_found_during_search_of_Mar-a-Lago.jpg)\n\nClassified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago\n\nWhen Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the [National Archives and Records Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration \"National Archives and Records Administration\") (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[\\[647\\]](#cite_note-cnn-tl-648) The Justice Department began an investigation[\\[648\\]](#cite_note-649) and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[\\[647\\]](#cite_note-cnn-tl-648) Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,[\\[647\\]](#cite_note-cnn-tl-648) one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[\\[649\\]](#cite_note-650)\n\nOn August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the [Presidential Records Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Records_Act \"Presidential Records Act\"),[\\[650\\]](#cite_note-bddj0812-651)[\\[651\\]](#cite_note-NYT-20220812-652) reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[\\[652\\]](#cite_note-nuclear-653) The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[\\[653\\]](#cite_note-654) The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as \"top secret\" and one as \"top secret/SCI\", the highest level of classification.[\\[650\\]](#cite_note-bddj0812-651)[\\[651\\]](#cite_note-NYT-20220812-652)\n\nOn November 18, 2022, U.S. attorney general [Merrick Garland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland \"Merrick Garland\") appointed federal prosecutor [Jack Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Smith_\\(lawyer\\) \"Jack Smith (lawyer)\") as a [special counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_counsel \"Special counsel\") to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and [examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election \"United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election\").[\\[654\\]](#cite_note-655)[\\[655\\]](#cite_note-656)\n\n#### Criminal referral by the House January 6 Committee\n\nOn December 19, 2022, the [United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack \"United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack\") recommended criminal charges against Trump for [obstructing an official proceeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructing_an_official_proceeding \"Obstructing an official proceeding\"), conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[\\[656\\]](#cite_note-657)\n\n#### Federal and state criminal indictments\n\nIn June 2023, following a [special counsel investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation \"Smith special counsel investigation\"), a [federal grand jury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_grand_jury \"Federal grand jury\") in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of \"willfully retaining national defense information\" under the [Espionage Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act \"Espionage Act\"), one count of [making false statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_false_statements \"Making false statements\"), and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[\\[657\\]](#cite_note-658) He pleaded not guilty.[\\[658\\]](#cite_note-659) A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[\\[659\\]](#cite_note-660) The judge assigned to the case, [Aileen Cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileen_Cannon \"Aileen Cannon\"), was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a [past civil case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_\\(2022\\) \"Trump v. United States (2022)\"), some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[\\[660\\]](#cite_note-661) She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.[\\[661\\]](#cite_note-662) On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[\\[662\\]](#cite_note-663)\n\nOn August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to [defraud the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_against_the_United_States \"Conspiracy against the United States\"), obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and [deprive voters of the civil right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_against_rights \"Conspiracy against rights\") to have their votes counted, and [obstructing an official proceeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructing_an_official_proceeding \"Obstructing an official proceeding\").[\\[663\\]](#cite_note-664) Trump pleaded not guilty.[\\[664\\]](#cite_note-665)\n\nIn August 2023, a [Fulton County, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia \"Fulton County, Georgia\"), grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[\\[665\\]](#cite_note-666)[\\[666\\]](#cite_note-667) Trump surrendered, [was processed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump \"Mug shot of Donald Trump\") at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[\\[667\\]](#cite_note-668) He pleaded not guilty.[\\[668\\]](#cite_note-669) On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.[\\[669\\]](#cite_note-670)\n\nIn July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years.[\\[670\\]](#cite_note-671) In January 2023, the organization's chief financial officer, [Allen Weisselberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Weisselberg \"Allen Weisselberg\"), was sentenced to five months in jail and five years of probation for tax fraud after a plea deal.[\\[671\\]](#cite_note-672) In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on all counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with the scheme.[\\[672\\]](#cite_note-673)[\\[673\\]](#cite_note-Chadha-674) In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million.[\\[673\\]](#cite_note-Chadha-674) Trump was not personally charged in that case.[\\[673\\]](#cite_note-Chadha-674)\n\n#### Criminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case\n\nDuring the 2016 presidential election campaign, [American Media, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Media,_Inc. \"American Media, Inc.\") (AMI), publisher of the _[National Enquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Enquirer \"National Enquirer\")_,[\\[674\\]](#cite_note-675) and a company set up by Cohen paid _[Playboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")_ model [Karen McDougal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_McDougal \"Karen McDougal\") and adult film actress [Stormy Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels \"Stormy Daniels\") for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[\\[675\\]](#cite_note-676) Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.[\\[676\\]](#cite_note-677) Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[\\[677\\]](#cite_note-678)[\\[678\\]](#cite_note-679) Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[\\[679\\]](#cite_note-680) Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[\\[680\\]](#cite_note-681)[\\[681\\]](#cite_note-682) Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[\\[682\\]](#cite_note-683) but in 2021, the [New York State Attorney General's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York \"Attorney General of New York\") and [Manhattan District Attorney's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney \"New York County District Attorney\") opened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.[\\[683\\]](#cite_note-684) The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[\\[684\\]](#cite_note-685) and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[\\[685\\]](#cite_note-686)\n\nIn March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of [falsifying business records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifying_business_records \"Falsifying business records\") to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[\\[686\\]](#cite_note-687)[\\[687\\]](#cite_note-688)[\\[688\\]](#cite_note-689) The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.[\\[689\\]](#cite_note-690) Sentencing is set for September 18, 2024.[\\[690\\]](#cite_note-691)\n\n#### Civil judgments against Trump\n\nIn September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[\\[691\\]](#cite_note-692) During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[\\[692\\]](#cite_note-693) In an August 2022 [deposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_\\(law\\) \"Deposition (law)\"), Trump invoked his [Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incrimination_clause \"Self-incrimination clause\") more than 400 times.[\\[693\\]](#cite_note-694) The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[\\[694\\]](#cite_note-695) In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any \"restructuring and potential dissolution\" would be the decision of the monitor.[\\[695\\]](#cite_note-696)\n\nIn May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist [E. Jean Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll \"E. Jean Carroll\") in 2022 (\"Carroll II\") found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[\\[696\\]](#cite_note-697) Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,[\\[697\\]](#cite_note-bid-698)[\\[698\\]](#cite_note-699) writing that Carroll's accusation of \"rape\" is \"substantially true\".[\\[699\\]](#cite_note-Reiss_Gregorian_8/7/2023-700) Trump appealed both decisions.[\\[697\\]](#cite_note-bid-698)[\\[700\\]](#cite_note-701) In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 (\"Carroll I\") ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[\\[701\\]](#cite_note-702)\n\n### 2024 presidential campaign\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_rally_SNHU_Arena_downtown_Manchester_NH_January_2024_09.jpg)\n\nTrump rally in New Hampshire, January 2024\n\nOn November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election \"2024 United States presidential election\") and set up a fundraising account.[\\[702\\]](#cite_note-703)[\\[703\\]](#cite_note-704) In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's [leadership PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee#Leadership_PACs \"Political action committee\"). Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[\\[704\\]](#cite_note-705)[\\[705\\]](#cite_note-706)\n\nIn December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court [restored his name to the ballot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson \"Trump v. Anderson\") in a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforce [Section 3 of the 14th Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:_Disqualification_from_office_for_insurrection_or_rebellion \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"), which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.[\\[706\\]](#cite_note-707)\n\nDuring the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[\\[708\\]](#cite_note-709)[\\[709\\]](#cite_note-710)[\\[710\\]](#cite_note-711) He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,[\\[711\\]](#cite_note-712)[\\[712\\]](#cite_note-713) and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[\\[713\\]](#cite_note-714)[\\[714\\]](#cite_note-715)[\\[715\\]](#cite_note-716)[\\[716\\]](#cite_note-717)\n\nOn July 13, 2024, Trump was cut on the ear by gunfire [in an assassination attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump \"Attempted assassination of Donald Trump\") at a campaign rally in [Butler Township, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania \"Butler Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania\").[\\[717\\]](#cite_note-718)[\\[718\\]](#cite_note-719) The campaign declined to disclose medical or hospital records.[\\[719\\]](#cite_note-720)\n\nTwo days later, the [2024 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention \"2024 Republican National Convention\") nominated Trump as their presidential candidate, with U.S. senator [JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance \"JD Vance\") as his running mate.[\\[720\\]](#cite_note-721)\n\n## Public image\n\n### Scholarly assessment and public approval surveys\n\nIn the [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") \"Presidential Historians Survey 2021\",[\\[721\\]](#cite_note-722) historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[\\[722\\]](#cite_note-723)[\\[723\\]](#cite_note-724) The [Siena College Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute \"Siena College Research Institute\")'s 2022 survey [ranked Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#2022_Siena_College \"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\") 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[\\[724\\]](#cite_note-scri_22-725) In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the [American Political Science Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association \"American Political Science Association\") ranked Trump the worst president in American history.[\\[725\\]](#cite_note-726)[\\[726\\]](#cite_note-727)\n\nTrump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[\\[727\\]](#cite_note-Jones-728) Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[\\[728\\]](#cite_note-729) Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[\\[727\\]](#cite_note-Jones-728)[\\[729\\]](#cite_note-730)\n\nIn [Gallup's annual poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll \"Gallup's most admired man and woman poll\") asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[\\[730\\]](#cite_note-731)[\\[731\\]](#cite_note-732) Since [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\") started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[\\[732\\]](#cite_note-733)\n\nA Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[\\[733\\]](#cite_note-734) approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the [George W. Bush presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush \"Presidency of George W. Bush\").[\\[734\\]](#cite_note-735) By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation [Pew Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research \"Pew Research\") poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than Russia's [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") and China's [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\").[\\[735\\]](#cite_note-736)\n\n### False or misleading statements\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png)\n\n[Fact-checkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checkers \"Fact-checkers\") from _The Washington Post_,[\\[736\\]](#cite_note-database-737) the _Toronto Star_,[\\[737\\]](#cite_note-738) and CNN[\\[738\\]](#cite_note-739) compiled data on \"false or misleading claims\" (orange background), and \"false claims\" (violet foreground), respectively.\n\nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[\\[739\\]](#cite_note-finnegan-740)[\\[154\\]](#cite_note-whoppers-155) to an extent unprecedented in [American politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politics \"American politics\").[\\[739\\]](#cite_note-finnegan-740)[\\[740\\]](#cite_note-glasser-741)[\\[741\\]](#cite_note-Konnikova-742) His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[\\[740\\]](#cite_note-glasser-741)\n\nTrump's false and misleading statements were documented by [fact-checkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checker \"Fact-checker\"), including at _The Washington Post_, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[\\[736\\]](#cite_note-database-737) Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.[\\[742\\]](#cite_note-TermUntruth-743)\n\nSome of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the \"[biggest inaugural crowd ever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump#Crowd_size \"Inauguration of Donald Trump\")\".[\\[743\\]](#cite_note-744)[\\[744\\]](#cite_note-745) Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[\\[745\\]](#cite_note-746)[\\[746\\]](#cite_note-747) causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and [panic-buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic-buying \"Panic-buying\") in Africa and South Asia.[\\[747\\]](#cite_note-748)[\\[748\\]](#cite_note-749) Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in [England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales \"England and Wales\") to the \"spread of radical Islamic terror\", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[\\[749\\]](#cite_note-750) Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[\\[750\\]](#cite_note-751)\n\nUntil 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[\\[751\\]](#cite_note-752)[\\[752\\]](#cite_note-DBauder-753)[\\[753\\]](#cite_note-754)\n\nIn 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[\\[754\\]](#cite_note-USAT-Disinfo-755)[\\[755\\]](#cite_note-756) His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[\\[756\\]](#cite_note-757)[\\[757\\]](#cite_note-758) while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[\\[439\\]](#cite_note-NYT_4_11_20-440)[\\[754\\]](#cite_note-USAT-Disinfo-755)\n\n### Promotion of conspiracy theories\n\nBefore and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including [Obama birtherism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories#Donald_Trump \"Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories\"), the [Clinton body count conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory \"Clinton body count conspiracy theory\"), the conspiracy theory movement [QAnon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon \"QAnon\"), the [Global warming hoax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_conspiracy_theory \"Global warming conspiracy theory\") theory, [Trump Tower wiretapping allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations \"Trump Tower wiretapping allegations\"), a [John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories \"John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories\") involving [Rafael Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Cruz \"Rafael Cruz\"), alleged foul-play in the death of Justice [Antonin Scalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia \"Antonin Scalia\"), [alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal \"Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal\"), that [Osama bin Laden was alive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories \"Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories\") and Obama and Biden had members of [Navy SEAL Team 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_SEAL_Team_6 \"Navy SEAL Team 6\") killed,[\\[758\\]](#cite_note-759)[\\[759\\]](#cite_note-760)[\\[760\\]](#cite_note-Haberman2016-761)[\\[761\\]](#cite_note-762)[\\[762\\]](#cite_note-763) and linking talk show host [Joe Scarborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Scarborough \"Joe Scarborough\") to the death of a staffer.[\\[763\\]](#cite_note-764) In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[\\[760\\]](#cite_note-Haberman2016-761)\n\nDuring and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[\\[764\\]](#cite_note-765) voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and \"finding\" suitcases full of Biden votes.[\\[765\\]](#cite_note-766)[\\[766\\]](#cite_note-767)\n\n### Incitement of violence\n\nResearch suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[\\[767\\]](#cite_note-768)[\\[768\\]](#cite_note-769) During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[\\[769\\]](#cite_note-770)[\\[770\\]](#cite_note-771) Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[\\[771\\]](#cite_note-772)[\\[772\\]](#cite_note-773) A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[\\[773\\]](#cite_note-774)\n\nTrump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.[\\[774\\]](#cite_note-775) Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[\\[775\\]](#cite_note-gone-776) In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[\\[776\\]](#cite_note-777)\n\nAfter years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[\\[777\\]](#cite_note-778) In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms \"totally silence\" conservatives and that he would \"strongly regulate, or close them down\".[\\[778\\]](#cite_note-779) In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"), [Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\"), Twitter and other platforms.[\\[779\\]](#cite_note-780) The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[\\[780\\]](#cite_note-781)[\\[781\\]](#cite_note-782) and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[\\[782\\]](#cite_note-783) Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[\\[783\\]](#cite_note-784) In February 2022, he launched social media platform [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social \"Truth Social\") where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[\\[784\\]](#cite_note-785) [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk \"Elon Musk\"), after [acquiring Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk \"Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk\"), reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[\\[785\\]](#cite_note-786)[\\[786\\]](#cite_note-787) [Meta Platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\")' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,[\\[787\\]](#cite_note-788) although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an \"[enemy of the people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people \"Enemy of the people\").\"[\\[788\\]](#cite_note-789)\n\n### Relationship with the press\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump%27s_First_100_Days-_45_\\(33573172373\\).jpg)\n\nTrump talking to the press, March 2017\n\nTrump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a \"love-hate\" relationship with the press.[\\[789\\]](#cite_note-790) In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[\\[151\\]](#cite_note-Cillizza-160614-152) _The New York Times_ writer [Amy Chozick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Chozick \"Amy Chozick\") wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created \"must-see TV.\"[\\[790\\]](#cite_note-791)\n\nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the \"fake news media\" and \"the [enemy of the people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people \"Enemy of the people\")\".[\\[791\\]](#cite_note-792)[\\[792\\]](#cite_note-793) In 2018, journalist [Lesley Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Stahl \"Lesley Stahl\") recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media \"so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you\".[\\[793\\]](#cite_note-794)\n\nAs president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[\\[794\\]](#cite_note-795) His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[\\[795\\]](#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-796) The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[\\[795\\]](#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-796)\n\nTrump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[\\[796\\]](#cite_note-Atlantic_Press-797) In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued _The New York Times_, _The Washington Post_, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[\\[797\\]](#cite_note-798)[\\[798\\]](#cite_note-799) All the suits were dismissed.[\\[799\\]](#cite_note-800)[\\[800\\]](#cite_note-801)[\\[801\\]](#cite_note-802)\n\n### Racial views\n\nMany of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[\\[802\\]](#cite_note-803)[\\[803\\]](#cite_note-804)[\\[804\\]](#cite_note-805) In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[\\[805\\]](#cite_note-806)[\\[806\\]](#cite_note-807) Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[\\[807\\]](#cite_note-808)[\\[808\\]](#cite_note-809) Racist and [Islamophobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobic \"Islamophobic\") attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[\\[809\\]](#cite_note-810)\n\nIn 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged [housing discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_discrimination \"Housing discrimination\") against black renters.[\\[50\\]](#cite_note-Mahler-51) He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 [Central Park jogger case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_jogger_case \"Central Park jogger case\"), even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[\\[810\\]](#cite_note-811)\n\nIn 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist [\"birther\" conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories \"Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories\"), alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[\\[811\\]](#cite_note-812)[\\[812\\]](#cite_note-813) In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the \"long-form\" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him \"very popular\".[\\[813\\]](#cite_note-814)[\\[814\\]](#cite_note-815) In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[\\[815\\]](#cite_note-816) In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[\\[816\\]](#cite_note-817)\n\nAccording to an analysis in _[Political Science Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly \"Political Science Quarterly\")_, Trump made \"explicitly racist appeals to whites\" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[\\[817\\]](#cite_note-818) In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were \"bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists\".[\\[818\\]](#cite_note-819)[\\[819\\]](#cite_note-820) His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding [Trump University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_University \"Trump University\") were also criticized as racist.[\\[820\\]](#cite_note-821)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Gives_a_Statement_on_the_Infrastructure_Discussion.webm \"Play video\")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Gives_a_Statement_on_the_Infrastructure_Discussion.webm)\n\nAnswering questions about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville\n\nTrump's comments on the 2017 [Unite the Right rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally \"Unite the Right rally\"), condemning \"this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides\" and stating that there were \"very fine people on both sides\", were widely criticized as implying a [moral equivalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_equivalence \"Moral equivalence\") between the [white supremacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist \"White supremacist\") demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[\\[821\\]](#cite_note-822)[\\[822\\]](#cite_note-823)[\\[823\\]](#cite_note-824)[\\[824\\]](#cite_note-KruzelCharlottesville-825)\n\nIn a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as \"shithole countries\".[\\[825\\]](#cite_note-826) His remarks were condemned as racist.[\\[826\\]](#cite_note-Weaver-2018-827)[\\[827\\]](#cite_note-828)\n\nIn July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should \"[go back](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_back_where_you_came_from \"Go back where you came from\")\" to the countries they \"came from\".[\\[828\\]](#cite_note-829) Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his \"racist comments\".[\\[829\\]](#cite_note-830) [White nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalist \"White nationalist\") publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[\\[830\\]](#cite_note-831) Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[\\[831\\]](#cite_note-832)\n\n### Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct\n\nTrump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[\\[832\\]](#cite_note-clock-833)[\\[833\\]](#cite_note-demeans-834) He has made lewd comments about women[\\[834\\]](#cite_note-835)[\\[835\\]](#cite_note-836) and has disparaged women's physical appearances and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[\\[833\\]](#cite_note-demeans-834)[\\[836\\]](#cite_note-mysTC-837)[\\[837\\]](#cite_note-838) At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[\\[838\\]](#cite_note-839)[\\[839\\]](#cite_note-840)[\\[840\\]](#cite_note-no26-841) Trump has denied the allegations.[\\[840\\]](#cite_note-no26-841)\n\nIn October 2016, two days before the [second presidential debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates#Second_presidential_debate_\\(Washington_University_in_St._Louis\\) \"2016 United States presidential debates\"), a 2005 \"[hot mic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_mic \"Hot mic\")\" recording surfaced in which [Trump was heard bragging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape \"Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape\") about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that \"when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the [pussy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy#Female_genitalia \"Pussy\").\"[\\[841\\]](#cite_note-842) The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[\\[842\\]](#cite_note-843) and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[\\[843\\]](#cite_note-844)\n\n### Popular culture\n\nTrump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of [hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[\\[844\\]](#cite_note-845)\n\n## Honors and awards\n\nDonald Trump has been granted thiry-six awards and accolades, both domestic [\\[845\\]](#cite_note-846) and international.[\\[846\\]](#cite_note-847) Three honorary degrees were later revoked,[\\[847\\]](#cite_note-848)[\\[848\\]](#cite_note-849)[\\[849\\]](#cite_note-850) and a public square named after him was renamed.[\\[850\\]](#cite_note-851)\n\n## Notes\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-electoral-college_1-0 \"Jump up\")** Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College \"United States Electoral College\"). Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") and (in most states) all electors vote for the winner of their state's popular vote.\n\n## References\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-2 \"Jump up\")** [\"Certificate of Birth\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168). _[Department of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene \"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene\") – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics_. Archived from [the original](https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168) on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018 – via [ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\").\n2. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA33_33]_3-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [33](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33).\n3. **[^](#cite_ref-4 \"Jump up\")** Schwartzman, Paul; Miller, Michael E. (June 22, 2016). [\"Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lot like candidate Donald Trump\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/young-donald-trump-military-school/2016/06/22/f0b3b164-317c-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2024.\n4. **[^](#cite_ref-5 \"Jump up\")** Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). [\"Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2018.\n5. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BarronNYT_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BarronNYT_6-1) [Barron, James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barron_\\(journalist\\) \"James Barron (journalist)\") (September 5, 2016). [\"Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/nyregion/donald-trump-marble-collegiate-church-norman-vincent-peale.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 13, 2016.\n6. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-inactive_7-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-inactive_7-1) [Scott, Eugene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Scott_\\(journalist\\) \"Eugene Scott (journalist)\") (August 28, 2015). [\"Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'\"](https://cnn.com/2015/08/28/politics/donald-trump-church-member/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n7. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA38_38]_8-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [38](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38).\n8. **[^](#cite_ref-9 \"Jump up\")** [\"Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees\"](https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/commencement-program-1968.pdf) (PDF). _[University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\")_. May 20, 1968. pp. 19–21. Retrieved March 31, 2023.\n9. **[^](#cite_ref-10 \"Jump up\")** Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). [\"Even in college, Donald Trump was brash\"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/08/28/donald-trump-was-bombastic-even-wharton-business-school/3FO0j1uS5X6S8156yH3YhL/story.html). _[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_. Retrieved May 28, 2018.\n10. **[^](#cite_ref-11 \"Jump up\")** Ashford, Grace (February 27, 2019). [\"Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/us/politics/trump-school-grades.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 9, 2019.\n11. **[^](#cite_ref-12 \"Jump up\")** Montopoli, Brian (April 29, 2011). [\"Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved July 17, 2015.\n12. **[^](#cite_ref-13 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger\"](https://www.archives.gov/foia/donald-trump-selective-service-draft-card.html). _[National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration \"National Archives and Records Administration\")_. March 14, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019. – via [Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_\\(United_States\\) \"Freedom of Information Act (United States)\")\n13. **[^](#cite_ref-14 \"Jump up\")** [Whitlock, Craig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Whitlock \"Craig Whitlock\") (July 21, 2015). [\"Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-linger-about-trumps-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-war/2015/07/21/257677bc-2fdd-11e5-8353-1215475949f4_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 2, 2017.\n14. **[^](#cite_ref-15 \"Jump up\")** Eder, Steve; [Philipps, Dave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Philipps \"David Philipps\") (August 1, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2016.\n15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2015300_16-0 \"Jump up\")** [Blair 2015](#CITEREFBlair2015), p. 300.\n16. **[^](#cite_ref-17 \"Jump up\")** Baron, James (December 12, 1990). [\"Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 5, 2023.\n17. **[^](#cite_ref-18 \"Jump up\")** Hafner, Josh (July 19, 2016). [\"Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump\"](https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/07/19/who-is-tiffany-trump/87321708/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2022.\n18. **[^](#cite_ref-19 \"Jump up\")** [Brown, Tina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Brown \"Tina Brown\") (January 27, 2005). [\"Donald Trump, Settling Down\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40186-2005Jan26.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2017.\n19. **[^](#cite_ref-20 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump Fast Facts\"](https://cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. July 2, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n20. **[^](#cite_ref-WaPo.March.18.17_21-0 \"Jump up\")** Schwartzman, Paul (January 21, 2016). [\"How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n21. **[^](#cite_ref-22 \"Jump up\")** [Peters, Jeremy W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_W._Peters \"Jeremy W. Peters\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (October 31, 2019). [\"Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/paula-white-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n22. **[^](#cite_ref-23 \"Jump up\")** Jenkins, Jack; Mwaura, Maina (October 23, 2020). [\"Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'\"](https://religionnews.com/2020/10/23/exclusive-trump-confirmed-a-presbyterian-now-identifies-as-non-denominational-christian/). _[Religion News Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_News_Service \"Religion News Service\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n23. **[^](#cite_ref-24 \"Jump up\")** Nagourney, Adam (October 30, 2020). [\"In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/trump-biden-alcohol.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n24. **[^](#cite_ref-25 \"Jump up\")** Parker, Ashley; Rucker, Philip (October 2, 2018). [\"Kavanaugh likes beer — but Trump is a teetotaler: 'He doesn't like drinkers.'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaugh-likes-beer--but-trump-is-a-teetotaler-he-doesnt-like-drinkers/2018/10/02/783f585c-c674-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n25. **[^](#cite_ref-26 \"Jump up\")** Dangerfield, Katie (January 17, 2018). [\"Donald Trump sleeps 4-5 hours each night; he's not the only famous 'short sleeper'\"](https://globalnews.ca/news/3970379/donald-trump-sleep-hours-night/). _[Global News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News \"Global News\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n26. **[^](#cite_ref-27 \"Jump up\")** Almond, Douglas; Du, Xinming (December 2020). [\"Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance\"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518119). _[Economics Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_Letters \"Economics Letters\")_. **197**. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2020.109590). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0165-1765](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-1765). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [7518119](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518119). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [33012904](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012904).\n27. **[^](#cite_ref-28 \"Jump up\")** Ballengee, Ryan (July 14, 2018). [\"Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry\"](https://thegolfnewsnet.com/golfnewsnetteam/2018/07/14/donald-trump-exercise-golf-cart-turnberry-110166/). _Golf News Net_. Retrieved July 4, 2019.\n28. **[^](#cite_ref-29 \"Jump up\")** Rettner, Rachael (May 14, 2017). [\"Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-thinks-that-exercising-too-much-uses-up-the-bodys-finite-energy/2017/05/12/bb0b9bda-365d-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n29. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991133_30-0 \"Jump up\")** [O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991](#CITEREFO'DonnellRutherford1991), p. 133.\n30. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-dictation_31-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-dictation_31-1) Marquardt, Alex; Crook, Lawrence III (May 1, 2018). [\"Exclusive: Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter\"](https://cnn.com/2018/05/01/politics/harold-bornstein-trump-letter/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved May 20, 2018.\n31. **[^](#cite_ref-32 \"Jump up\")** Schecter, Anna (May 1, 2018). [\"Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-doc-says-trump-bodyguard-lawyer-raided-his-office-took-n870351). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 6, 2019.\n32. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-3) 1634–1699: [McCusker, J. J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker \"John J. McCusker\") (1997). [_How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda_](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf) (PDF). [American Antiquarian Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society \"American Antiquarian Society\"). 1700–1799: [McCusker, J. J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker \"John J. McCusker\") (1992). [_How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States_](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf) (PDF). [American Antiquarian Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society \"American Antiquarian Society\"). 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. [\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\"](https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-). Retrieved February 29, 2024.\n33. **[^](#cite_ref-34 \"Jump up\")** [O'Brien, Timothy L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_L._O%27Brien \"Timothy L. O'Brien\") (October 23, 2005). [\"What's He Really Worth?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 25, 2016.\n34. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-disclosure_35-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-disclosure_35-1) Diamond, Jeremy; Frates, Chris (July 22, 2015). [\"Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released\"](https://cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/donald-trump-personal-financial-disclosure/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n35. **[^](#cite_ref-36 \"Jump up\")** Walsh, John (October 3, 2018). [\"Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-forbes-wealthiest-people-in-the-us-list-2018-10). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n36. **[^](#cite_ref-37 \"Jump up\")** [\"Profile Donald Trump\"](https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.\n37. **[^](#cite_ref-38 \"Jump up\")** Greenberg, Jonathan (April 20, 2018). [\"Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n38. **[^](#cite_ref-39 \"Jump up\")** Stump, Scott (October 26, 2015). [\"Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved November 13, 2016.\n39. **[^](#cite_ref-40 \"Jump up\")** [Barstow, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barstow \"David Barstow\"); [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\"); Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). [\"11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-wealth-fred-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2018.\n40. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-3) [Barstow, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barstow \"David Barstow\"); [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\"); Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). [\"Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2018.\n41. **[^](#cite_ref-42 \"Jump up\")** [\"From the Tower to the White House\"](https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white). _[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")_. February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.\n42. **[^](#cite_ref-43 \"Jump up\")** Swanson, Ana (February 29, 2016). [\"The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n43. **[^](#cite_ref-44 \"Jump up\")** Alexander, Dan; Peterson-Whithorn, Chase (October 2, 2018). [\"How Trump Is Trying—And Failing—To Get Rich Off His Presidency\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2018/10/02/how-trump-is-tryingand-failingto-get-rich-off-his-presidency/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n44. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Buettner-190508_45-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Buettner-190508_45-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Buettner-190508_45-2) Buettner, Russ; [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\") (May 7, 2019). [\"Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/07/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2019.\n45. **[^](#cite_ref-46 \"Jump up\")** [Friedersdorf, Conor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf \"Conor Friedersdorf\") (May 8, 2019). [\"The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/trump-taxes/588967/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2019.\n46. **[^](#cite_ref-47 \"Jump up\")** Buettner, Russ; [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\"); McIntire, Mike (September 27, 2020). [\"Long-concealed Records Show Trump's Chronic Losses And Years Of Tax Avoidance\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/27/us/donald-trump-taxes.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 28, 2020.\n47. **[^](#cite_ref-48 \"Jump up\")** Alexander, Dan (October 7, 2021). [\"Trump's Debt Now Totals An Estimated $1.3 Billion\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2021/10/07/trumps-debt-now-totals-an-estimated-13-billion/?sh=67fa55564575). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n48. **[^](#cite_ref-49 \"Jump up\")** Alexander, Dan (October 16, 2020). [\"Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2020/10/16/donald-trump-has-at-least-1-billion-in-debt-more-than-twice-the-amount-he-suggested/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved October 17, 2020.\n49. **[^](#cite_ref-50 \"Jump up\")** Handy, Bruce (April 1, 2019). [\"Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved July 28, 2024.\n50. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Mahler_51-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Mahler_51-1) Mahler, Jonathan; Eder, Steve (August 27, 2016). [\"'No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/28/us/politics/donald-trump-housing-race.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n51. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Rich_NYMag_52-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Rich_NYMag_52-1) [Rich, Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rich \"Frank Rich\") (April 30, 2018). [\"The Original Donald Trump\"](https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html). _[New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\\(magazine\\) \"New York (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n52. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduJifCgAAQBAJpgPA250_250]_53-0 \"Jump up\")** [Blair 2015](#CITEREFBlair2015), p. [250](https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250).\n53. **[^](#cite_ref-54 \"Jump up\")** Qiu, Linda (June 21, 2016). [\"Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times\"](https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n54. **[^](#cite_ref-55 \"Jump up\")** Nevius, James (April 3, 2019). [\"The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project\"](https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel). _[Curbed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curbed \"Curbed\")_.\n55. **[^](#cite_ref-56 \"Jump up\")** [Kessler, Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Kessler_\\(journalist\\) \"Glenn Kessler (journalist)\") (March 3, 2016). [\"Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n56. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA84_84]_57-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [84](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84).\n57. **[^](#cite_ref-58 \"Jump up\")** [Geist, William E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Geist \"Bill Geist\") (April 8, 1984). [\"The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n58. **[^](#cite_ref-59 \"Jump up\")** Jacobs, Shayna; Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan; Dawsey, Josh (September 3, 2021). [\"Trump Tower's key tenants have fallen behind on rent and moved out. But Trump has one reliable customer: His own PAC\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-tower-pac-rent-campaign-finance/2021/09/02/dfeae19e-0b2f-11ec-9781-07796ffb56fe_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 15, 2022.\n59. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-moved_60-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-moved_60-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-moved_60-2) [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (October 31, 2019). [\"Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 24, 2020.\n60. **[^](#cite_ref-61 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump Revises Plaza Loan\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. November 4, 1992. Retrieved May 23, 2023.\n61. **[^](#cite_ref-62 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"). December 12, 1992. Retrieved May 24, 2023.\n62. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-plaza_63-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-plaza_63-1) [Segal, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Segal_\\(reporter\\) \"David Segal (reporter)\") (January 16, 2016). [\"What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 3, 2022.\n63. **[^](#cite_ref-64 \"Jump up\")** [Stout, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stout \"David Stout\"); Gilpin, Kenneth N. (April 12, 1995). [\"Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 18, 2019.\n64. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLqf0CwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]_65-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [298](https://books.google.com/books?id=Lqf0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298).\n65. **[^](#cite_ref-66 \"Jump up\")** Bagli, Charles V. (June 1, 2005). [\"Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/01/nyregion/trump-group-selling-west-side-parcel-for-18-billion.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 17, 2016.\n66. **[^](#cite_ref-67 \"Jump up\")** Buettner, Russ; Kiel, Paul (May 11, 2024). [\"Trump May Owe $100 Million From Double-Dip Tax Breaks, Audit Shows\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/11/us/trump-taxes-audit-chicago.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2024.\n67. **[^](#cite_ref-68 \"Jump up\")** Kiel, Paul; Buettner, Russ (May 11, 2024). [\"IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million\"](https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2024.\n68. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-fall_69-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-fall_69-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-fall_69-2) McQuade, Dan (August 16, 2015). [\"The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire\"](https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/). _[Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_\\(magazine\\) \"Philadelphia (magazine)\")_. Retrieved March 21, 2016.\n69. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA128_128]_70-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [128](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128).\n70. **[^](#cite_ref-71 \"Jump up\")** Saxon, Wolfgang (April 28, 1986). [\"Trump Buys Hilton's Hotel in Atlantic City\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/28/nyregion/trump-buys-hilton-s-hotel-in-atlantic-city.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n71. **[^](#cite_ref-72 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's Castle and Plaza file for bankruptcy\"](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/09/Trumps-Castle-and-Plaza-file-for-bankruptcy/3105700117200/). _[United Press International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International \"United Press International\")_. March 9, 1992. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n72. **[^](#cite_ref-73 \"Jump up\")** Glynn, Lenny (April 8, 1990). [\"Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2016.\n73. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA135_135]_74-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [135](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135).\n74. **[^](#cite_ref-75 \"Jump up\")** [\"Company News; Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. October 5, 1991. Retrieved May 22, 2008.\n75. **[^](#cite_ref-76 \"Jump up\")** O'Connor, Claire (May 29, 2011). [\"Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2022.\n76. **[^](#cite_ref-77 \"Jump up\")** [Norris, Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Norris \"Floyd Norris\") (June 7, 1995). [\"Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/07/business/trump-plaza-casino-stock-trades-today-on-big-board.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 14, 2014.\n77. **[^](#cite_ref-78 \"Jump up\")** Tully, Shawn (March 10, 2016). [\"How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure\"](https://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/). _[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\\(magazine\\) \"Fortune (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 6, 2018.\n78. **[^](#cite_ref-79 \"Jump up\")** Peterson-Withorn, Chase (April 23, 2018). [\"Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved July 4, 2018.\n79. **[^](#cite_ref-80 \"Jump up\")** Dangremond, Sam; Kim, Leena (December 22, 2017). [\"A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle\"](https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/home-decor/a7144/mar-a-lago-history/). _[Town & Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_%26_Country_\\(magazine\\) \"Town & Country (magazine)\")_. Retrieved July 3, 2018.\n80. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-CNN_81-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CNN_81-1) Garcia, Ahiza (December 29, 2016). [\"Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know\"](https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/). _[CNN Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money \"CNN Money\")_. Retrieved January 21, 2018.\n81. **[^](#cite_ref-82 \"Jump up\")** [\"Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump\"](https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/take-a-look-at-the-golf-courses-owned-by-donald-trump/). _[Golfweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfweek \"Golfweek\")_. July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.\n82. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-neckties_83-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-neckties_83-1) Anthony, Zane; Sanders, Kathryn; [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (April 13, 2018). [\"Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whatever-happened-to-trump-ties-theyre-over-so-is-most-of-trumps-merchandising-empire/2018/04/13/2c32378a-369c-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n83. **[^](#cite_ref-84 \"Jump up\")** Martin, Jonathan (June 29, 2016). [\"Trump Institute Offered Get-Rich Schemes With Plagiarized Lessons\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/us/politics/donald-trump-institute-plagiarism.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n84. **[^](#cite_ref-85 \"Jump up\")** Williams, Aaron; Narayanswamy, Anu (January 25, 2017). [\"How Trump has made millions by selling his name\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/trump-worldwide-licensing/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 12, 2017.\n85. **[^](#cite_ref-86 \"Jump up\")** [Markazi, Arash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash_Markazi \"Arash Markazi\") (July 14, 2015). [\"5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL\"](https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience). _[ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n86. **[^](#cite_ref-87 \"Jump up\")** Morris, David Z. (September 24, 2017). [\"Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed\"](https://fortune.com/2017/09/24/donald-trump-nfl-usfl/). _[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\\(magazine\\) \"Fortune (magazine)\")_. Retrieved June 22, 2018.\n87. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991137–143_88-0 \"Jump up\")** [O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991](#CITEREFO'DonnellRutherford1991), p. 137–143.\n88. **[^](#cite_ref-89 \"Jump up\")** Hogan, Kevin (April 10, 2016). [\"The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved April 12, 2016.\n89. **[^](#cite_ref-90 \"Jump up\")** Mattingly, Phil; Jorgensen, Sarah (August 23, 2016). [\"The Gordon Gekko era: Donald Trump's lucrative and controversial time as an activist investor\"](https://cnn.com/2016/08/22/politics/donald-trump-activist-investor/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n90. **[^](#cite_ref-TA_91-0 \"Jump up\")** Peterson, Barbara (April 13, 2017). [\"The Crash of Trump Air\"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-crash-of-trump-air). _[The Daily Beast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast \"The Daily Beast\")_. Retrieved May 17, 2023.\n91. **[^](#cite_ref-92 \"Jump up\")** [\"10 Donald Trump Business Failures\"](https://time.com/4343030/donald-trump-failures/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. October 11, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2023.\n92. **[^](#cite_ref-93 \"Jump up\")** Blair, Gwenda (October 7, 2018). [\"Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/07/trump-new-york-times-tax-evasion-221082). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2020.\n93. **[^](#cite_ref-pageantsaleWME_94-0 \"Jump up\")** Koblin, John (September 14, 2015). [\"Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 9, 2016.\n94. **[^](#cite_ref-95 \"Jump up\")** Nededog, Jethro (September 14, 2015). [\"Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization after buying it 3 days ago\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved May 6, 2016.\n95. **[^](#cite_ref-96 \"Jump up\")** [Rutenberg, Jim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rutenberg \"Jim Rutenberg\") (June 22, 2002). [\"Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2016.\n96. **[^](#cite_ref-97 \"Jump up\")** [de Moraes, Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_de_Moraes \"Lisa de Moraes\") (June 22, 2002). [\"There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2016.\n97. **[^](#cite_ref-98 \"Jump up\")** [Zara, Christopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Zara \"Christopher Zara\") (October 26, 2016). [\"Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think\"](https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think). _[Fast Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_\\(magazine\\) \"Fast Company (magazine)\")_. Retrieved June 16, 2018.\n98. **[^](#cite_ref-99 \"Jump up\")** Puente, Maria (June 29, 2015). [\"NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/06/29/nbc-dumps-trump/29471971/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved July 28, 2015.\n99. **[^](#cite_ref-100 \"Jump up\")** [Cohan, William D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Cohan \"William D. Cohan\") (December 3, 2013). [\"Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?\"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal). _[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\\(magazine\\) \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")_. Retrieved March 6, 2016.\n100. **[^](#cite_ref-101 \"Jump up\")** [Barbaro, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barbaro \"Michael Barbaro\") (May 19, 2011). [\"New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n101. **[^](#cite_ref-102 \"Jump up\")** Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (February 27, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 27, 2016.\n102. **[^](#cite_ref-103 \"Jump up\")** McCoy, Kevin (August 26, 2013). [\"Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n103. **[^](#cite_ref-104 \"Jump up\")** [Barbaro, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barbaro \"Michael Barbaro\"); Eder, Steve (May 31, 2016). [\"Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/us/politics/donald-trump-university.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 24, 2018.\n104. **[^](#cite_ref-105 \"Jump up\")** Montanaro, Domenico (June 1, 2016). [\"Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents\"](https://www.npr.org/2016/06/01/480279246/hard-sell-the-potential-political-consequences-of-the-trump-university-documents). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2016.\n105. **[^](#cite_ref-106 \"Jump up\")** Eder, Steve (November 18, 2016). [\"Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/trump-university.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 18, 2016.\n106. **[^](#cite_ref-107 \"Jump up\")** Tigas, Mike; Wei, Sisi (May 9, 2013). [\"Nonprofit Explorer\"](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved September 9, 2016.\n107. **[^](#cite_ref-108 \"Jump up\")** [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (September 1, 2016). [\"Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n108. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-retool_109-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-retool_109-1) [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (September 10, 2016). [\"How Donald Trump retooled his charity to spend other people's money\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-donald-trump-retooled-his-charity-to-spend-other-peoples-money/2016/09/10/da8cce64-75df-11e6-8149-b8d05321db62_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2024.\n109. **[^](#cite_ref-110 \"Jump up\")** Pallotta, Frank (August 18, 2022). [\"Investigation into Vince McMahon's hush money payments reportedly turns up Trump charity donations\"](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/18/media/vince-mcmahon-donald-trump-payments/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2024.\n110. **[^](#cite_ref-111 \"Jump up\")** Solnik, Claude (September 15, 2016). [\"Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns\"](https://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/). _[Long Island Business News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Business_News \"Long Island Business News\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n111. **[^](#cite_ref-112 \"Jump up\")** [Cillizza, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cillizza \"Chris Cillizza\"); [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (September 15, 2016). [\"Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 26, 2021.\n112. **[^](#cite_ref-113 \"Jump up\")** [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (October 3, 2016). [\"Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 17, 2023.\n113. **[^](#cite_ref-114 \"Jump up\")** [Jacobs, Ben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jacobs_\\(journalist\\) \"Ben Jacobs (journalist)\") (December 24, 2016). [\"Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved December 25, 2016.\n114. **[^](#cite_ref-115 \"Jump up\")** Thomsen, Jacqueline (June 14, 2018). [\"Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation\"](https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/392392-five-things-to-know-about-the-lawsuit-against-the-trump-foundation). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved June 15, 2018.\n115. **[^](#cite_ref-116 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane (December 18, 2018). [\"Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/nyregion/ny-ag-underwood-trump-foundation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 9, 2019.\n116. **[^](#cite_ref-117 \"Jump up\")** Katersky, Aaron (November 7, 2019). [\"President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-foundation-ordered-pay-2m-collection-nonprofits-part/story?id=66827235). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2019.\n117. **[^](#cite_ref-118 \"Jump up\")** [\"Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50338231). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. November 8, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2020.\n118. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Mahler2016Cohn_119-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Mahler2016Cohn_119-1) Mahler, Jonathan; Flegenheimer, Matt (June 20, 2016). [\"What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 26, 2020.\n119. **[^](#cite_ref-120 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish \"Michael Kranish\"); O'Harrow, Robert Jr. (January 23, 2016). [\"Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 7, 2021.\n120. **[^](#cite_ref-121 \"Jump up\")** [Dunlap, David W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Dunlap \"David W. Dunlap\") (July 30, 2015). [\"1973: Meet Donald Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump/). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 26, 2020.\n121. **[^](#cite_ref-122 \"Jump up\")** Brenner, Marie (June 28, 2017). [\"How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America\"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship). _[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\\(magazine\\) \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 26, 2020.\n122. **[^](#cite_ref-123 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180417181428/https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Archived from [the original](https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/) on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.\n123. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-TW_124-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-TW_124-1) Winter, Tom (June 24, 2016). [\"Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved February 26, 2020.\n124. **[^](#cite_ref-125 \"Jump up\")** Flitter, Emily (July 17, 2016). [\"Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-bankruptcies-insig/art-of-the-spin-trump-bankers-question-his-portrayal-of-financial-comeback-idUSKCN0ZX0GP). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2018.\n125. **[^](#cite_ref-126 \"Jump up\")** Smith, Allan (December 8, 2017). [\"Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2018.\n126. **[^](#cite_ref-127 \"Jump up\")** Riley, Charles; Egan, Matt (January 12, 2021). [\"Deutsche Bank won't do any more business with Trump\"](https://cnn.com/2021/01/12/investing/deutsche-bank-trump/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n127. **[^](#cite_ref-128 \"Jump up\")** Buncombe, Andrew (July 4, 2018). [\"Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise\"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html). _[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n128. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-JM_129-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-JM_129-1) [Mayer, Jane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Mayer \"Jane Mayer\") (July 18, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All\"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n129. **[^](#cite_ref-130 \"Jump up\")** LaFrance, Adrienne (December 21, 2015). [\"Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_.\n130. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA166_166]_131-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [166](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166).\n131. **[^](#cite_ref-132 \"Jump up\")** [Silverman, Stephen M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Silverman \"Stephen M. Silverman\") (April 29, 2004). [\"The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show\"](https://people.com/celebrity/the-donald-to-get-new-wife-radio-show/). _[People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_\\(magazine\\) \"People (magazine)\")_. Retrieved November 19, 2013.\n132. **[^](#cite_ref-133 \"Jump up\")** Tedeschi, Bob (February 6, 2006). [\"Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/technology/now-for-sale-online-the-art-of-the-vacation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 21, 2018.\n133. **[^](#cite_ref-134 \"Jump up\")** Montopoli, Brian (April 1, 2011). [\"Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gets-regular-fox-news-spot/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved July 7, 2018.\n134. **[^](#cite_ref-135 \"Jump up\")** Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. (September 9, 2016). [\"How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-the-conservative-media-is-taking-over-the-republican-party/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 19, 2018.\n135. **[^](#cite_ref-136 \"Jump up\")** Grynbaum, Michael M.; [Parker, Ashley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Parker \"Ashley Parker\") (July 16, 2016). [\"Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 8, 2018.\n136. **[^](#cite_ref-137 \"Jump up\")** Nussbaum, Emily (July 24, 2017). [\"The TV That Created Donald Trump\"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/07/31/the-tv-that-created-donald-trump). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n137. **[^](#cite_ref-138 \"Jump up\")** Poniewozik, James (September 28, 2020). [\"Donald Trump Was the Real Winner of 'The Apprentice'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/28/arts/television/trump-taxes-apprentice.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n138. **[^](#cite_ref-139 \"Jump up\")** Rao, Sonia (February 4, 2021). [\"Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n139. **[^](#cite_ref-140 \"Jump up\")** Harmata, Claudia (February 7, 2021). [\"Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'\"](https://people.com/tv/sag-aftra-bans-donald-trump-future-readmission/). _[People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_\\(magazine\\) \"People (magazine)\")_. Retrieved February 8, 2021.\n140. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-reg_141-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-reg_141-1) Gillin, Joshua (August 24, 2015). [\"Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'\"](https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n141. **[^](#cite_ref-142 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump Officially Joins Reform Party\"](https://cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/10/25/trump.cnn/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. October 25, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2020.\n142. **[^](#cite_ref-hint_143-0 \"Jump up\")** [Oreskes, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Oreskes \"Michael Oreskes\") (September 2, 1987). [\"Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2016.\n143. **[^](#cite_ref-144 \"Jump up\")** Butterfield, Fox (November 18, 1987). [\"Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n144. **[^](#cite_ref-145 \"Jump up\")** Meacham, Jon (2016). _Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush_. [Random House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House \"Random House\"). p. 326. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-8129-7947-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7947-3 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7947-3\").\n145. **[^](#cite_ref-146 \"Jump up\")** [Winger, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Winger \"Richard Winger\") (December 25, 2011). [\"Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries\"](https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/). _[Ballot Access News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_Access_News \"Ballot Access News\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n146. **[^](#cite_ref-147 \"Jump up\")** Clift, Eleanor (July 18, 2016). [\"The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party\"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party). _[The Daily Beast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast \"The Daily Beast\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n147. **[^](#cite_ref-148 \"Jump up\")** Nagourney, Adam (February 14, 2000). [\"Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump\"](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 26, 2020.\n148. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-McA_149-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-McA_149-1) MacAskill, Ewen (May 16, 2011). [\"Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved February 28, 2020.\n149. **[^](#cite_ref-150 \"Jump up\")** Bobic, Igor; Stein, Sam (February 22, 2017). [\"How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career\"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac_n_58adc0f4e4b03d80af7141cf). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Retrieved February 28, 2020.\n150. **[^](#cite_ref-151 \"Jump up\")** Linkins, Jason (February 11, 2011). [\"Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC\"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n151. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Cillizza-160614_152-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Cillizza-160614_152-1) [Cillizza, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cillizza \"Chris Cillizza\") (June 14, 2016). [\"This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n152. **[^](#cite_ref-153 \"Jump up\")** Flitter, Emily; Oliphant, James (August 28, 2015). [\"Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n153. **[^](#cite_ref-154 \"Jump up\")** McCammon, Sarah (August 10, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line\"](https://www.npr.org/2016/08/10/489476187/trump-s-second-amendment-comment-fit-a-pattern-of-ambiguous-speech). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n154. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-whoppers_155-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-whoppers_155-1) [\"The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2019.\n155. **[^](#cite_ref-156 \"Jump up\")** [Holan, Angie Drobnic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Drobnic_Holan \"Angie Drobnic Holan\"); Qiu, Linda (December 21, 2015). [\"2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump\"](https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n156. **[^](#cite_ref-157 \"Jump up\")** Farhi, Paul (February 26, 2016). [\"Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.)\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n157. **[^](#cite_ref-Walsh-160724_158-0 \"Jump up\")** [Walsh, Kenneth T.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_T._Walsh \"Kenneth T. Walsh\") (August 15, 2016). [\"Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'\"](https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt). _[U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n158. **[^](#cite_ref-159 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2016). [\"Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n159. **[^](#cite_ref-160 \"Jump up\")** Lerner, Adam B. (June 16, 2015). [\"The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2018.\n160. **[^](#cite_ref-161 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (May 13, 2016). [\"The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2018.\n161. **[^](#cite_ref-162 \"Jump up\")** Reeve, Elspeth (October 27, 2015). [\"How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate\"](https://newrepublic.com/article/123228/how-donald-trump-evolved-joke-almost-serious-candidate). _[The New Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic \"The New Republic\")_. Retrieved July 23, 2018.\n162. **[^](#cite_ref-163 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (March 23, 2016). [\"Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/23/why-donald-trump-is-poised-to-win-the-nomination-and-lose-the-general-election-in-one-poll/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n163. **[^](#cite_ref-164 \"Jump up\")** Nussbaum, Matthew (May 3, 2016). [\"RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee\"](https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/reince-priebus-donald-trump-is-nominee-222767). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved May 4, 2016.\n164. **[^](#cite_ref-165 \"Jump up\")** Hartig, Hannah; Lapinski, John; Psyllos, Stephanie (July 19, 2016). [\"Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/data-points/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n165. **[^](#cite_ref-166 \"Jump up\")** [\"2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161002184537/http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Archived from [the original](https://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton) on October 2, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2016.\n166. **[^](#cite_ref-167 \"Jump up\")** Levingston, Ivan (July 15, 2016). [\"Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/15/donald-trump-officially-names-mike-pence-as-his-vp.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n167. **[^](#cite_ref-168 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president\"](https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/19/republicans-start-process-to-nominate-trump-for-president.html). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. July 19, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n168. **[^](#cite_ref-169 \"Jump up\")** [\"US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37706499). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.\n169. **[^](#cite_ref-170 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism\"](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism). _[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")_. October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n170. **[^](#cite_ref-171 \"Jump up\")** Borger, Julian (October 26, 2021). [\"Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/26/republican-party-autocratic-hungary-turkey-study-trump). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n171. **[^](#cite_ref-172 \"Jump up\")** Chotiner, Isaac (July 29, 2021). [\"Redefining Populism\"](https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/redefining-populism). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n172. **[^](#cite_ref-173 \"Jump up\")** [Noah, Timothy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Noah \"Timothy Noah\") (July 26, 2015). [\"Will the real Donald Trump please stand up?\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/will-the-real-donald-trump-please-stand-up-120607). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n173. **[^](#cite_ref-174 \"Jump up\")** Timm, Jane C. (March 30, 2016). [\"A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/full-list-donald-trump-s-rapidly-changing-policy-positions-n547801). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved July 12, 2016.\n174. **[^](#cite_ref-175 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Jenna (April 12, 2017). [\"Trump on NATO: 'I said it was obsolete. It's no longer obsolete.'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/04/12/trump-on-nato-i-said-it-was-obsolete-its-no-longer-obsolete/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved November 26, 2019.\n175. **[^](#cite_ref-176 \"Jump up\")** Edwards, Jason A. (2018). \"Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World\". _[Communication Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_Quarterly \"Communication Quarterly\")_. **66** (2): 176. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463373.2018.1438485). On the campaign trail, Trump repeatedly called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 'obsolete'.\n176. **[^](#cite_ref-177 \"Jump up\")** [Rucker, Philip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rucker \"Philip Rucker\"); [Costa, Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Costa_\\(journalist\\) \"Robert Costa (journalist)\") (March 21, 2016). [\"Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n177. **[^](#cite_ref-178 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's promises before and after the election\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37982000). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. September 19, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n178. **[^](#cite_ref-179 \"Jump up\")** Bierman, Noah (August 22, 2016). [\"Donald Trump helps bring far-right media's edgier elements into the mainstream\"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-media-20160820-snap-story.html). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n179. **[^](#cite_ref-180 \"Jump up\")** Wilson, Jason (November 15, 2016). [\"Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News\"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/15/breitbart-news-alt-right-stephen-bannon-trump-administration). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved November 18, 2016.\n180. **[^](#cite_ref-181 \"Jump up\")** [Weigel, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weigel \"David Weigel\") (August 20, 2016). [\"'Racialists' are cheered by Trump's latest strategy\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/racial-realists-are-cheered-by-trumps-latest-strategy/2016/08/20/cd71e858-6636-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 23, 2018.\n181. **[^](#cite_ref-182 \"Jump up\")** Krieg, Gregory (August 25, 2016). [\"Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?\"](https://cnn.com/2016/08/25/politics/alt-right-explained-hillary-clinton-donald-trump/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 25, 2016.\n182. **[^](#cite_ref-183 \"Jump up\")** Pierce, Matt (September 20, 2020). [\"Q&A: What is President Trump's relationship with far-right and white supremacist groups?\"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-09-30/la-na-pol-2020-trump-white-supremacy). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n183. **[^](#cite_ref-184 \"Jump up\")** [Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (U.S. OGE Form 278e)](https://web.archive.org/web/20150723053945/https://images.businessweek.com/cms/2015-07-22/7-22-15-Report.pdf) (PDF). _[U.S. Office of Government Ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Office_of_Government_Ethics \"U.S. Office of Government Ethics\")_ (Report). July 15, 2015. Archived from [the original](https://images.businessweek.com/cms/2015-07-22/7-22-15-Report.pdf) (PDF) on July 23, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via [Bloomberg Businessweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek \"Bloomberg Businessweek\").\n184. **[^](#cite_ref-185 \"Jump up\")** [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\") (May 11, 2016). [\"Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns\"](https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2016.\n185. **[^](#cite_ref-186 \"Jump up\")** Qiu, Linda (October 5, 2016). 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[\"The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/25/us-deficit-hit-billion-marking-nearly-percent-increase-during-trump-era/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 10, 2020.\n223. **[^](#cite_ref-224 \"Jump up\")** Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). [\"Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years\"](https://www.propublica.org/article/national-debt-trump). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n224. **[^](#cite_ref-225 \"Jump up\")** Bliss, Laura (November 16, 2020). [\"How Trump's $1 Trillion Infrastructure Pledge Added Up\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-16/what-did-all-those-infrastructure-weeks-add-up-to). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved December 29, 2021.\n225. **[^](#cite_ref-226 \"Jump up\")** Burns, Dan (January 8, 2021). [\"Trump ends his term like a growing number of Americans: out of a job\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN29D31G/). _Reuters_. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n226. **[^](#cite_ref-227 \"Jump up\")** [Parker, Ashley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Parker \"Ashley Parker\"); Davenport, Coral (May 26, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n227. **[^](#cite_ref-228 \"Jump up\")** [Samenow, Jason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Samenow \"Jason Samenow\") (March 22, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/03/22/donald-trumps-unsettling-nonsense-on-weather-and-climate). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n228. **[^](#cite_ref-229 \"Jump up\")** Lemire, Jonathan; Madhani, Aamer; Weissert, Will; Knickmeyer, Ellen (September 15, 2020). [\"Trump spurns science on climate: 'Don't think science knows'\"](https://apnews.com/article/climate-climate-change-elections-joe-biden-campaigns-bd152cd786b58e45c61bebf2457f9930). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 11, 2024.\n229. **[^](#cite_ref-230 \"Jump up\")** Plumer, Brad; Davenport, Coral (December 28, 2019). 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Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n236. **[^](#cite_ref-237 \"Jump up\")** Popovich, Nadja; Albeck-Ripka, Livia; Pierre-Louis, Kendra (January 20, 2021). [\"The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/climate/trump-environment-rollbacks-list.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n237. **[^](#cite_ref-238 \"Jump up\")** Plumer, Brad (January 30, 2017). [\"Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of\"](https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved March 11, 2023.\n238. **[^](#cite_ref-239 \"Jump up\")** Thompson, Frank W. (October 9, 2020). 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[\"President Trump has attacked workers' safety, wages, and rights since Day One\"](https://www.epi.org/blog/president-trump-has-attacked-workers-safety-wages-and-rights-since-day-one/). _[Economic Policy Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute \"Economic Policy Institute\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2022.\n241. **[^](#cite_ref-242 \"Jump up\")** Baker, Cayli (December 15, 2020). [\"The Trump administration's major environmental deregulations\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/12/15/the-trump-administrations-major-environmental-deregulations/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved January 29, 2022.\n242. **[^](#cite_ref-243 \"Jump up\")** Grunwald, Michael (April 10, 2017). 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[\"Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/18/trump-tweet-obamacare-repeal-failure-240664). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2017.\n250. **[^](#cite_ref-251 \"Jump up\")** Young, Jeffrey (August 31, 2017). [\"Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs\"](https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/trump-obamacare-sabotage-enrollment-cuts_us_59a87bffe4b0b5e530fd5751). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2017.\n251. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-StolbergACA_252-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-StolbergACA_252-1) Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (June 26, 2020). [\"Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/politics/obamacare-trump-administration-supreme-court.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n252. **[^](#cite_ref-253 \"Jump up\")** Katkov, Mark (June 26, 2020). [\"Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883819835/obamacare-must-fall-trump-administration-tells-supreme-court). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n253. **[^](#cite_ref-254 \"Jump up\")** [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (January 22, 2020). [\"Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/politics/medicare-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 24, 2020.\n254. **[^](#cite_ref-255 \"Jump up\")** Mann, Brian (October 29, 2020). [\"Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/29/927859091/opioid-crisis-critics-say-trump-fumbled-response-to-another-deadly-epidemic). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved December 13, 2020.\n255. **[^](#cite_ref-256 \"Jump up\")** [\"Abortion: How do Trump and Biden's policies compare?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54003808). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. September 9, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2023.\n256. **[^](#cite_ref-257 \"Jump up\")** de Vogue, Ariane (November 15, 2016). [\"Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed\"](https://cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved November 30, 2016.\n257. **[^](#cite_ref-258 \"Jump up\")** O'Hara, Mary Emily (March 30, 2017). [\"LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-advocates-say-trump-s-news-executive-order-makes-them-n740301). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved July 30, 2017.\n258. **[^](#cite_ref-259 \"Jump up\")** Luthi, Susannah (August 17, 2020). [\"Judge halts Trump's rollback of transgender health protections\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/17/judge-trump-rollback-transgender-health-397332). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. 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[\"Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position\"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/marijuana/sns-tft-trump-anti-marijuana-stance-20200221-jfdx4urbb5bhrf6ldtfpxleopi-story.html). _[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n262. **[^](#cite_ref-263 \"Jump up\")** Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2019). [\"Trump returns to the death penalty as Democrats turn against it\"](https://cnn.com/2019/07/27/politics/death-penalty-trump-democrats/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 18, 2022.\n263. **[^](#cite_ref-264 \"Jump up\")** Honderich, Holly (January 16, 2021). [\"In Trump's final days, a rush of federal executions\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55236260). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. Retrieved September 18, 2022.\n264. **[^](#cite_ref-265 \"Jump up\")** Tarm, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 15, 2021). [\"Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution\"](https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-wildlife-coronavirus-pandemic-crime-terre-haute-28e44cc5c026dc16472751bbde0ead50). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved January 30, 2022.\n265. **[^](#cite_ref-266 \"Jump up\")** McCarthy, Tom (February 7, 2016). [\"Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved February 8, 2016.\n266. **[^](#cite_ref-267 \"Jump up\")** [\"Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. February 6, 2016. 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[\"Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 3, 2020.\n269. **[^](#cite_ref-bumpline_270-0 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (June 2, 2020). [\"Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/timeline-clearing-lafayette-square/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 6, 2020.\n270. **[^](#cite_ref-271 \"Jump up\")** Gittleson, Ben; Phelps, Jordyn (June 3, 2020). 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[\"Donald Trump grants clemency to 144 people (not himself or family members) in final hours\"](https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/19/donald-trump-pardons-steve-bannon-white-house/4209763001/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved July 23, 2023.\n278. **[^](#cite_ref-279 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Dave (November 22, 2019). [\"Trump Clears Three Service Members in War Crimes Cases\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/trump-pardons.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 18, 2024.\n279. **[^](#cite_ref-280 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump's Mexico wall: Who is going to pay for it?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.\n280. **[^](#cite_ref-281 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border\"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807). _[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\")_. August 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.\n281. **[^](#cite_ref-282 \"Jump up\")** Oh, Inae (August 19, 2015). [\"Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional\"](https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution). _[Mother Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_\\(magazine\\) \"Mother Jones (magazine)\")_. Retrieved November 22, 2015.\n282. **[^](#cite_ref-283 \"Jump up\")** Fritze, John (August 8, 2019). [\"A USA Today analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/08/08/trump-immigrants-rhetoric-criticized-el-paso-dayton-shootings/1936742001/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved August 9, 2019.\n283. **[^](#cite_ref-284 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Kevin R. (2017). [\"Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order\"](https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/saclr57&div=21&id=&page=). _[Santa Clara Law Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Law_Review \"Santa Clara Law Review\")_. **57** (3): 611–665. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n284. **[^](#cite_ref-285 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Kevin R.; Cuison-Villazor, Rose (May 2, 2019). 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Retrieved June 4, 2020.\n287. **[^](#cite_ref-288 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low\"](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/04/donald-trump-has-cut-refugee-admissions-to-america-to-a-record-low). _[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")_. November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.\n288. **[^](#cite_ref-289 \"Jump up\")** [Kanno-Youngs, Zolan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolan_Kanno-Youngs \"Zolan Kanno-Youngs\"); [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\") (October 1, 2020). [\"Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/politics/trump-refugees.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n289. **[^](#cite_ref-290 \"Jump up\")** Hesson, Ted (October 11, 2019). [\"Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/11/trump-refugee-decrease-immigration-044186). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2020.\n290. **[^](#cite_ref-291 \"Jump up\")** Pilkington, Ed (December 8, 2015). [\"Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n291. **[^](#cite_ref-292 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Jenna (June 25, 2016). [\"Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S.\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/25/trump-now-says-muslim-ban-only-applies-to-those-from-terrorism-heavy-countries/) _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n292. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-frontline_293-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-frontline_293-1) Walters, Joanna; Helmore, Edward; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (January 28, 2017). [\"US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2017.\n293. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-airport_294-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-airport_294-1) [\"Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. January 28, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021.\n294. **[^](#cite_ref-295 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Frosch, Dan (February 4, 2017). [\"Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/legal-feud-over-trump-immigration-order-turns-to-visa-revocations-1486153216). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n295. **[^](#cite_ref-296 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Dan; Rosenberg, Mica (March 15, 2017). [\"Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-court-idUSKBN16M17N). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n296. **[^](#cite_ref-297 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump signs new travel ban directive\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n297. **[^](#cite_ref-298 \"Jump up\")** Sherman, Mark (June 26, 2017). [\"Limited version of Trump's travel ban to take effect Thursday\"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-travel-ban-supreme-court-20170626-story.html). _[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")_. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). Retrieved August 5, 2017.\n298. **[^](#cite_ref-299 \"Jump up\")** Laughland, Oliver (September 25, 2017). [\"Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/25/trump-travel-ban-extended-to-blocks-on-north-korea-and-venezuela). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 13, 2017.\n299. **[^](#cite_ref-300 \"Jump up\")** Hurley, Lawrence (December 4, 2017). [\"Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-immigration/supreme-court-lets-trumps-latest-travel-ban-go-into-full-effect-idUSKBN1DY2NY). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n300. **[^](#cite_ref-301 \"Jump up\")** Wagner, Meg; Ries, Brian; Rocha, Veronica (June 26, 2018). [\"Supreme Court upholds travel ban\"](https://cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-travel-ban/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 26, 2018.\n301. **[^](#cite_ref-302 \"Jump up\")** Pearle, Lauren (February 5, 2019). [\"Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-administration-unsure-thousands-migrant-families-separated-originally/story?id=60797633). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n302. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Spagat_303-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Spagat_303-1) Spagat, Elliot (October 25, 2019). [\"Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count\"](https://apnews.com/article/c654e652a4674cf19304a4a4ff599feb). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n303. **[^](#cite_ref-304 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\") (June 16, 2018). [\"How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/16/us/politics/family-separation-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n304. **[^](#cite_ref-305 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (June 20, 2018). [\"Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/family-separation-executive-order.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n305. **[^](#cite_ref-Domonoske_306-0 \"Jump up\")** Domonoske, Camila; Gonzales, Richard (June 19, 2018). [\"What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border\"](https://www.npr.org/2018/06/19/621065383/what-we-know-family-separation-and-zero-tolerance-at-the-border). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n306. **[^](#cite_ref-307 \"Jump up\")** Epstein, Jennifer (June 18, 2018). [\"Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows\"](https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/donald-trump-s-family-separations-bedevil-gop-as-public-outrage-grows-20180618-p4zm9h.html). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020 – via [The Sydney Morning Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\").\n307. **[^](#cite_ref-308 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\") (June 15, 2018). [\"Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/us/politics/trump-immigration-separation-border.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 18, 2018.\n308. **[^](#cite_ref-309 \"Jump up\")** Sarlin, Benjy (June 15, 2018). [\"Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/despite-claims-gop-immigration-bill-would-not-end-family-separation-n883701). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 18, 2018.\n309. **[^](#cite_ref-310 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Nixon, Ron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nixon \"Ron Nixon\") (May 29, 2018). [\"Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/us/politics/trump-democrats-immigrant-families.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 29, 2020.\n310. **[^](#cite_ref-311 \"Jump up\")** Beckwith, Ryan Teague (June 20, 2018). [\"Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does\"](https://time.com/5317703/trump-family-separation-policy-executive-order/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n311. **[^](#cite_ref-312 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); Goodnough, Abby; [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (June 20, 2018). [\"Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/trump-immigration-children-executive-order.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 20, 2018.\n312. **[^](#cite_ref-313 \"Jump up\")** Hansler, Jennifer (June 27, 2018). [\"Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids\"](https://cnn.com/2018/06/27/politics/family-separation-federal-judge-personal-property-comment/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n313. **[^](#cite_ref-314 \"Jump up\")** Walters, Joanna (June 27, 2018). [\"Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/27/us-immigration-must-reunite-families-separated-at-border-federal-judge-rules). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n314. **[^](#cite_ref-timm_315-0 \"Jump up\")** Timm, Jane C. (January 13, 2021). [\"Fact check: Mexico never paid for it. But what about Trump's other border wall promises?\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/fact-check-mexico-never-paid-it-what-about-trump-s-n1253983). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2021.\n315. **[^](#cite_ref-316 \"Jump up\")** Farley, Robert (February 16, 2021). [\"Trump's Border Wall: Where Does It Stand?\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2020/12/trumps-border-wall-where-does-it-stand/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2021.\n316. **[^](#cite_ref-317 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Tackett, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tackett \"Michael Tackett\") (January 2, 2019). [\"Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n317. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Gambino_318-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Gambino_318-1) Gambino, Lauren; Walters, Joanna (January 26, 2019). [\"Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"). Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n318. **[^](#cite_ref-319 \"Jump up\")** Pramuk, Jacob (January 25, 2019). [\"Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n319. **[^](#cite_ref-320 \"Jump up\")** Fritze, John (January 24, 2019). [\"By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-has-wide-impact-numbers/2666872002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n320. **[^](#cite_ref-321 \"Jump up\")** Mui, Ylan (January 28, 2019). [\"The government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion, including a permanent $3 billion loss, Congressional Budget Office says\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. 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[\"Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/466313-senate-fails-to-override-trumps-emergency-declaration-veto). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n324. **[^](#cite_ref-325 \"Jump up\")** Quinn, Melissa (December 11, 2019). [\"Supreme Court allows Trump to use military funds for border wall construction\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-allows-trump-to-use-military-funds-for-border-wall-construction/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved September 19, 2022.\n325. **[^](#cite_ref-326 \"Jump up\")** _[Trump v. Sierra Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Sierra_Club \"Trump v. 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[\"'I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n329. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Bennhold_330-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Bennhold_330-1) Bennhold, Katrin (June 6, 2020). [\"Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/world/europe/germany-troop-withdrawal-america.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n330. **[^](#cite_ref-331 \"Jump up\")** Carothers, Thomas; Brown, Frances Z. (October 1, 2018). [\"Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?\"](https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/01/can-u.s.-democracy-policy-survive-trump-pub-77381). _[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace \"Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\")_. Retrieved October 19, 2019.\n331. **[^](#cite_ref-332 \"Jump up\")** [McGurk, Brett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_McGurk \"Brett McGurk\") (January 22, 2020). [\"The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else\"](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy). _[Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs \"Foreign Affairs\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n332. **[^](#cite_ref-333 \"Jump up\")** Swanson, Ana (March 12, 2020). [\"Trump Administration Escalates Tensions With Europe as Crisis Looms\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/business/economy/trump-european-union-trade.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n333. **[^](#cite_ref-334 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\") (May 26, 2017). [\"Trump Says NATO Allies Don't Pay Their Share. Is That True?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/world/europe/nato-trump-spending.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n334. **[^](#cite_ref-335 \"Jump up\")** Barnes, Julian E.; [Cooper, Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Cooper \"Helene Cooper\") (January 14, 2019). [\"Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/nato-president-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2021.\n335. **[^](#cite_ref-336 \"Jump up\")** Bradner, Eric (January 23, 2017). [\"Trump's TPP withdrawal: 5 things to know\"](https://cnn.com/2017/01/23/politics/trump-tpp-things-to-know/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 12, 2018.\n336. **[^](#cite_ref-337 \"Jump up\")** Inman, Phillip (March 10, 2018). [\"The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil\"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/mar/10/war-over-steel-trump-tips-global-trade-turmoil-tariffs). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved March 15, 2018.\n337. **[^](#cite_ref-338 \"Jump up\")** Lawder, David; Blanchard, Ben (June 15, 2018). [\"Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes back\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-ministry/trump-sets-tariffs-on-50-billion-in-chinese-goods-beijing-strikes-back-idUSKBN1JB0KC). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n338. **[^](#cite_ref-339 \"Jump up\")** Singh, Rajesh Kumar (August 2, 2019). [\"Explainer: Trump's China tariffs – Paid by U.S. importers, not by China\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-tariffs-explainer-idUSKCN1UR5YZ). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved November 27, 2022.\n339. **[^](#cite_ref-Palmer_2021_340-0 \"Jump up\")** Palmer, Doug (February 5, 2021). [\"America's trade gap soared under Trump, final figures show\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2021/02/05/2020-trade-figures-trump-failure-deficit-466116). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n340. **[^](#cite_ref-341 \"Jump up\")** Rodriguez, Sabrina (April 24, 2020). [\"North American trade deal to take effect on July 1\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/24/north-american-trade-deal-to-take-effect-on-july-1-207402). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved January 31, 2022.\n341. **[^](#cite_ref-342 \"Jump up\")** Zengerle, Patricia (January 16, 2019). [\"Bid to keep U.S. sanctions on Russia's Rusal fails in Senate\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions/bid-to-keep-u-s-sanctions-on-russias-rusal-fails-in-senate-idUSKCN1PA2JB). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n342. **[^](#cite_ref-343 \"Jump up\")** Whalen, Jeanne (January 15, 2019). [\"In rare rebuke of Trump administration, some GOP lawmakers advance measure to oppose lifting Russian sanctions\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/16/rare-rebuke-trump-administration-some-gop-lawmakers-advance-measure-oppose-lifting-russian-sanctions/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n343. **[^](#cite_ref-344 \"Jump up\")** Bugos, Shannon (September 2019). [\"U.S. Completes INF Treaty Withdrawal\"](https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-09/news/us-completes-inf-treaty-withdrawal). _[Arms Control Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_Control_Association \"Arms Control Association\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n344. **[^](#cite_ref-G8_345-0 \"Jump up\")** Panetta, Grace (June 14, 2018). [\"Trump reportedly claimed to leaders at the G7 that Crimea is part of Russia because everyone there speaks Russian\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-claims-crimea-is-part-of-russia-since-people-speak-russian-g7-summit-2018-6). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved February 13, 2020.\n345. **[^](#cite_ref-346 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\") (August 10, 2017). [\"Trump Praises Putin Instead of Critiquing Cuts to U.S. Embassy Staff\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/world/europe/putin-trump-embassy-russia.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2020.\n346. **[^](#cite_ref-347 \"Jump up\")** Nussbaum, Matthew (April 8, 2018). [\"Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n347. **[^](#cite_ref-348 \"Jump up\")** [\"Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. December 21, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n348. **[^](#cite_ref-349 \"Jump up\")** [Diamond, Jeremy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Diamond \"Jeremy Diamond\"); Malloy, Allie; Dewan, Angela (March 26, 2018). [\"Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack\"](https://cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n349. **[^](#cite_ref-350 \"Jump up\")** Zurcher, Anthony (July 16, 2018). [\"Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. Retrieved July 18, 2018.\n350. **[^](#cite_ref-351 \"Jump up\")** Calamur, Krishnadev (July 16, 2018). [\"Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved July 18, 2018.\n351. **[^](#cite_ref-352 \"Jump up\")** Fox, Lauren (July 16, 2018). [\"Top Republicans in Congress break with Trump over Putin comments\"](https://cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/congress-reaction-trump-putin-comments/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved July 18, 2018.\n352. **[^](#cite_ref-353 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\"); [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\"); Schwirtz, Michael (May 17, 2021). [\"Russian Spy Team Left Traces That Bolstered C.I.A.'s Bounty Judgment\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/us/politics/russian-bounties-nsc.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 4, 2022.\n353. **[^](#cite_ref-354 \"Jump up\")** Bose, Nandita; Shalal, Andrea (August 7, 2019). [\"Trump says China is 'killing us with unfair trade deals'\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1UX1WO). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2019.\n354. **[^](#cite_ref-355 \"Jump up\")** Hass, Ryan; Denmark, Abraham (August 7, 2020). [\"More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n355. **[^](#cite_ref-356 \"Jump up\")** [\"How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/how-china-won-trump-s-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. January 11, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n356. **[^](#cite_ref-357 \"Jump up\")** Disis, Jill (October 25, 2020). [\"Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed\"](https://cnn.com/2020/10/24/economy/us-china-trade-war-intl-hnk/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2022.\n357. **[^](#cite_ref-358 \"Jump up\")** Bajak, Frank; Liedtke, Michael (May 21, 2019). [\"Huawei sanctions: Who gets hurt in dispute?\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2019/05/21/huawei-why-facing-sanctions-and-who-get-hurt-most/3750738002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2019.\n358. **[^](#cite_ref-359 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's Trade War Targets Chinese Students at Elite U.S. Schools\"](https://time.com/5600299/donald-trump-china-trade-war-students/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. June 3, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.\n359. **[^](#cite_ref-360 \"Jump up\")** Meredith, Sam (August 6, 2019). [\"China responds to US after Treasury designates Beijing a 'currency manipulator'\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/trade-war-china-responds-to-us-after-claim-of-being-a-currency-manipulator.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved August 6, 2019.\n360. **[^](#cite_ref-361 \"Jump up\")** Sink, Justin (April 11, 2018). [\"Trump Praises China's Xi's Trade Speech, Easing Tariff Tensions\"](https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/22025453/trump-praises-chinas-xis-trade-speech-easing-tariff-tensions). _[IndustryWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndustryWeek \"IndustryWeek\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n361. **[^](#cite_ref-362 \"Jump up\")** [Nakamura, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nakamura \"David Nakamura\") (August 23, 2019). [\"Amid trade war, Trump drops pretense of friendship with China's Xi Jinping, calls him an 'enemy'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/amid-trade-war-trump-drops-pretense-of-friendship-with-chinas-xi-jinping-calls-him-an-enemy/2019/08/23/2063e80e-c5bb-11e9-b5e4-54aa56d5b7ce_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 25, 2020.\n362. **[^](#cite_ref-363 \"Jump up\")** Ward, Myah (April 15, 2020). [\"15 times Trump praised China as coronavirus was spreading across the globe\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/trump-china-coronavirus-188736). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n363. **[^](#cite_ref-364 \"Jump up\")** Mason, Jeff; Spetalnick, Matt; Alper, Alexandra (March 18, 2020). [\"Trump ratchets up criticism of China over coronavirus\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-china-idUSKBN2153N5). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 25, 2020.\n364. **[^](#cite_ref-365 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump held off sanctioning Chinese over Uighurs to pursue trade deal\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53138833). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. June 22, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n365. **[^](#cite_ref-366 \"Jump up\")** Verma, Pranshu; [Wong, Edward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wong \"Edward Wong\") (July 9, 2020). [\"U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials Over Mass Detention of Muslims\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/world/asia/trump-china-sanctions-uighurs.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n366. **[^](#cite_ref-367 \"Jump up\")** Taylor, Adam; Meko, Tim (December 21, 2017). [\"What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/12/21/what-made-north-koreas-weapons-programs-so-much-scarier-in-2017/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 5, 2019.\n367. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Windrem_368-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Windrem_368-1) Windrem, Robert; Siemaszko, Corky; Arkin, Daniel (May 2, 2017). [\"North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-crisis-how-events-have-unfolded-under-trump-n753996). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n368. **[^](#cite_ref-369 \"Jump up\")** [Borger, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Borger \"Julian Borger\") (September 19, 2017). [\"Donald Trump threatens to 'totally destroy' North Korea in UN speech\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/19/donald-trump-threatens-totally-destroy-north-korea-un-speech). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n369. **[^](#cite_ref-370 \"Jump up\")** McCausland, Phil (September 22, 2017). [\"Kim Jong Un Calls President Trump 'Dotard' and 'Frightened Dog'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-s-kim-jong-un-calls-president-trump-frightened-n803631). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n370. **[^](#cite_ref-371 \"Jump up\")** [\"Transcript: Kim Jong Un's letters to President Trump\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/transcripts-kim-jong-un-letters-trump/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. September 9, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n371. **[^](#cite_ref-372 \"Jump up\")** [Gangel, Jamie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Gangel \"Jamie Gangel\"); Herb, Jeremy (September 9, 2020). [\"'A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/kim-jong-un-trump-letters-rage-book/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n372. **[^](#cite_ref-373 \"Jump up\")** [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\") (March 22, 2019). [\"Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/world/asia/north-korea-sanctions.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n373. **[^](#cite_ref-374 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); [Crowley, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crowley_\\(journalist\\) \"Michael Crowley (journalist)\") (June 30, 2019). [\"Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/world/asia/trump-north-korea-dmz.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n374. **[^](#cite_ref-375 \"Jump up\")** [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\"); [Sang-Hun, Choe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Sang-hun \"Choe Sang-hun\") (June 12, 2020). [\"Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/asia/korea-nuclear-trump-kim.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n375. **[^](#cite_ref-376 \"Jump up\")** Tanner, Jari; Lee, Matthew (October 5, 2019). [\"North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good'\"](https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-north-korea-vietnam-c66474b67b3e41cdad6d21ba3385ddc2). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved July 21, 2021.\n376. **[^](#cite_ref-377 \"Jump up\")** Herskovitz, Jon (December 28, 2020). [\"Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-28/four-ways-kim-jong-un-got-more-dangerous-under-trump-sanctions). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n377. **[^](#cite_ref-378 \"Jump up\")** [Warrick, Joby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joby_Warrick \"Joby Warrick\"); [Denyer, Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Denyer \"Simon Denyer\") (September 30, 2020). [\"As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-kim-north-korea-nuclear/2020/09/30/2b7305c8-032b-11eb-b7ed-141dd88560ea_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n378. **[^](#cite_ref-379 \"Jump up\")** Jaffe, Greg; [Ryan, Missy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Ryan \"Missy Ryan\") (January 21, 2018). [\"Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n379. **[^](#cite_ref-380 \"Jump up\")** [Gordon, Michael R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Gordon \"Michael R. Gordon\"); [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (August 20, 2017). [\"Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/20/world/asia/trump-afghanistan-strategy-mattis.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n380. **[^](#cite_ref-381 \"Jump up\")** George, Susannah; Dadouch, Sarah; Lamothe, Dan (February 29, 2020). [\"U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghanistan-us-taliban-peace-deal-signing/2020/02/29/b952fb04-5a67-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n381. **[^](#cite_ref-382 \"Jump up\")** Mashal, Mujib (February 29, 2020). [\"Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/world/asia/us-taliban-deal.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 29, 2020.\n382. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-5,000_383-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-5,000_383-1) Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert (August 17, 2021). [\"Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved August 31, 2021.\n383. **[^](#cite_ref-384 \"Jump up\")** Sommer, Allison Kaplan (July 25, 2019). [\"How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon\"](https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-how-trump-and-netanyahu-became-each-other-s-most-effective-political-weapon-1.7569757). _[Haaretz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz \"Haaretz\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n384. **[^](#cite_ref-385 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Louis; Nussbaum, Matthew (December 6, 2017). [\"Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved December 6, 2017.\n385. **[^](#cite_ref-386 \"Jump up\")** Romo, Vanessa (March 25, 2019). [\"Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights\"](https://www.npr.org/2019/03/25/706588932/trump-formally-recognizes-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights?t=1617622343037). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2021.\n386. **[^](#cite_ref-387 \"Jump up\")** Gladstone, Rick; [Landler, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landler \"Mark Landler\") (December 21, 2017). [\"Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2017.\n387. **[^](#cite_ref-388 \"Jump up\")** Huet, Natalie (March 22, 2019). [\"Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights\"](https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/22/outcry-as-trump-backs-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights). _[Euronews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews \"Euronews\")_. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"). Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n388. **[^](#cite_ref-389 \"Jump up\")** [Crowley, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crowley_\\(journalist\\) \"Michael Crowley (journalist)\") (September 15, 2020). [\"Israel, U.A.E. and Bahrain Sign Accords, With an Eager Trump Playing Host\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/15/us/politics/trump-israel-peace-emirates-bahrain.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 9, 2024.\n389. **[^](#cite_ref-390 \"Jump up\")** Phelps, Jordyn; Struyk, Ryan (May 20, 2017). [\"Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-signs-110-billion-arms-deal-saudi-arabia/story?id=47531180). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved July 6, 2018.\n390. **[^](#cite_ref-391 \"Jump up\")** Holland, Steve; Bayoumy, Yara (March 20, 2018). [\"Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-idUSKBN1GW2CA). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2021.\n391. **[^](#cite_ref-392 \"Jump up\")** Chiacu, Doina; Ali, Idrees (March 21, 2018). [\"Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-whitehouse-idUSKBN1GX1PP/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2021.\n392. **[^](#cite_ref-393 \"Jump up\")** Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (October 11, 2019). [\"U.S. says deploying more forces to Saudi Arabia to counter Iran threat\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-aramco-attacks-exclusive-idUSKBN1WQ21Z/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n393. **[^](#cite_ref-394 \"Jump up\")** [\"Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.\n394. **[^](#cite_ref-395 \"Jump up\")** Joyce, Kathleen (April 14, 2018). [\"US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime\"](https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-strikes-syria-after-suspected-chemical-attack-by-assad-regime). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved April 14, 2018.\n395. **[^](#cite_ref-396 \"Jump up\")** [Landler, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landler \"Mark Landler\"); [Cooper, Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Cooper \"Helene Cooper\"); [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\") (December 19, 2018). [\"Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/politics/trump-syria-turkey-troop-withdrawal.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 31, 2018.\n396. **[^](#cite_ref-397 \"Jump up\")** [Borger, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Borger \"Julian Borger\"); Chulov, Martin (December 20, 2018). [\"Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/19/us-troops-syria-withdrawal-trump). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved December 20, 2018.\n397. **[^](#cite_ref-398 \"Jump up\")** [Cooper, Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Cooper \"Helene Cooper\") (December 20, 2018). [\"Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/jim-mattis-defense-secretary-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2018.\n398. **[^](#cite_ref-399 \"Jump up\")** McKernan, Bethan; Borger, Julian; Sabbagh, Dan (October 9, 2019). [\"Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/09/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved September 28, 2021.\n399. **[^](#cite_ref-400 \"Jump up\")** O'Brien, Connor (October 16, 2019). [\"House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/house-condemns-trumps-syria-pull-out-000286). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 17, 2019.\n400. **[^](#cite_ref-401 \"Jump up\")** Edmondson, Catie (October 16, 2019). [\"In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/us/politics/house-vote-trump-syria.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 17, 2019.\n401. **[^](#cite_ref-AP180508_402-0 \"Jump up\")** Lederman, Josh; Lucey, Catherine (May 8, 2018). [\"Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord\"](https://apnews.com/article/cead755353a1455bbef08ef289448994/Trump-decides-to-exit-nuclear-accord-with-Iran). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n402. **[^](#cite_ref-403 \"Jump up\")** [Landler, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landler \"Mark Landler\") (May 8, 2018). [\"Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n403. **[^](#cite_ref-404 \"Jump up\")** Nichols, Michelle (February 18, 2021). [\"U.S. rescinds Trump White House claim that all U.N. sanctions had been reimposed on Iran\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-un-idUSKBN2AI2Y9). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved December 14, 2021.\n404. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-close_405-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-close_405-1) Hennigan, W.J. (November 24, 2021). [\"'They're Very Close.' U.S. General Says Iran Is Nearly Able to Build a Nuclear Weapon\"](https://time.com/6123380/iran-near-nuclear-weapon-capability/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved December 18, 2021.\n405. **[^](#cite_ref-406 \"Jump up\")** [Crowley, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crowley_\\(journalist\\) \"Michael Crowley (journalist)\"); Hassan, Falih; [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\") (January 2, 2020). [\"U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2020.\n406. **[^](#cite_ref-407 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); [Bergman, Ronen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronen_Bergman \"Ronen Bergman\"); [Kirkpatrick, David D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Kirkpatrick \"David D. Kirkpatrick\"); Barnes, Julian E.; [Rubin, Alissa J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissa_J._Rubin \"Alissa J. Rubin\") (January 11, 2020). [\"Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/11/us/politics/iran-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 8, 2022.\n407. **[^](#cite_ref-408 \"Jump up\")** Horton, Alex; Lamothe, Dan (December 8, 2021). [\"Army awards more Purple Hearts for troops hurt in Iranian attack that Trump downplayed\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/12/08/purple-heart-iran-missile-attack/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved November 8, 2021.\n408. **[^](#cite_ref-409 \"Jump up\")** Trimble, Megan (December 28, 2017). [\"Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years\"](https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-12-28/trumps-white-house-has-highest-turnover-rate-in-40-years). _[U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n409. **[^](#cite_ref-410 \"Jump up\")** Wise, Justin (July 2, 2018). [\"AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/395222-ap-trump-admin-sets-record-for-white-house-turnover). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved July 3, 2018.\n410. **[^](#cite_ref-411 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-white-house-sets-turnover-records-analysis-shows-n888396). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.\n411. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Keith_412-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Keith_412-1) Keith, Tamara (March 7, 2018). [\"White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left\"](https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591372397/white-house-staff-turnover-was-already-record-setting-then-more-advisers-left). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n412. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Brookings_413-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Brookings_413-1) Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn; Kamarck, Elaine; Zeppos, Nicholas W. (March 16, 2018). [\"Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration\"](https://www.brookings.edu/research/tracking-turnover-in-the-trump-administration/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n413. **[^](#cite_ref-414 \"Jump up\")** Rogers, Katie; [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (April 23, 2020). [\"Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 5, 2020.\n414. **[^](#cite_ref-415 \"Jump up\")** [Cillizza, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cillizza \"Chris Cillizza\") (June 19, 2020). [\"Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump\"](https://cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/trump-mulvaney-bolton-hiring/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 24, 2020.\n415. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Keither_416-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Keither_416-1) Keith, Tamara (March 6, 2020). [\"Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/03/06/766025774/mick-mulvaney-out-as-white-house-chief-of-staff). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n416. **[^](#cite_ref-417 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (July 28, 2017). [\"Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n417. **[^](#cite_ref-418 \"Jump up\")** Fritze, John; Subramanian, Courtney; Collins, Michael (September 4, 2020). [\"Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/09/04/trump-gen-john-kelly-couldnt-handle-pressure-chief-staff/5720974002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. 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Retrieved November 2, 2021.\n420. **[^](#cite_ref-421 \"Jump up\")** [\"Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence James B. Comey\"](https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf) (PDF). [United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence \"United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence\"). June 8, 2017. p. 7. Retrieved November 2, 2021.\n421. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-538_Cabinet_422-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-538_Cabinet_422-1) Jones-Rooy, Andrea (November 29, 2017). [\"The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet\"](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-incredibly-and-historically-unstable-first-year-of-trumps-cabinet/). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. 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[\"How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges\"](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/). _[Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2021.\n427. **[^](#cite_ref-428 \"Jump up\")** Kumar, Anita (September 26, 2020). [\"Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_.\n428. **[^](#cite_ref-429 \"Jump up\")** Farivar, Masood (December 24, 2020). [\"Trump's Lasting Legacy: Conservative Supermajority on Supreme Court\"](https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_trumps-lasting-legacy-conservative-supermajority-supreme-court/6199935.html). _[Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America \"Voice of America\")_. 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[\"In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n432. **[^](#cite_ref-433 \"Jump up\")** Kapur, Sahil (May 17, 2023). [\"Trump: 'I was able to kill Roe v. Wade'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-was-able-kill-roe-v-wade-rcna84897). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n433. **[^](#cite_ref-434 \"Jump up\")** Phillip, Abby; Barnes, Robert; O'Keefe, Ed (February 8, 2017). [\"Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-nominee-gorsuch-says-trumps-attacks-on-judiciary-are-demoralizing/2017/02/08/64e03fe2-ee3f-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n434. **[^](#cite_ref-435 \"Jump up\")** [In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts](https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/his-own-words-presidents-attacks-courts). _[Brennan Center for Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice \"Brennan Center for Justice\")_ (Report). June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n435. **[^](#cite_ref-436 \"Jump up\")** Shepherd, Katie (November 8, 2019). [\"Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/08/judge-says-trump-violates-democratic-norms-judiciary-speech/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n436. **[^](#cite_ref-437 \"Jump up\")** Holshue, Michelle L.; et al. (March 5, 2020). [\"First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States\"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802). _[The New England Journal of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"The New England Journal of Medicine\")_. **382** (10): 929–936. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1056/NEJMoa2001191](https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2001191). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [7092802](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [32004427](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32004427).\n437. **[^](#cite_ref-438 \"Jump up\")** Hein, Alexandria (January 31, 2020). [\"Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US\"](https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-declared-public-health-emergency-in-us). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2020.\n438. **[^](#cite_ref-439 \"Jump up\")** Cloud, David S.; [Pringle, Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pringle \"Paul Pringle\"); [Stokols, Eli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Stokols \"Eli Stokols\") (April 19, 2020). [\"How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat\"](https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-19/coronavirus-outbreak-president-trump-slow-response). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved April 21, 2020.\n439. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-NYT_4_11_20_440-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NYT_4_11_20_440-1) [Lipton, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lipton \"Eric Lipton\"); [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Mazzetti, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti \"Mark Mazzetti\"); Barnes, Julian E. (April 11, 2020). [\"He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 11, 2020.\n440. **[^](#cite_ref-441 \"Jump up\")** Kelly, Caroline (March 21, 2020). [\"Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat\"](https://cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/us-intelligence-reports-trump-coronavirus/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved April 21, 2020.\n441. **[^](#cite_ref-442 \"Jump up\")** Watson, Kathryn (April 3, 2020). [\"A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2021.\n442. **[^](#cite_ref-443 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump deliberately played down virus, Woodward book says\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54094559). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.\n443. **[^](#cite_ref-444 \"Jump up\")** Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 9, 2020). [\"'Play it down': Trump admits to concealing the true threat of coronavirus in new Woodward book\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump-coronavirus). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n444. **[^](#cite_ref-445 \"Jump up\")** Partington, Richard; Wearden, Graeme (March 9, 2020). [\"Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis\"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/09/global-stock-markets-post-biggest-falls-since-2008-financial-crisis). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved March 15, 2020.\n445. **[^](#cite_ref-446 \"Jump up\")** Heeb, Gina (March 6, 2020). [\"Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak\"](https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/trump-signs-billion-emergency-funding-package-fight-coronavirus-legislation-covid19-020-3-1028972206). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n446. **[^](#cite_ref-WHOpandemic2_447-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020\"](https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020). _[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\")_. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.\n447. **[^](#cite_ref-448 \"Jump up\")** [\"Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban\"](https://www.thelocal.dk/20200312/trump-imposes-travel-ban-from-europe-over-coronavirus-outbreak). _[The Local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Local \"The Local\")_. March 12, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n448. **[^](#cite_ref-449 \"Jump up\")** [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (March 12, 2020). [\"In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-address.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2020.\n449. **[^](#cite_ref-450 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Kevin (March 13, 2020). [\"Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures\"](https://cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2020.\n450. **[^](#cite_ref-451 \"Jump up\")** Valverde, Miriam (March 12, 2020). [\"Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus\"](https://khn.org/news/donald-trumps-wrong-claim-that-anybody-can-get-tested-for-coronavirus/). _[Kaiser Health News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Health_News \"Kaiser Health News\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2020.\n451. **[^](#cite_ref-452 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know\"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-immigration-executive-order-200423185402661.html). _[Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English \"Al Jazeera English\")_. April 23, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n452. **[^](#cite_ref-453 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); Weiland, Noah; [Lipton, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lipton \"Eric Lipton\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\") (July 18, 2020). [\"Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-response-failure-leadership.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2020.\n453. **[^](#cite_ref-454 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. January 30, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n454. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Karni_455-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Karni_455-1) [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (March 23, 2020). [\"In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-briefing.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2020.\n455. **[^](#cite_ref-456 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); Rogers, Katie; [Enrich, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Enrich \"David Enrich\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (April 6, 2020). [\"Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2020.\n456. **[^](#cite_ref-457 \"Jump up\")** Berenson, Tessa (March 30, 2020). [\"'He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus\"](https://time.com/5812588/donald-trump-coronavirus-briefings-message-campaign/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2020.\n457. **[^](#cite_ref-458 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\") (March 17, 2020). [\"Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus\"](https://cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n458. **[^](#cite_ref-459 \"Jump up\")** Scott, Dylan (March 18, 2020). [\"Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous\"](https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n459. **[^](#cite_ref-460 \"Jump up\")** Georgiou, Aristos (March 19, 2020). [\"WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the 'Chinese virus'\"](https://www.newsweek.com/who-langauge-stigmatizing-coronavirus-trump-chinese-1493172). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n460. **[^](#cite_ref-461 \"Jump up\")** Beavers, Olivia (March 19, 2020). [\"US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus\"](https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/488311-us-china-relationship-worsens-over-coronavirus). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n461. **[^](#cite_ref-462 \"Jump up\")** Lemire, Jonathan (April 9, 2020). [\"As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame\"](https://apnews.com/article/58f1b869354970689d55ccae37c540f3). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 5, 2020.\n462. **[^](#cite_ref-463 \"Jump up\")** [\"Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52407177). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. April 24, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.\n463. **[^](#cite_ref-464 \"Jump up\")** Aratani, Lauren (May 5, 2020). [\"Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/05/white-house-coronavirus-taskforce-winding-down-why). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n464. **[^](#cite_ref-465 \"Jump up\")** [\"Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52563577). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. May 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n465. **[^](#cite_ref-466 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Kevin (May 6, 2020). [\"In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar\"](https://cnn.com/2020/05/06/politics/trump-task-force-vaccine/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n466. **[^](#cite_ref-467 \"Jump up\")** [Acosta, Jim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Acosta \"Jim Acosta\"); Liptak, Kevin; Westwood, Sarah (May 29, 2020). [\"As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed\"](https://cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-task-force/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n467. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-4) Ollstein, Alice Miranda (April 14, 2020). [\"Trump halts funding to World Health Organization\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved September 7, 2020.\n468. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-CNN_WHO_469-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CNN_WHO_469-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-CNN_WHO_469-2) Cohen, Zachary; Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie; Salama, Vivian; [Murray, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Murray_\\(journalist\\) \"Sara Murray (journalist)\") (July 7, 2020). [\"Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization\"](https://cnn.com/2020/07/07/politics/us-withdrawing-world-health-organization/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2020.\n469. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BBC_WHO_470-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BBC_WHO_470-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-BBC_WHO_470-2) [\"Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. July 7, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.\n470. **[^](#cite_ref-471 \"Jump up\")** [Wood, Graeme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Wood_\\(journalist\\) \"Graeme Wood (journalist)\") (April 15, 2020). [\"The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-threatens-defund-world-health-organization/610030/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved September 7, 2020.\n471. **[^](#cite_ref-472 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Amber (April 8, 2020). [\"Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/08/why-exactly-is-president-trump-lashing-out-world-health-organization/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 8, 2020.\n472. **[^](#cite_ref-473 \"Jump up\")** Wilson, Jason (April 17, 2020). [\"The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved April 18, 2020.\n473. **[^](#cite_ref-474 \"Jump up\")** Andone, Dakin (April 16, 2020). [\"Protests Are Popping Up Across the US over Stay-at-Home Restrictions\"](https://cnn.com/2020/04/16/us/protests-coronavirus-stay-home-orders/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n474. **[^](#cite_ref-475 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); Mervosh, Sarah (April 17, 2020). [\"Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 19, 2020.\n475. **[^](#cite_ref-476 \"Jump up\")** Chalfant, Morgan; Samuels, Brett (April 20, 2020). [\"Trump support for protests threatens to undermine social distancing rules\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493701-trump-support-for-protests-threatens-to-undermine-social-distancing). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n476. **[^](#cite_ref-477 \"Jump up\")** Lemire, Jonathan; Nadler, Ben (April 24, 2020). [\"Trump approved of Georgia's plan to reopen before bashing it\"](https://apnews.com/article/a031d395d414ffa655fdc65e6760d6a0). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved April 28, 2020.\n477. **[^](#cite_ref-478 \"Jump up\")** Kumar, Anita (April 18, 2020). [\"Trump's unspoken factor on reopening the economy: Politics\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/18/trump-reopening-economy-193885). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n478. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-99days_479-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-99days_479-1) Danner, Chas (July 11, 2020). [\"99 Days Later, Trump Finally Wears a Face Mask in Public\"](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/trump-finally-wears-a-face-mask-in-public-covid-19.html). _[New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\\(magazine\\) \"New York (magazine)\")_. Retrieved July 12, 2020.\n479. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-WAPost_Mask_480-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-WAPost_Mask_480-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-WAPost_Mask_480-2) Blake, Aaron (June 25, 2020). [\"Trump's dumbfounding refusal to encourage wearing masks\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/25/trumps-dumbfounding-refusal-encourage-wearing-masks/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n480. **[^](#cite_ref-481 \"Jump up\")** Higgins-Dunn, Noah (July 14, 2020). [\"Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/14/trump-says-us-would-have-half-the-number-of-coronavirus-cases-if-it-did-half-the-testing.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n481. **[^](#cite_ref-482 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (July 23, 2020). [\"Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/23/trumps-right-that-with-less-testing-we-record-fewer-cases-fact-thats-already-happening/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n482. **[^](#cite_ref-483 \"Jump up\")** Feuer, Will (August 26, 2020). [\"CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/26/cdc-quietly-revises-coronavirus-guidance-to-downplay-importance-of-testing-for-asymptomatic-people.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n483. **[^](#cite_ref-484 \"Jump up\")** [\"The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n484. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-CNN-testing-pressure_485-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CNN-testing-pressure_485-1) Valencia, Nick; [Murray, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Murray_\\(journalist\\) \"Sara Murray (journalist)\"); Holmes, Kristen (August 26, 2020). [\"CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says\"](https://cnn.com/2020/08/26/politics/cdc-coronavirus-testing-guidance/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n485. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Gumbrecht_486-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Gumbrecht_486-1) Gumbrecht, Jamie; [Gupta, Sanjay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Gupta \"Sanjay Gupta\"); Valencia, Nick (September 18, 2020). [\"Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/18/health/covid-19-testing-guidance-cdc-hhs/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 18, 2020.\n486. **[^](#cite_ref-487 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2020). [\"President Trump, coronavirus truther\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/06/trump-throws-caution-wind-coronavirus/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 11, 2020.\n487. **[^](#cite_ref-488 \"Jump up\")** Rabin, Roni Caryn; Cameron, Chris (July 5, 2020). [\"Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n488. **[^](#cite_ref-489 \"Jump up\")** Sprunt, Barbara (July 7, 2020). [\"Trump Pledges To 'Pressure' Governors To Reopen Schools Despite Health Concerns\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/07/07/888157257/white-house-pushes-to-reopen-schools-despite-a-surge-in-coronavirus-cases). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n489. **[^](#cite_ref-490 \"Jump up\")** McGinley, Laurie; Johnson, Carolyn Y. (June 15, 2020). [\"FDA pulls emergency approval for antimalarial drugs touted by Trump as covid-19 treatment\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/15/hydroxychloroquine-authorization-revoked-coronavirus/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n490. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-pressed_491-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-pressed_491-1) [LaFraniere, Sharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_LaFraniere \"Sharon LaFraniere\"); Weiland, Noah; [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\") (September 12, 2020). [\"Trump Pressed for Plasma Therapy. Officials Worry, Is an Unvetted Vaccine Next?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-treatment-vaccine.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 13, 2020.\n491. **[^](#cite_ref-492 \"Jump up\")** Diamond, Dan (September 11, 2020). [\"Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n492. **[^](#cite_ref-493 \"Jump up\")** Sun, Lena H. (September 12, 2020). [\"Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/12/trump-control-over-cdc-reports/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n493. **[^](#cite_ref-494 \"Jump up\")** McGinley, Laurie; Johnson, Carolyn Y.; [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\") (August 22, 2020). [\"Trump without evidence accuses 'deep state' at FDA of slow-walking coronavirus vaccines and treatments\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/22/trump-without-evidence-accuses-deep-state-fda-slow-walking-coronavirus-vaccines-treatments/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n494. **[^](#cite_ref-495 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Kevin; Klein, Betsy (October 5, 2020). [\"A timeline of Trump and those in his orbit during a week of coronavirus developments\"](https://cnn.com/2020/10/02/politics/timeline-trump-coronavirus/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2020.\n495. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-downplay_496-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-downplay_496-1) [Olorunnipa, Toluse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluse_Olorunnipa \"Toluse Olorunnipa\"); [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\") (October 5, 2020). [\"Trump returns to White House, downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-walter-reed-discharge-mask/2020/10/05/91edbe9a-071a-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2020.\n496. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-sicker_497-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-sicker_497-1) Weiland, Noah; [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Mazzetti, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti \"Mark Mazzetti\"); [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (February 11, 2021). [\"Trump Was Sicker Than Acknowledged With Covid-19\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 16, 2021.\n497. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Election_NBCNews_498-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Election_NBCNews_498-1) Edelman, Adam (July 5, 2020). [\"Warning signs flash for Trump in Wisconsin as pandemic response fuels disapproval\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/warning-signs-flash-trump-wisconsin-pandemic-response-fuels-disapproval-n1232646). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n498. **[^](#cite_ref-499 \"Jump up\")** Strauss, Daniel (September 7, 2020). [\"Biden aims to make election about Covid-19 as Trump steers focus elsewhere\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/14/joe-biden-donald-trump-coronavirus-covid-19). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved November 4, 2021.\n499. **[^](#cite_ref-500 \"Jump up\")** Karson, Kendall (September 13, 2020). [\"Deep skepticism for Trump's coronavirus response endures: POLL\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/deep-skepticism-trumps-coronavirus-response-endures-poll/story?id=72974847). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n500. **[^](#cite_ref-501 \"Jump up\")** Impelli, Matthew (October 26, 2020). [\"Fact Check: Is U.S. 'Rounding the Turn' On COVID, as Trump Claims?\"](https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-us-rounding-turn-covid-trump-claims-1542145). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved October 31, 2020.\n501. **[^](#cite_ref-502 \"Jump up\")** Maan, Anurag (October 31, 2020). [\"U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-record/u-s-reports-world-record-of-more-than-100000-covid-19-cases-in-single-day-idUSKBN27G07S). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 31, 2020.\n502. **[^](#cite_ref-503 \"Jump up\")** Woodward, Calvin; Pace, Julie (December 16, 2018). [\"Scope of investigations into Trump has shaped his presidency\"](https://apnews.com/article/6d6361fdf19846cb9eb020d9c6fbfa5a). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved December 19, 2018.\n503. **[^](#cite_ref-504 \"Jump up\")** Buchanan, Larry; Yourish, Karen (September 25, 2019). [\"Tracking 30 Investigations Related to Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2020.\n504. **[^](#cite_ref-505 \"Jump up\")** [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\"); Bade, Rachael; Wagner, John (April 22, 2019). [\"Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-sues-in-bid-to-block-congressional-subpoena-of-financial-records/2019/04/22/a98de3d0-6500-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 1, 2019.\n505. **[^](#cite_ref-506 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (May 20, 2019). [\"Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/us/politics/trump-financial-records.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n506. **[^](#cite_ref-507 \"Jump up\")** Merle, Renae; [Kranish, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish \"Michael Kranish\"); [Sonmez, Felicia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Sonmez \"Felicia Sonmez\") (May 22, 2019). [\"Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-rejects-trumps-request-to-halt-congressional-subpoenas-for-his-banking-records/2019/05/22/28f9b93a-7ccd-11e9-8bb7-0fc796cf2ec0_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n507. **[^](#cite_ref-508 \"Jump up\")** Flitter, Emily; McKinley, Jesse; [Enrich, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Enrich \"David Enrich\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (May 22, 2019). [\"Trump's Financial Secrets Move Closer to Disclosure\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/business/deutsche-bank-trump-subpoena.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n508. **[^](#cite_ref-509 \"Jump up\")** Hutzler, Alexandra (May 21, 2019). [\"Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court\"](https://www.newsweek.com/trump-subpoena-appeal-merrick-garland-court-1431543). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n509. **[^](#cite_ref-510 \"Jump up\")** Broadwater, Luke (September 17, 2022). [\"Trump's Former Accounting Firm Begins Turning Over Documents to Congress\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/17/us/politics/mazars-accounting-trump-documents.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 28, 2023.\n510. **[^](#cite_ref-511 \"Jump up\")** [Rosenberg, Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rosenberg \"Matthew Rosenberg\") (July 6, 2017). [\"Trump Misleads on Russian Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/us/politics/trump-russia-intelligence-agencies-cia-fbi-nsa.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n511. **[^](#cite_ref-512 \"Jump up\")** [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\") (January 6, 2017). [\"Putin Ordered 'Influence Campaign' Aimed at U.S. Election, Report Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/us/politics/russia-hack-report.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n512. **[^](#cite_ref-513 \"Jump up\")** Berman, Russell (March 20, 2017). [\"It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2017.\n513. **[^](#cite_ref-514 \"Jump up\")** Harding, Luke (November 15, 2017). [\"How Trump walked into Putin's web\"](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/15/how-trump-walked-into-putins-web-luke). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 22, 2019.\n514. **[^](#cite_ref-515 \"Jump up\")** McCarthy, Tom (December 13, 2016). [\"Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved March 11, 2017.\n515. **[^](#cite_ref-516 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (March 3, 2017). [\"The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 11, 2017.\n516. **[^](#cite_ref-517 \"Jump up\")** Nesbit, Jeff (August 2, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia\"](https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved February 28, 2017.\n517. **[^](#cite_ref-518 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Amber (August 19, 2016). [\"Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 14, 2017.\n518. **[^](#cite_ref-519 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (November 15, 2019). [\"We Still Don't Know What Happened Between Trump and Russia\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/we-still-dont-know-what-happened-between-trump-and-russia/602116/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n519. **[^](#cite_ref-520 \"Jump up\")** Parker, Ned; Landay, Jonathan; Strobel, Warren (May 18, 2017). [\"Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved May 19, 2017.\n520. **[^](#cite_ref-521 \"Jump up\")** [Murray, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Murray_\\(journalist\\) \"Sara Murray (journalist)\"); [Borger, Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Borger \"Gloria Borger\"); [Diamond, Jeremy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Diamond_\\(journalist\\) \"Jeremy Diamond (journalist)\") (February 14, 2017). [\"Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts\"](https://cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 2, 2017.\n521. **[^](#cite_ref-522 \"Jump up\")** [Harris, Shane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Harris \"Shane Harris\"); [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\"); [Nakashima, Ellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Nakashima \"Ellen Nakashima\") (September 27, 2019). [\"Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n522. **[^](#cite_ref-523 \"Jump up\")** Barnes, Julian E.; [Rosenberg, Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rosenberg \"Matthew Rosenberg\") (November 22, 2019). [\"Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? 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[\"FBI agent who helped launch Russia investigation says Trump was 'compromised'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/fbi-agent-who-helped-launch-russia-investigation-says-trump-was-n1239442). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n525. **[^](#cite_ref-526 \"Jump up\")** Pearson, Nick (May 17, 2018). [\"Crossfire Hurricane: Trump Russia investigation started with Alexander Downer interview\"](https://www.9news.com.au/world/crossfire-hurricane-trump-russia-investigation-started-with-alexander-downer-interview/16121e23-bdfc-4f32-9822-e4a7f841e3e4). _[Nine News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_News \"Nine News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n526. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-never_527-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-never_527-1) [Schmidt, Michael S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Schmidt \"Michael S. Schmidt\") (August 30, 2020). [\"Justice Dept. Never Fully Examined Trump's Ties to Russia, Ex-Officials Say\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n527. **[^](#cite_ref-528 \"Jump up\")** [\"Rosenstein to testify in Senate on Trump-Russia probe\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-rosenstein-idUSKBN23330H). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. May 27, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2021.\n528. **[^](#cite_ref-529 \"Jump up\")** Vitkovskaya, Julie (June 16, 2017). [\"Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. 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Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n531. **[^](#cite_ref-532 \"Jump up\")** Breuninger, Kevin (March 22, 2019). [\"Mueller probe ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/robert-mueller-submits-special-counsels-russia-probe-report-to-attorney-general-william-barr.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved March 22, 2019.\n532. **[^](#cite_ref-533 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 30, 2019). [\"Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/mueller-complained-that-barrs-letter-did-not-capture-context-of-trump-probe/2019/04/30/d3c8fdb6-6b7b-11e9-a66d-a82d3f3d96d5_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2019.\n533. **[^](#cite_ref-534 \"Jump up\")** Hsu, Spencer S.; Barrett, Devlin (March 5, 2020). [\"Judge cites Barr's 'misleading' statements in ordering review of Mueller report redactions\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/mueller-report-attorney-general-william-barr/2020/03/05/3fa7afce-5f2c-11ea-b29b-9db42f7803a7_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n534. **[^](#cite_ref-535 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (March 5, 2020). [\"Judge Calls Barr's Handling of Mueller Report 'Distorted' and 'Misleading'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/us/politics/mueller-report-barr-judge-walton.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n535. **[^](#cite_ref-536 \"Jump up\")** Yen, Hope; Woodward, Calvin (July 24, 2019). [\"AP FACT CHECK: Trump falsely claims Mueller exonerated him\"](https://apnews.com/article/130932b573664ea5a4d186f752bb8d50). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n536. **[^](#cite_ref-537 \"Jump up\")** [\"Main points of Mueller report\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143436/https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1). [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). January 16, 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1) on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.\n537. **[^](#cite_ref-538 \"Jump up\")** Ostriker, Rebecca; Puzzanghera, Jim; Finucane, Martin; Datar, Saurabh; Uraizee, Irfan; Garvin, Patrick (April 18, 2019). [\"What the Mueller report says about Trump and more\"](https://apps.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/graphics/2019/03/mueller-report/). _[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_. Retrieved April 22, 2019.\n538. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-takeaways_539-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-takeaways_539-1) Law, Tara (April 18, 2019). [\"Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report\"](http://time.com/5567077/mueller-report-release/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved April 22, 2019.\n539. **[^](#cite_ref-540 \"Jump up\")** Lynch, Sarah N.; Sullivan, Andy (April 18, 2018). [\"In unflattering detail, Mueller report reveals Trump actions to impede inquiry\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-idUSKCN1RU0DN). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2022.\n540. **[^](#cite_ref-541 \"Jump up\")** [Mazzetti, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti \"Mark Mazzetti\") (July 24, 2019). [\"Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/politics/trump-mueller-testimony.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 4, 2020.\n541. **[^](#cite_ref-542 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (May 30, 2019). [\"Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/30/trump-briefly-acknowledges-that-russia-aided-his-election-falsely-says-he-didnt-help-effort/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 5, 2020.\n542. **[^](#cite_ref-543 \"Jump up\")** Polantz, Katelyn; Kaufman, Ellie; Murray, Sara (June 19, 2020). [\"Mueller raised possibility Trump lied to him, newly unsealed report reveals\"](https://cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/mueller-report-rerelease-fewer-redactions/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 30, 2022.\n543. **[^](#cite_ref-544 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 17, 2019). [\"Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/attorney-general-to-provide-overview-of-mueller-report-at-news-conference-before-its-release/2019/04/17/8dcc9440-54b9-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 20, 2019.\n544. **[^](#cite_ref-545 \"Jump up\")** Farley, Robert; Robertson, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale; Fichera, Angelo; McDonald, Jessica (April 18, 2019). [\"What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2019/04/what-the-mueller-report-says-about-obstruction/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved April 22, 2019.\n545. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-LM_546-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-LM_546-1) Mascaro, Lisa (April 18, 2019). [\"Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress\"](https://apnews.com/article/35829a2b010248f193d1efd00c4de7e5). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved April 20, 2019.\n546. **[^](#cite_ref-547 \"Jump up\")** Segers, Grace (May 29, 2019). [\"Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, \"we would have said so\"\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2019.\n547. **[^](#cite_ref-548 \"Jump up\")** Cheney, Kyle; Caygle, Heather; Bresnahan, John (December 10, 2019). [\"Why Democrats sidelined Mueller in impeachment articles\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/10/democrats-sidelined-mueller-trump-impeachment-080910). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n548. **[^](#cite_ref-549 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (December 10, 2019). [\"Democrats ditch 'bribery' and Mueller in Trump impeachment articles. But is that the smart play?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/10/democrats-ditch-bribery-mueller-trump-impeachment-articles-is-that-smart-play/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n549. **[^](#cite_ref-550 \"Jump up\")** Zapotosky, Matt; Bui, Lynh; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (August 21, 2018). [\"Manafort convicted on 8 counts; mistrial declared on 10 others\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/manafort-jury-suggests-it-cannot-come-to-a-consensus-on-a-single-count/2018/08/21/a2478ac0-a559-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 21, 2018.\n550. **[^](#cite_ref-551 \"Jump up\")** Mangan, Dan (July 30, 2018). [\"Trump and Giuliani are right that 'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's probe\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/30/giuliani-is-right-collusion-isnt-a-crime-but-that-wont-help-trump.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n551. **[^](#cite_ref-552 \"Jump up\")** [\"Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser Michael Flynn\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46449950). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. December 5, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n552. **[^](#cite_ref-553 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt; [Helderman, Rosalind S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_S._Helderman \"Rosalind S. Helderman\") (November 29, 2018). [\"Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to Congress about Moscow project\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/michael-cohen-trumps-former-lawyer-pleads-guilty-to-lying-to-congress/2018/11/29/5fac986a-f3e0-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 12, 2018.\n553. **[^](#cite_ref-554 \"Jump up\")** Weiner, Rachel; Zapotosky, Matt; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (February 20, 2020). [\"Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/roger-stone-sentence-due-thursday-in-federal-court/2020/02/19/2e01bfc8-4c38-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 3, 2020.\n554. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-undermine_555-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-undermine_555-1) Bump, Philip (September 25, 2019). [\"Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n555. **[^](#cite_ref-abuse_556-0 \"Jump up\")** Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn; Shortell, David; Kupperman, Tammy; Callahan, Michael (September 26, 2019). [\"Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power\"](https://cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/whistleblower-complaint-released/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2022.\n556. **[^](#cite_ref-557 \"Jump up\")** [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (September 24, 2019). [\"Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n557. **[^](#cite_ref-558 \"Jump up\")** Forgey, Quint (September 24, 2019). [\"Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/24/donald-trump-ukraine-military-aid-1509070). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n558. **[^](#cite_ref-559 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (September 25, 2019). [\"Trump's Incriminating Conversation With the Ukrainian President\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/what-the-transcript-of-trumps-insane-call-with-the-ukrainian-president-showed/598780/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved July 7, 2021.\n559. **[^](#cite_ref-560 \"Jump up\")** Santucci, John; Mallin, Alexander; [Thomas, Pierre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Thomas_\\(journalist\\) \"Pierre Thomas (journalist)\"); Faulders, Katherine (September 25, 2019). [\"Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-trump-call-ukraine-includes-talk-giuliani-barr/story?id=65848768). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n560. **[^](#cite_ref-561 \"Jump up\")** [\"Document: Read the Whistle-Blower Complaint\"](https://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2019/09/24/whistleblower-complaint/assets/amp.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.\n561. **[^](#cite_ref-562 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (October 22, 2019). [\"Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/trump-impeachment-ukraine.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 22, 2019.\n562. **[^](#cite_ref-563 \"Jump up\")** [LaFraniere, Sharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_LaFraniere \"Sharon LaFraniere\") (October 22, 2019). [\"6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/politics/william-taylor-testimony.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 23, 2019.\n563. **[^](#cite_ref-564 \"Jump up\")** Siegel, Benjamin; Faulders, Katherine; Pecorin, Allison (December 13, 2019). [\"House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-judiciary-committee-set-vote-trump-impeachment-articles/story?id=67706093). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved December 13, 2019.\n564. **[^](#cite_ref-565 \"Jump up\")** Gregorian, Dareh (December 18, 2019). [\"Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 18, 2019.\n565. **[^](#cite_ref-566 \"Jump up\")** [Kim, Seung Min](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung_Min_Kim \"Seung Min Kim\"); Wagner, John; [Demirjian, Karoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoun_Demirjian \"Karoun Demirjian\") (January 23, 2020). [\"Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/democrats-detail-abuse-of-power-charge-against-trump-as-republicans-complain-of-repetitive-arguments/2020/01/23/3fb149b4-3e05-11ea-8872-5df698785a4e_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2020.\n566. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-brazen_567-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-brazen_567-1) [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (January 18, 2020). [\"Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/politics/house-trump-impeachment.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 30, 2020.\n567. **[^](#cite_ref-568 \"Jump up\")** Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; [Raju, Manu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Raju \"Manu Raju\"); Fox, Lauren (January 31, 2020). [\"Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails\"](https://cnn.com/2020/01/31/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-last-day/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2020.\n568. **[^](#cite_ref-569 \"Jump up\")** Bookbinder, Noah (January 9, 2020). [\"The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/09/senate-has-conducted-15-impeachment-trials-it-heard-witnesses-every-one/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 8, 2020.\n569. **[^](#cite_ref-570 \"Jump up\")** Wilkie, Christina; Breuninger, Kevin (February 5, 2020). [\"Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n570. **[^](#cite_ref-571 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\") (February 22, 2020). [\"Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/us/politics/trump-disloyalty-turnover.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n571. **[^](#cite_ref-572 \"Jump up\")** Morehouse, Lee (January 31, 2017). [\"Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210255/http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election). _[KTVK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVK \"KTVK\")_. Archived from [the original](https://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.\n572. **[^](#cite_ref-573 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (February 15, 2017). [\"Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved February 19, 2017.\n573. **[^](#cite_ref-574 \"Jump up\")** [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\"); [Burns, Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Burns_\\(journalist\\) \"Alex Burns (journalist)\"); [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (August 24, 2020). [\"Nominating Trump, Republicans Rewrite His Record\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/24/us/politics/republican-convention-recap.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 25, 2020.\n574. **[^](#cite_ref-575 \"Jump up\")** Balcerzak, Ashley; Levinthal, Dave; Levine, Carrie; Kleiner, Sarah; Beachum, Lateshia (February 1, 2019). [\"Donald Trump's campaign cash machine: big, brawny and burning money\"](https://publicintegrity.org/politics/donald-trump-money-campaign-2020/). _[Center for Public Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity \"Center for Public Integrity\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n575. **[^](#cite_ref-576 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane; [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (September 7, 2020). [\"How Trump's Billion-Dollar Campaign Lost Its Cash Advantage\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/us/politics/trump-election-campaign-fundraising.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n576. **[^](#cite_ref-577 \"Jump up\")** Egkolfopoulou, Misyrlena; Allison, Bill; Korte, Gregory (September 14, 2020). [\"Trump Campaign Slashes Ad Spending in Key States in Cash Crunch\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-14/trump-campaign-slashes-ad-spending-in-key-states-in-cash-crunch). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n577. **[^](#cite_ref-578 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); Corasaniti, Nick; [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (July 21, 2020). [\"As Trump Pushes into Portland, His Campaign Ads Turn Darker\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-portland-federal-agents.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 25, 2020.\n578. **[^](#cite_ref-579 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (August 28, 2020). [\"Nearly every claim Trump made about Biden's positions was false\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/28/nearly-every-claim-trump-made-about-bidens-positions-was-false/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n579. **[^](#cite_ref-580 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\"); Subramaniam, Tara; Lybrand, Holmes (August 31, 2020). [\"Fact check: Trump makes more false claims about Biden and protests\"](https://cnn.com/2020/08/31/politics/trump-kenosha-briefing-fact-check/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n580. **[^](#cite_ref-581 \"Jump up\")** Hopkins, Dan (August 27, 2020). [\"Why Trump's Racist Appeals Might Be Less Effective In 2020 Than They Were In 2016\"](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-trumps-racist-appeals-might-be-less-effective-in-2020-than-they-were-in-2016). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. Retrieved May 28, 2021.\n581. **[^](#cite_ref-582 \"Jump up\")** Kumar, Anita (August 8, 2020). [\"Trump aides exploring executive actions to curb voting by mail\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/08/trump-wants-to-cut-mail-in-voting-the-republican-machine-is-helping-him-392428). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 15, 2020.\n582. **[^](#cite_ref-583 \"Jump up\")** [Saul, Stephanie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Saul \"Stephanie Saul\"); Epstein, Reid J. (August 31, 2020). [\"Trump Is Pushing a False Argument on Vote-by-Mail Fraud. Here Are the Facts\"](https://www.nytimes.com/article/mail-in-voting-explained.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n583. **[^](#cite_ref-584 \"Jump up\")** Bogage, Jacob (August 12, 2020). [\"Trump says Postal Service needs money for mail-in voting, but he'll keep blocking funding\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/08/12/postal-service-ballots-dejoy/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2020.\n584. **[^](#cite_ref-585 \"Jump up\")** [Sonmez, Felicia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Sonmez \"Felicia Sonmez\") (July 19, 2020). [\"Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-declines-to-say-whether-he-will-accept-november-election-results/2020/07/19/40009804-c9c7-11ea-91f1-28aca4d833a0_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n585. **[^](#cite_ref-586 \"Jump up\")** Browne, Ryan; [Starr, Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Starr \"Barbara Starr\") (September 25, 2020). [\"As Trump refuses to commit to a peaceful transition, Pentagon stresses it will play no role in the election\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/25/politics/pentagon-election-insurrection-act/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n586. **[^](#cite_ref-vote1_587-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n587. **[^](#cite_ref-vote2_588-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n588. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-formalize_589-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-formalize_589-1) Holder, Josh; [Gabriel, Trip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_Gabriel \"Trip Gabriel\"); Paz, Isabella Grullón (December 14, 2020). [\"Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n589. **[^](#cite_ref-590 \"Jump up\")** [\"With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-statement/with-results-from-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-idUKKBN27K0U3). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.\n590. **[^](#cite_ref-591 \"Jump up\")** King, Ledyard (November 7, 2020). [\"Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/07/joe-biden-victory-president-trump-claims-election-far-over/6202892002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2020.\n591. **[^](#cite_ref-592 \"Jump up\")** [Helderman, Rosalind S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_S._Helderman \"Rosalind S. Helderman\"); Viebeck, Elise (December 12, 2020). [\"'The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n592. **[^](#cite_ref-593 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (December 14, 2020). [\"The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/12/14/most-remarkable-rebukes-trumps-legal-case-judges-he-hand-picked/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n593. **[^](#cite_ref-594 \"Jump up\")** Woodward, Calvin (November 16, 2020). [\"AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence\"](https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved November 17, 2020.\n594. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC_election_595-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump fires election security official who contradicted him\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54982360). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.\n595. **[^](#cite_ref-596 \"Jump up\")** [Liptak, Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Liptak \"Adam Liptak\") (December 11, 2020). [\"Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/us/politics/supreme-court-election-texas.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n596. **[^](#cite_ref-597 \"Jump up\")** Smith, David (November 21, 2020). [\"Trump's monumental sulk: president retreats from public eye as Covid ravages US\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/21/trump-monumental-sulk-president-retreats-from-public-eye-covid-ravages-us). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n597. **[^](#cite_ref-598 \"Jump up\")** Lamire, Jonathan; Miller, Zeke (November 9, 2020). [\"Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition\"](https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-2d39186996f69de245e59c966d4d140f). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved November 10, 2020.\n598. **[^](#cite_ref-599 \"Jump up\")** Timm, Jane C.; Smith, Allan (November 14, 2020). [\"Trump is stonewalling Biden's transition. Here's why it matters\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-stonewalling-biden-s-transition-here-s-why-it-matters-n1247768). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved November 26, 2020.\n599. **[^](#cite_ref-600 \"Jump up\")** Rein, Lisa (November 23, 2020). [\"Under pressure, Trump appointee Emily Murphy approves transition in unusually personal letter to Biden\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gsa-emily-murphy-transition-biden/2020/11/23/c0f43e84-2de0-11eb-96c2-aac3f162215d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved November 24, 2020.\n600. **[^](#cite_ref-601 \"Jump up\")** Naylor, Brian; Wise, Alana (November 23, 2020). [\"President-Elect Biden To Begin Formal Transition Process After Agency OK\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/23/937956178/trump-administration-to-begin-biden-transition-protocols). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n601. **[^](#cite_ref-602 \"Jump up\")** Ordoñez, Franco; Rampton, Roberta (November 26, 2020). [\"Trump Is In No Mood To Concede, But Says Will Leave White House\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/26/939386434/trump-is-in-no-mood-to-concede-but-says-will-leave-white-house). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n602. **[^](#cite_ref-603 \"Jump up\")** Gardner, Amy (January 3, 2021). [\"'I just want to find 11,780 votes': In extraordinary hour-long call, Trump pressures Georgia secretary of state to recalculate the vote in his favor\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-raffensperger-call-georgia-vote/2021/01/03/d45acb92-4dc4-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 20, 2021.\n603. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-pressure_604-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-pressure_604-1) Kumar, Anita; Orr, Gabby; McGraw, Meridith (December 21, 2020). [\"Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-pressure-campaign-overturn-election-449486). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2020.\n604. **[^](#cite_ref-605 \"Jump up\")** Cohen, Marshall (November 5, 2021). [\"Timeline of the coup: How Trump tried to weaponize the Justice Department to overturn the 2020 election\"](https://cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/january-6-timeline-trump-coup/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved November 6, 2021.\n605. **[^](#cite_ref-606 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); Karni, Annie (January 5, 2021). [\"Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/us/politics/pence-trump-election-results.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 7, 2021.\n606. **[^](#cite_ref-607 \"Jump up\")** Fausset, Richard; Hakim, Danny (February 10, 2021). [\"Georgia Prosecutors Open Criminal Inquiry Into Trump's Efforts to Subvert Election\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/us/politics/trump-georgia-investigation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 11, 2021.\n607. **[^](#cite_ref-608 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (January 20, 2021). [\"Trump Departs Vowing, 'We Will Be Back in Some Form'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-presidency.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 25, 2021.\n608. **[^](#cite_ref-609 \"Jump up\")** Arkin, William M. (December 24, 2020). [\"Exclusive: Donald Trump's martial-law talk has military on red alert\"](https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-donald-trumps-martial-law-talk-has-military-red-alert-1557056). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n609. **[^](#cite_ref-610 \"Jump up\")** Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Cohen, Marshall; Stuart, Elizabeth; [Starr, Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Starr \"Barbara Starr\") (July 14, 2021). [\"'They're not going to f\\*\\*king succeed': Top generals feared Trump would attempt a coup after election, according to new book\"](https://cnn.com/2021/07/14/politics/donald-trump-election-coup-new-book-excerpt/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n610. **[^](#cite_ref-611 \"Jump up\")** Breuninger, Kevin (July 15, 2021). [\"Top U.S. Gen. Mark Milley feared Trump would attempt a coup after his loss to Biden, new book says\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/15/mark-milley-feared-coup-after-trump-lost-to-biden-book.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n611. **[^](#cite_ref-612 \"Jump up\")** Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 14, 2021). [\"Woodward/Costa book: Worried Trump could 'go rogue,' Milley took top-secret action to protect nuclear weapons\"](https://cnn.com/2021/09/14/politics/woodward-book-trump-nuclear/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n612. **[^](#cite_ref-613 \"Jump up\")** Schmidt, Michael S. (September 14, 2021). [\"Fears That Trump Might Launch a Strike Prompted General to Reassure China, Book Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/14/us/politics/peril-woodward-book-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n613. **[^](#cite_ref-614 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (January 10, 2021). [\"Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 11, 2021.\n614. **[^](#cite_ref-615 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump Speech 'Save America' Rally Transcript January 6\"](https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6). _[Rev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev_\\(company\\) \"Rev (company)\")_. January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n615. **[^](#cite_ref-616 \"Jump up\")** Tan, Shelley; Shin, Youjin; Rindler, Danielle (January 9, 2021). [\"How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 2, 2021.\n616. **[^](#cite_ref-617 \"Jump up\")** Panetta, Grace; Lahut, Jake; Zavarise, Isabella; Frias, Lauren (December 21, 2022). [\"A timeline of what Trump was doing as his MAGA mob attacked the US Capitol on Jan. 6\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-what-trump-was-doing-as-his-mob-attacked-the-capitol-on-jan-6-2022-7). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2023.\n617. **[^](#cite_ref-618 \"Jump up\")** Gregorian, Dareh; Gibson, Ginger; Kapur, Sahil; Helsel, Phil (January 6, 2021). [\"Congress confirms Biden's win after pro-Trump mob's assault on Capitol\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/congress-begin-electoral-vote-count-amid-protests-inside-outside-capitol-n1253013). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n618. **[^](#cite_ref-619 \"Jump up\")** Rubin, Olivia; Mallin, Alexander; Steakin, Will (January 4, 2022). [\"By the numbers: How the Jan. 6 investigation is shaping up 1 year later\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/numbers-jan-investigation-shaping-year/story?id=82057743). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved June 4, 2023.\n619. **[^](#cite_ref-620 \"Jump up\")** Cameron, Chris (January 5, 2022). [\"These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 29, 2022.\n620. **[^](#cite_ref-621 \"Jump up\")** Terkel, Amanda (May 11, 2023). [\"Trump says he would pardon a 'large portion' of Jan. 6 rioters\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-says-pardon-large-portion-jan-6-rioters-rcna83873). _[NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")_. Retrieved June 3, 2023.\n621. **[^](#cite_ref-622 \"Jump up\")** Naylor, Brian (January 11, 2021). [\"Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' of Capitol Insurrection\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/11/955631105/impeachment-resolution-cites-trumps-incitement-of-capitol-insurrection). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved January 11, 2021.\n622. **[^](#cite_ref-SecondImpeachment_623-0 \"Jump up\")** [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (January 13, 2021). [\"Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n623. **[^](#cite_ref-624 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (January 13, 2021). [\"Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/13/trumps-second-impeachment-is-most-bipartisan-one-history/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 19, 2021.\n624. **[^](#cite_ref-625 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Sam; Gambino, Lauren (February 13, 2021). [\"Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved February 13, 2021.\n625. **[^](#cite_ref-626 \"Jump up\")** [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (February 13, 2021). [\"Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/us/politics/trump-impeachment.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 14, 2021.\n626. **[^](#cite_ref-627 \"Jump up\")** Watson, Kathryn; Quinn, Melissa; Segers, Grace; Becket, Stefan (February 10, 2021). [\"Senate finds Trump impeachment trial constitutional on first day of proceedings\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-impeachment-trial-senate-constitutional-day-1/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved February 18, 2021.\n627. **[^](#cite_ref-628 \"Jump up\")** Wolfe, Jan (January 27, 2021). [\"Explainer: Why Trump's post-presidency perks, like a pension and office, are safe for the rest of his life\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-benefits-explai-idUSKBN29W238). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n628. **[^](#cite_ref-629 \"Jump up\")** Quinn, Melissa (January 27, 2021). [\"Trump opens 'Office of the Former President' in Florida\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-office-former-president-florida/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n629. **[^](#cite_ref-630 \"Jump up\")** Spencer, Terry (January 28, 2021). [\"Palm Beach considers options as Trump remains at Mar-a-Lago\"](https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-fort-lauderdale-florida-mar-a-lago-melania-trump-fd4fd80c6a2d7ef23a274c0597700730). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n630. **[^](#cite_ref-631 \"Jump up\")** Durkee, Allison (May 7, 2021). [\"Trump Can Legally Live At Mar-A-Lago, Palm Beach Says\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/05/07/trump-can-legally-live-at-mar-a-lago-palm-beach-says/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved March 7, 2024.\n631. **[^](#cite_ref-632 \"Jump up\")** Solender, Andrew (May 3, 2021). [\"Trump Says He'll Appropriate 'The Big Lie' To Refer To His Election Loss\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/03/trump-says-hell-appropriate-the-big-lie-to-refer-to-his-election-loss/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n632. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-key_633-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-key_633-1) Wolf, Zachary B. (May 19, 2021). [\"The 5 key elements of Trump's Big Lie and how it came to be\"](https://cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/donald-trump-big-lie-explainer/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n633. **[^](#cite_ref-634 \"Jump up\")** Balz, Dan (May 29, 2021). [\"The GOP push to revisit 2020 has worrisome implications for future elections\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-big-lie-elections-impact/2021/05/29/d7992fa2-c07d-11eb-b26e-53663e6be6ff_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 18, 2021.\n634. **[^](#cite_ref-635 \"Jump up\")** [Bender, Michael C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_C._Bender \"Michael C. Bender\"); Epstein, Reid J. (July 20, 2022). [\"Trump Recently Urged a Powerful Legislator to Overturn His 2020 Defeat in Wisconsin\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/21/us/politics/trump-wisconsin-election-call.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2022.\n635. **[^](#cite_ref-636 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane (April 17, 2022). [\"Mar-a-Lago Machine: Trump as a Modern-Day Party Boss\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/17/us/politics/trump-mar-a-lago.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 31, 2022.\n636. **[^](#cite_ref-637 \"Jump up\")** Paybarah, Azi (August 2, 2022). [\"Where Trump's Endorsement Record Stands Halfway through Primary Season\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/02/us/politics/trump-endorsements-midterm-primary-election.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 3, 2022.\n637. **[^](#cite_ref-lat_638-0 \"Jump up\")** Castleman, Terry; Mason, Melanie (August 5, 2022). [\"Tracking Trump's endorsement record in the 2022 primary elections\"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-05-03/trump-endorsements-2022-election). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved August 6, 2022.\n638. **[^](#cite_ref-639 \"Jump up\")** Lyons, Kim (December 6, 2021). [\"SEC investigating Trump SPAC deal to take his social media platform public\"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/6/22820389/sec-trump-spac-deal-investigation-truth-social-media-platform-public). _[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge \"The Verge\")_. Retrieved December 30, 2021.\n639. **[^](#cite_ref-640 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump Media & Technology Group Corp\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1934403D:US). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved December 30, 2021.\n640. **[^](#cite_ref-641 \"Jump up\")** Harwell, Drew (March 26, 2024). [\"Trump Media soars in first day of public tradings\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/03/25/truth-social-trump-media-stock-market-billions/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 28, 2024.\n641. **[^](#cite_ref-642 \"Jump up\")** Bhuyian, Johana (February 21, 2022). [\"Donald Trump's social media app launches on Apple store\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/21/donald-trumps-social-media-app-truth-social-launches-on-apple-store). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2023.\n642. **[^](#cite_ref-643 \"Jump up\")** Lowell, Hugo (March 15, 2023). [\"Federal investigators examined Trump Media for possible money laundering, sources say\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/15/trump-media-investigated-possible-money-laundering). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2023.\n643. **[^](#cite_ref-644 \"Jump up\")** Durkee, Alison (March 15, 2023). [\"Trump's Media Company Reportedly Under Federal Investigation For Money Laundering Linked To Russia\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2023/03/15/trumps-media-company-reportedly-under-federal-investigation-for-money-laundering-linked-to-russia/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved March 15, 2023.\n644. **[^](#cite_ref-645 \"Jump up\")** Roebuck, Jeremy (May 30, 2024). [\"Donald Trump conviction: Will he go to prison? Can he still run for president? What happens now?\"](https://www.inquirer.com/news/nation-world/donald-trump-guilty-verdict-what-next-prison-election-20240530.html). _[Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer \"Philadelphia Inquirer\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n645. **[^](#cite_ref-646 \"Jump up\")** Sisak, Michael R. (May 30, 2024). [\"Trump Investigations\"](https://apnews.com/projects/trump-investigations-civil-criminal-tracker/). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n646. **[^](#cite_ref-647 \"Jump up\")** [\"Keeping Track of the Trump Criminal Cases\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/us/trump-investigations-charges-indictments.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. May 30, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n647. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-cnn-tl_648-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-cnn-tl_648-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-cnn-tl_648-2) Lybrand, Holmes; Cohen, Marshall; Rabinowitz, Hannah (August 12, 2022). [\"Timeline: The Justice Department criminal inquiry into Trump taking classified documents to Mar-a-Lago\"](https://cnn.com/2022/08/09/politics/doj-investigation-trump-documents-timeline/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n648. **[^](#cite_ref-649 \"Jump up\")** Montague, Zach; McCarthy, Lauren (August 9, 2022). [\"The Timeline Related to the F.B.I.'s Search of Mar-a-Lago\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/us/politics/trump-classified-records-timeline.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n649. **[^](#cite_ref-650 \"Jump up\")** Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn (August 13, 2022). [\"Trump Lawyer Told Justice Dept. That Classified Material Had Been Returned\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/13/us/politics/trump-classified-material-fbi.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n650. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-bddj0812_651-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-bddj0812_651-1) Barrett, Devlin; Dawsey, Josh (August 12, 2022). [\"Agents at Trump's Mar-a-Lago seized 11 sets of classified documents, court filing shows\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/08/12/trump-warrant-release/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n651. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-NYT-20220812_652-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NYT-20220812_652-1) Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn; [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (August 12, 2022). [\"Files Seized From Trump Are Part of Espionage Act Inquiry\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/us/trump-espionage-act-laws-fbi.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2022.\n652. **[^](#cite_ref-nuclear_653-0 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Dawsey, Josh; Stein, Perry; Harris, Shane (August 12, 2022). [\"FBI searched Trump's home to look for nuclear documents and other items, sources say\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/08/11/garland-trump-mar-a-lago/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n653. **[^](#cite_ref-654 \"Jump up\")** Swan, Betsy; Cheney, Kyle; Wu, Nicholas (August 12, 2022). [\"FBI search warrant shows Trump under investigation for potential obstruction of justice, Espionage Act violations\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/12/search-warrant-shows-trump-under-investigation-for-potential-obstruction-of-justice-espionage-act-violations-00051507). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n654. **[^](#cite_ref-655 \"Jump up\")** Thrush, Glenn; [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\"); Haberman, Maggie; Feuer, Alan (November 18, 2022). [\"Garland Names Special Counsel for Trump Inquiries\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/us/politics/trump-special-counsel-garland.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 19, 2022.\n655. **[^](#cite_ref-656 \"Jump up\")** Tucker, Eric; Balsamo, Michael (November 18, 2022). [\"Garland names special counsel to lead Trump-related probes\"](https://apnews.com/article/politics-donald-trump-merrick-garland-government-and-550c01de053c08db4d53ca57f315feb6). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved November 19, 2022.\n656. **[^](#cite_ref-657 \"Jump up\")** Feuer, Alan (December 19, 2022). [\"It's Unclear Whether the Justice Dept. Will Take Up the Jan. 6 Panel's Charges\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/us/politics/jan-6-trump-justice-dept.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 25, 2023.\n657. **[^](#cite_ref-658 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\"); Stein, Perry; [Alemany, Jacqueline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Alemany \"Jacqueline Alemany\") (June 9, 2023). [\"Trump Put National Secrets at Risk, Prosecutors Say in Historic Indictment\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/09/trump-tape-classified-documents/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 10, 2023.\n658. **[^](#cite_ref-659 \"Jump up\")** Greve, Joan E.; Lowell, Hugo (June 14, 2023). [\"Trump pleads not guilty to 37 federal criminal counts in Mar-a-Lago case\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/13/trump-arraignment-not-guilty-charges-mar-a-lago-documents-court). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 14, 2023.\n659. **[^](#cite_ref-660 \"Jump up\")** Schonfeld, Zach (July 28, 2023). [\"5 revelations from new Trump charges\"](https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4124168-revelations-from-new-trump-charges/). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved August 4, 2023.\n660. **[^](#cite_ref-661 \"Jump up\")** Savage, Charlie (June 9, 2023). [\"A Trump-Appointed Judge Who Showed Him Favor Gets the Documents Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/09/us/politics/trump-documents-judge-aileen-cannon.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_.\n661. **[^](#cite_ref-662 \"Jump up\")** Tucker, Eric (July 15, 2024). [\"Federal judge dismisses Trump classified documents case over concerns with prosecutor's appointment\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-classified-documents-smith-c66d5ffb7ba86c1b991f95e89bdeba0c). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved July 15, 2024.\n662. **[^](#cite_ref-663 \"Jump up\")** Mallin, Alexander (August 26, 2024). [\"Prosecutors Appeal Dismissal of Trump Documents Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/26/us/politics/trump-documents-appeal-jack-smith.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 27, 2024.\n663. **[^](#cite_ref-664 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S.; Stein, Perry; Dawsey, Josh; Alemany, Jacqueline (August 2, 2023). [\"Trump charged in probe of Jan. 6, efforts to overturn 2020 election\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/08/01/trump-indictment-jan-6-2020-election/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2023.\n664. **[^](#cite_ref-665 \"Jump up\")** Sneed, Tierney; Rabinowitz, Hannah; Polantz, Katelyn; Lybrand, Holmes (August 3, 2023). [\"Donald Trump pleads not guilty to January 6-related charges\"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/03/politics/arraignment-trump-election-interference-indictment/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 3, 2023.\n665. **[^](#cite_ref-666 \"Jump up\")** Lowell, Hugo; Wicker, Jewel (August 15, 2023). [\"Donald Trump and allies indicted in Georgia over bid to reverse 2020 election loss\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/14/donald-trump-georgia-indictment-2020-election). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2023.\n666. **[^](#cite_ref-667 \"Jump up\")** Drenon, Brandon (August 25, 2023). [\"What are the charges in Trump's Georgia indictment?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66503668). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2023.\n667. **[^](#cite_ref-668 \"Jump up\")** Pereira, Ivan; Barr, Luke (August 25, 2023). [\"Trump mug shot released by Fulton County Sheriff's Office\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-mug-shot-released-georgia-sheriffs-office/story?id=102544727). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved August 25, 2023.\n668. **[^](#cite_ref-669 \"Jump up\")** Rabinowitz, Hannah (August 31, 2023). [\"Trump pleads not guilty in Georgia election subversion case\"](https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/31/politics/trump-not-guilty-plea-fulton-county/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 31, 2023.\n669. **[^](#cite_ref-670 \"Jump up\")** Bailey, Holly (March 13, 2024). [\"Georgia judge dismisses six charges in Trump election interference case\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/03/13/trump-georgia-election-case-charges-dropped/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 14, 2024.\n670. **[^](#cite_ref-671 \"Jump up\")** Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K.; Bromwich, Jonah E. (July 1, 2021). [\"Trump Organization Is Charged in 15-Year Tax Scheme\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/nyregion/allen-weisselberg-charged-trump-organization.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 1, 2021.\n671. **[^](#cite_ref-672 \"Jump up\")** Anuta, Joe (January 10, 2023). [\"Ex-Trump Org. CFO Allen Weisselberg sentenced to 5 months in jail for tax fraud\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/10/trump-org-weisselberg-sentenced-tax-fraud-00077285). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2023.\n672. **[^](#cite_ref-673 \"Jump up\")** Kara Scannell and Lauren del Valle (December 6, 2022). [\"Trump Organization found guilty on all counts of criminal tax fraud\"](https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/06/politics/trump-organization-fraud-trial-verdict/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_.\n673. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Chadha_674-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Chadha_674-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Chadha_674-2) Janaki Chadha (January 12, 2023). [\"Trump Org. fined $1.6 million for criminal tax fraud\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/13/trump-org-fined-1-6-million-for-criminal-tax-fraud-00077877). _Politico_.\n674. **[^](#cite_ref-675 \"Jump up\")** [Ellison, Sarah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Ellison \"Sarah Ellison\"); Farhi, Paul (December 12, 2018). [\"Publisher of the National Enquirer admits to hush-money payments made on Trump's behalf\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/publisher-of-the-national-enquirer-admits-to-hush-money-payments-made-on-trumps-behalf/2018/12/12/ebf24b76-fe49-11e8-83c0-b06139e540e5_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 17, 2021.\n675. **[^](#cite_ref-676 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (August 21, 2018). [\"How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 25, 2019.\n676. **[^](#cite_ref-677 \"Jump up\")** Neumeister, Larry; Hays, Tom (August 22, 2018). [\"Cohen pleads guilty, implicates Trump in hush-money scheme\"](https://apnews.com/article/74aaf72511d64fceb1d64529207bde64). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n677. **[^](#cite_ref-678 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Louis (March 7, 2018). [\"White House on Stormy Daniels: Trump 'denied all these allegations'\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/trump-stormy-daniels-payment-444133). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n678. **[^](#cite_ref-679 \"Jump up\")** Singman, Brooke (August 22, 2018). [\"Trump insists he learned of Michael Cohen payments 'later on', in 'Fox & Friends' exclusive\"](http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/22/trump-insists-learned-michael-cohen-payments-later-on-in-fox-friends-exclusive.html). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved August 23, 2018.\n679. **[^](#cite_ref-680 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (December 7, 2018). [\"Court filings directly implicate Trump in efforts to buy women's silence, reveal new contact between inner circle and Russian\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-prosecutors-recommend-substantial-prison-term-for-former-trump-lawyer-michael-cohen/2018/12/07/e144f248-f7f3-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 7, 2018.\n680. **[^](#cite_ref-681 \"Jump up\")** Allen, Jonathan; Stempel, Jonathan (July 18, 2019). [\"FBI documents point to Trump role in hush money for porn star Daniels\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cohen/documents-detail-trump-teams-efforts-to-arrange-payment-to-porn-star-idUSKCN1UD18D). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved July 22, 2019.\n681. **[^](#cite_ref-682 \"Jump up\")** Mustian, Jim (July 19, 2019). [\"Records detail frenetic effort to bury stories about Trump\"](https://apnews.com/article/2d4138abfd0b4e71a63c94d3203e435a). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved July 22, 2019.\n682. **[^](#cite_ref-683 \"Jump up\")** Mustian, Jim (July 19, 2019). [\"Why no hush-money charges against Trump? Feds are silent\"](https://apnews.com/article/0543a381b39a42d09c27567274477983). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n683. **[^](#cite_ref-684 \"Jump up\")** Harding, Luke; Holpuch, Amanda (May 19, 2021). [\"New York attorney general opens criminal investigation into Trump Organization\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/19/new-york-investigation-into-trump-organization-now-criminal-says-attorney-general). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 19, 2021.\n684. **[^](#cite_ref-685 \"Jump up\")** Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K. (August 1, 2019). [\"Manhattan D.A. Subpoenas Trump Organization Over Stormy Daniels Hush Money\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/nyregion/trump-cohen-stormy-daniels-vance.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n685. **[^](#cite_ref-686 \"Jump up\")** Rashbaum, William K.; Protess, Ben (September 16, 2019). [\"8 Years of Trump Tax Returns Are Subpoenaed by Manhattan D.A.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/nyregion/trump-tax-returns-cy-vance.html) _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n686. **[^](#cite_ref-687 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin (May 29, 2024). [\"Jurors must be unanimous to convict Trump, can disagree on underlying crimes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/05/29/jurors-must-be-unanimous-convict-trump-can-disagree-underlying-crimes/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 15, 2024.\n687. **[^](#cite_ref-688 \"Jump up\")** Scannell, Kara; Miller, John; Herb, Jeremy; Cole, Devan (March 31, 2023). [\"Donald Trump indicted by Manhattan grand jury on 34 counts related to fraud\"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/30/politics/donald-trump-indictment/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved April 1, 2023.\n688. **[^](#cite_ref-689 \"Jump up\")** Marimow, Ann E. (April 4, 2023). [\"Here are the 34 charges against Trump and what they mean\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/04/04/trump-charges-34-counts-felony/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2023.\n689. **[^](#cite_ref-690 \"Jump up\")** Reiss, Adam; Grumbach, Gary; Gregorian, Dareh; Winter, Tom; Frankel, Jillian (May 30, 2024). [\"Donald Trump found guilty in historic New York hush money case\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/donald-trump-verdict-hush-money-trial-rcna152492). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2024.\n690. **[^](#cite_ref-691 \"Jump up\")** Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K.; Christobek, Kate; Parnell, Wesley (July 3, 2024). [\"Judge Delays Trump's Sentencing Until Sept. 18 After Immunity Claim\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/nyregion/trump-sentencing-hush-money-trial.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 13, 2024.\n691. **[^](#cite_ref-692 \"Jump up\")** Scannell, Kara (September 21, 2022). [\"New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business\"](https://cnn.com/2022/09/21/politics/trump-new-york-attorney-general-letitia-james-fraud-lawsuit/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 21, 2022.\n692. **[^](#cite_ref-693 \"Jump up\")** Katersky, Aaron (February 14, 2023). [\"Court upholds fine imposed on Trump over his failure to comply with subpoena\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/court-upholds-fine-imposed-trump-failure-comply-subpoena/story?id=97195194). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2024.\n693. **[^](#cite_ref-694 \"Jump up\")** Bromwich, Jonah E.; Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K. (August 10, 2022). [\"Trump Invokes Fifth Amendment, Attacking Legal System as Troubles Mount\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/nyregion/trump-james-deposition-fifth-amendment.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 11, 2011.\n694. **[^](#cite_ref-695 \"Jump up\")** Kates, Graham (September 26, 2023). [\"Donald Trump and his company \"repeatedly\" violated fraud law, New York judge rules\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-company-violated-fraud-law-new-york-judge-rules/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_.\n695. **[^](#cite_ref-696 \"Jump up\")** Bromwich, Jonah E.; Protess, Ben (February 17, 2024). [\"Trump Fraud Trial Penalty Will Exceed $450 Million\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/nyregion/trump-civil-fraud-trial-ruling.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2024.\n696. **[^](#cite_ref-697 \"Jump up\")** Sullivan, Becky; Bernstein, Andrea; Marritz, Ilya; Lawrence, Quil (May 9, 2023). [\"A jury finds Trump liable for battery and defamation in E. Jean Carroll trial\"](https://www.npr.org/2023/05/09/1174975870/trump-carroll-verdict). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved May 10, 2023.\n697. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-bid_698-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-bid_698-1) Orden, Erica (July 19, 2023). [\"Trump loses bid for new trial in E. Jean Carroll case\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/19/trump-loses-bid-new-trial-carroll-00107025). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2023.\n698. **[^](#cite_ref-699 \"Jump up\")** Scannell, Kara (August 7, 2023). [\"Judge dismisses Trump's defamation lawsuit against Carroll for statements she made on CNN\"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/07/politics/e-jean-carroll-trump-defamation-lawsuit-dismissed/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 7, 2023.\n699. **[^](#cite_ref-Reiss_Gregorian_8/7/2023_700-0 \"Jump up\")** Reiss, Adam; Gregorian, Dareh (August 7, 2023). [\"Judge tosses Trump's counterclaim against E. Jean Carroll, finding rape claim is 'substantially true'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/judge-tosses-trumps-counterclaim-e-jean-carroll-finding-rape-claim-sub-rcna98577). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2023.\n700. **[^](#cite_ref-701 \"Jump up\")** Stempel, Jonathan (August 10, 2023). [\"Trump appeals dismissal of defamation claim against E. Jean Carroll\"](https://www.reuters.com/legal/trump-appeals-dismissal-defamation-claim-against-e-jean-carroll-2023-08-10/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved August 17, 2023.\n701. **[^](#cite_ref-702 \"Jump up\")** Kates, Graham (March 8, 2024). [\"Trump posts $91 million bond to appeal E. Jean Carroll defamation verdict\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-posts-bond-e-jean-carroll-case-91-million/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2024.\n702. **[^](#cite_ref-703 \"Jump up\")** Arnsdorf, Isaac; Scherer, Michael (November 15, 2022). [\"Trump, who as president fomented an insurrection, says he is running again\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/15/trump-2024-announcement-running-president/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 5, 2022.\n703. **[^](#cite_ref-704 \"Jump up\")** Schouten, Fredreka (November 16, 2022). [\"Questions about Donald Trump's campaign money, answered\"](https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/politics/donald-trump-war-chest-presidential-campaign/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved December 5, 2022.\n704. **[^](#cite_ref-705 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane; Haberman, Maggie (June 25, 2023). [\"As Legal Fees Mount, Trump Steers Donations Into PAC That Has Covered Them\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/25/us/politics/trump-donations-legal-fees.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2023.\n705. **[^](#cite_ref-706 \"Jump up\")** Escobar, Molly Cook; Sun, Albert; Goldmacher, Shane (March 27, 2024). [\"How Trump Moved Money to Pay $100 Million in Legal Bills\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/27/us/politics/trump-cases-legal-fund.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n706. **[^](#cite_ref-707 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Sam (March 4, 2024). [\"Trump was wrongly removed from Colorado ballot, US supreme court rules\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/04/trump-scotus-colorado-ruling). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 23, 2024.\n707. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT_Authoritarian_Bent_708-0 \"Jump up\")** Bender, Michael C.; Gold, Michael (November 20, 2023). [\"Trump's Dire Words Raise New Fears About His Authoritarian Bent\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/us/politics/trump-rhetoric-fascism.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_.\n708. **[^](#cite_ref-709 \"Jump up\")** Stone, Peter (November 22, 2023). [\"'Openly authoritarian campaign': Trump's threats of revenge fuel alarm\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/22/trump-revenge-game-plan-alarm). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_.\n709. **[^](#cite_ref-710 \"Jump up\")** Colvin, Jill; Barrow, Bill (December 7, 2023). [\"Trump's vow to only be a dictator on 'day one' follows growing worry over his authoritarian rhetoric\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_.\n710. **[^](#cite_ref-711 \"Jump up\")** LeVine, Marianne (November 12, 2023). [\"Trump calls political enemies 'vermin,' echoing dictators Hitler, Mussolini\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/12/trump-rally-vermin-political-opponents). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_.\n711. **[^](#cite_ref-712 \"Jump up\")** Sam Levine (November 10, 2023). [\"Trump suggests he would use FBI to go after political rivals if elected in 2024\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/trump-fbi-rivals-2024-election). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_.\n712. **[^](#cite_ref-713 \"Jump up\")** Vazquez, Maegan (November 10, 2023). [\"Trump says on Univision he could weaponize FBI, DOJ against his enemies\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/09/trump-interview-univision/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_.\n713. **[^](#cite_ref-714 \"Jump up\")** Gold, Michael; Huynh, Anjali (April 2, 2024). [\"Trump Again Invokes 'Blood Bath' and Dehumanizes Migrants in Border Remarks\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/us/politics/trump-border-blood-bath.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n714. **[^](#cite_ref-715 \"Jump up\")** Savage, Charlie; Haberman, Maggie; Swan, Jonathan (November 11, 2023). [\"Sweeping Raids, Giant Camps and Mass Deportations: Inside Trump's 2025 Immigration Plans\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_.\n715. **[^](#cite_ref-716 \"Jump up\")** Layne, Nathan; Slattery, Gram; Reid, Tim (April 3, 2024). [\"Trump calls migrants 'animals,' intensifying focus on illegal immigration\"](https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-expected-highlight-murder-michigan-woman-immigration-speech-2024-04-02/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n716. **[^](#cite_ref-717 \"Jump up\")** Philbrick, Ian Prasad; Bentahar, Lyna (December 5, 2023). [\"Donald Trump's 2024 Campaign, in His Own Menacing Words\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/us/politics/trump-2024-president-campaign.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n717. **[^](#cite_ref-718 \"Jump up\")** Hutchinson, Bill; Cohen, Miles (July 16, 2024). [\"Gunman opened fire at Trump rally as witnesses say they tried to alert police\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/witnesses-trump-assassination-attempt-gunman-roof-shooting/story?id=111947616). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved July 17, 2024.\n718. **[^](#cite_ref-719 \"Jump up\")** [\"AP PHOTOS: Shooting at Trump rally in Pennsylvania\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-shooting-photo-gallery-561478b3f90c950c741eeaa24c6dc159). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.\n719. **[^](#cite_ref-720 \"Jump up\")** Colvin, Jill; Condon, Bernard (July 21, 2024). [\"Trump campaign releases letter on his injury, treatment after last week's assassination attempt\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-ronny-jackson-shooting-medical-report-e95a2888cd5eeb64820d6fa789b03463). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved August 20, 2024.\n720. **[^](#cite_ref-721 \"Jump up\")** Astor, Maggie (July 15, 2024). [\"What to Know About J.D. Vance, Trump's Running Mate\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/15/us/politics/who-is-jd-vance-trump-vp.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 15, 2024.\n721. **[^](#cite_ref-722 \"Jump up\")** [\"Presidential Historians Survey 2021\"](https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/). _[C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\")_. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n722. **[^](#cite_ref-723 \"Jump up\")** Sheehey, Maeve (June 30, 2021). [\"Trump debuts at 41st in C-SPAN presidential rankings\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/30/trump-cspan-president-ranking-497184). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved March 31, 2023.\n723. **[^](#cite_ref-724 \"Jump up\")** Brockell, Gillian (June 30, 2021). [\"Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn't last\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 1, 2021.\n724. **[^](#cite_ref-scri_22_725-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"American Presidents: Greatest and Worst\"](https://scri.siena.edu/2022/06/22/american-presidents-greatest-and-worst/). _[Siena College Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute \"Siena College Research Institute\")_. June 22, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.\n725. **[^](#cite_ref-726 \"Jump up\")** Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). [\"Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 13, 2024.\n726. **[^](#cite_ref-727 \"Jump up\")** Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2024). [\"In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call\"](https://www.npr.org/2024/02/19/1232447088/historians-presidents-survey-trump-last-biden-14th). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_.\n727. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Jones_728-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Jones_728-1) Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 18, 2021). [\"Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%\"](https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx). _[Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n728. **[^](#cite_ref-729 \"Jump up\")** Klein, Ezra (September 2, 2020). [\"Can anything change Americans' minds about Donald Trump? The eerie stability of Trump's approval rating, explained\"](https://www.vox.com/2020/9/2/21409364/trump-approval-rating-2020-election-voters-coronavirus-convention-polls). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n729. **[^](#cite_ref-730 \"Jump up\")** Enten, Harry (January 16, 2021). [\"Trump finishes with worst first term approval rating ever\"](https://cnn.com/2021/01/16/politics/trump-approval-analysis/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n730. **[^](#cite_ref-731 \"Jump up\")** [\"Most Admired Man and Woman\"](https://news.gallup.com/poll/1678/most-admired-man-woman.aspx). _[Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\")_. December 28, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n731. **[^](#cite_ref-732 \"Jump up\")** Budryk, Zack (December 29, 2020). [\"Trump ends Obama's 12-year run as most admired man: Gallup\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/531906-trump-ends-obamas-12-year-run-as-most-admired-man-gallup). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved December 31, 2020.\n732. **[^](#cite_ref-733 \"Jump up\")** Panetta, Grace (December 30, 2019). [\"Donald Trump and Barack Obama are tied for 2019's most admired man in the US\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-barack-obama-tie-2019-most-admired-man-gallup-2019-12). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved July 24, 2020.\n733. **[^](#cite_ref-734 \"Jump up\")** Datta, Monti (September 16, 2019). [\"3 countries where Trump is popular\"](https://theconversation.com/3-countries-where-trump-is-popular-120317). _[The Conversation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_\\(website\\) \"The Conversation (website)\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n734. **[^](#cite_ref-735 \"Jump up\")** [\"Rating World Leaders: 2018 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia\"](https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001). _[Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021. Page 9\n735. **[^](#cite_ref-736 \"Jump up\")** Wike, Richard; Fetterolf, Janell; Mordecai, Mara (September 15, 2020). [\"U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly\"](https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/). _[Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\")_. Retrieved December 24, 2020.\n736. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-database_737-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-database_737-1) Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg; Rizzo, Salvador; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (January 20, 2021). [\"In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n737. **[^](#cite_ref-738 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\") (June 5, 2019). [\"Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president\"](https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html). _[Toronto Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n738. **[^](#cite_ref-739 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\"); Subramiam, Tara (March 9, 2020). [\"Fact check: Donald Trump made 115 false claims in the last two weeks of February\"](https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-february/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved November 1, 2023.\n739. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-finnegan_740-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-finnegan_740-1) Finnegan, Michael (September 25, 2016). [\"Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate\"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n740. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-glasser_741-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-glasser_741-1) [Glasser, Susan B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Glasser \"Susan Glasser\") (August 3, 2018). [\"It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose\"](https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-escalating-war-on-the-truth-is-on-purpose). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved January 10, 2019.\n741. **[^](#cite_ref-Konnikova_742-0 \"Jump up\")** [Konnikova, Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Konnikova \"Maria Konnikova\") (January 20, 2017). [\"Trump's Lies vs. Your Brain\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\n742. **[^](#cite_ref-TermUntruth_743-0 \"Jump up\")** Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg; Rizzo, Salvador; Shapiro, Leslie; Dominguez, Leo (January 23, 2021). [\"A term of untruths: The longer Trump was president, the more frequently he made false or misleading claims\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/timeline-trump-claims-as-president/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n743. **[^](#cite_ref-744 \"Jump up\")** Qiu, Linda (January 21, 2017). [\"Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it\"](http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/21/sean-spicer/trump-had-biggest-inaugural-crowd-ever-metrics-don/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved March 30, 2018.\n744. **[^](#cite_ref-745 \"Jump up\")** Rein, Lisa (March 6, 2017). [\"Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/03/06/here-are-the-photos-that-show-obamas-inauguration-crowd-was-bigger-than-trumps/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 8, 2017.\n745. **[^](#cite_ref-746 \"Jump up\")** [Wong, Julia Carrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Carrie_Wong \"Julia Carrie Wong\") (April 7, 2020). [\"Hydroxychloroquine: how an unproven drug became Trump's coronavirus 'miracle cure'\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/hydroxychloroquine-trump-coronavirus-drug). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2021.\n746. **[^](#cite_ref-747 \"Jump up\")** Spring, Marianna (May 27, 2020). [\"Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-52731624). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved June 13, 2020.\n747. **[^](#cite_ref-748 \"Jump up\")** Rowland, Christopher (March 23, 2020). [\"As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/20/hospitals-doctors-are-wiping-out-supplies-an-unproven-coronavirus-treatment/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 24, 2020.\n748. **[^](#cite_ref-749 \"Jump up\")** Parkinson, Joe; Gauthier-Villars, David (March 23, 2020). [\"Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-claim-that-malaria-drugs-treat-coronavirus-sparks-warnings-shortages-11584981897). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")_. Retrieved March 26, 2020.\n749. **[^](#cite_ref-750 \"Jump up\")** Zurcher, Anthony (November 29, 2017). [\"Trump's anti-Muslim retweet fits a pattern\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42171550). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved June 13, 2020.\n750. **[^](#cite_ref-751 \"Jump up\")** Allen, Jonathan (December 31, 2018). [\"Does being President Trump still mean never having to say you're sorry?\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/does-being-president-trump-still-mean-never-having-say-you-n952841). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 14, 2020.\n751. **[^](#cite_ref-752 \"Jump up\")** Greenberg, David (January 28, 2017). [\"The Perils of Calling Trump a Liar\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/the-perils-of-calling-trump-a-liar-214704). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 13, 2020.\n752. **[^](#cite_ref-DBauder_753-0 \"Jump up\")** Bauder, David (August 29, 2018). [\"News media hesitate to use 'lie' for Trump's misstatements\"](https://apnews.com/8d3c7387eff7496abcd0651124caf891). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved September 27, 2023.\n753. **[^](#cite_ref-754 \"Jump up\")** Farhi, Paul (June 5, 2019). [\"Lies? The news media is starting to describe Trump's 'falsehoods' that way\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/lies-the-news-media-is-starting-to-describe-trumps-falsehoods-that-way/2019/06/05/413cc2a0-8626-11e9-a491-25df61c78dc4_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 11, 2024.\n754. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-USAT-Disinfo_755-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-USAT-Disinfo_755-1) Guynn, Jessica (October 5, 2020). [\"From COVID-19 to voting: Trump is nation's single largest spreader of disinformation, studies say\"](https://usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/10/05/trump-covid-19-coronavirus-disinformation-facebook-twitter-election/3632194001/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2020.\n755. **[^](#cite_ref-756 \"Jump up\")** Bergengruen, Vera; Hennigan, W.J. (October 6, 2020). [\"'You're Gonna Beat It.' How Donald Trump's COVID-19 Battle Has Only Fueled Misinformation\"](https://time.com/5896709/trump-covid-campaign/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2020.\n756. **[^](#cite_ref-757 \"Jump up\")** Siders, David (May 25, 2020). [\"Trump sees a 'rigged election' ahead. Democrats see a constitutional crisis in the making\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/25/donald-trump-rigged-election-talk-fears-274477). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n757. **[^](#cite_ref-758 \"Jump up\")** Riccardi, Nicholas (September 17, 2020). [\"AP Fact Check: Trump's big distortions on mail-in voting\"](https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-election-2020-ap-fact-check-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-8c5db90960815f91f39fe115579570b4). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2020.\n758. **[^](#cite_ref-759 \"Jump up\")** Fichera, Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale (October 20, 2020). [\"Trump's Long History With Conspiracy Theories\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2020/10/trumps-long-history-with-conspiracy-theories/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n759. **[^](#cite_ref-760 \"Jump up\")** Subramaniam, Tara; Lybrand, Holmes (October 15, 2020). [\"Fact-checking the dangerous bin Laden conspiracy theory that Trump touted\"](https://cnn.com/2020/10/15/politics/donald-trump-osama-bin-laden-conspiracy-theory-fact-check/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n760. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Haberman2016_761-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Haberman2016_761-1) [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (February 29, 2016). [\"Even as He Rises, Donald Trump Entertains Conspiracy Theories\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/politics/donald-trump-conspiracy-theories.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n761. **[^](#cite_ref-762 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (November 26, 2019). [\"President Trump loves conspiracy theories. Has he ever been right?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/26/president-trump-loves-conspiracy-theories-has-he-ever-been-right/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n762. **[^](#cite_ref-763 \"Jump up\")** Reston, Maeve (July 2, 2020). [\"The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream\"](https://cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-conspiracy-theorists-qanon/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n763. **[^](#cite_ref-764 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); Astor, Maggie (May 26, 2020). [\"Trump Pushes a Conspiracy Theory That Falsely Accuses a TV Host of Murder\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/us/politics/klausutis-letter-jack-dorsey.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n764. **[^](#cite_ref-765 \"Jump up\")** Perkins, Tom (November 18, 2020). [\"The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/18/dead-voter-conspiracy-theory-debunked). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n765. **[^](#cite_ref-766 \"Jump up\")** Cohen, Li (January 15, 2021). [\"6 conspiracy theories about the 2020 election – debunked\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/presidential-election-2020-conspiracy-theories-debunked/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved September 13, 2021.\n766. **[^](#cite_ref-767 \"Jump up\")** McEvoy, Jemima (December 17, 2020). [\"These Are The Voter Fraud Claims Trump Tried (And Failed) To Overturn The Election With\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/12/17/these-are-the-voter-fraud-claims-trump-tried-and-failed-to-overturn-the-election-with/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved September 13, 2021.\n767. **[^](#cite_ref-768 \"Jump up\")** Kunzelman, Michael; Galvan, Astrid (August 7, 2019). [\"Trump words linked to more hate crime? Some experts think so\"](https://apnews.com/article/7d0949974b1648a2bb592cab1f85aa16). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n768. **[^](#cite_ref-769 \"Jump up\")** Feinberg, Ayal; Branton, Regina; Martinez-Ebers, Valerie (March 22, 2019). [\"Analysis | Counties that hosted a 2016 Trump rally saw a 226 percent increase in hate crimes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/22/trumps-rhetoric-does-inspire-more-hate-crimes/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n769. **[^](#cite_ref-770 \"Jump up\")** White, Daniel (February 1, 2016). [\"Donald Trump Tells Crowd To 'Knock the Crap Out Of' Hecklers\"](https://time.com/4203094/donald-trump-hecklers/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved August 9, 2019.\n770. **[^](#cite_ref-771 \"Jump up\")** Koerner, Claudia (October 18, 2018). [\"Trump Thinks It's Totally Cool That A Congressman Assaulted A Journalist For Asking A Question\"](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoerner/trump-gianforte-congressman-assault-journalist-montana). _[BuzzFeed News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News \"BuzzFeed News\")_. Retrieved October 19, 2018.\n771. **[^](#cite_ref-772 \"Jump up\")** Tracy, Abigail (August 8, 2019). [\"\"The President of the United States Says It's Okay\": The Rise of the Trump Defense\"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/08/donald-trump-domestic-terrorism-el-paso). _[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\\(magazine\\) \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n772. **[^](#cite_ref-773 \"Jump up\")** Helderman, Rosalind S.; Hsu, Spencer S.; Weiner, Rachel (January 16, 2021). [\"'Trump said to do so': Accounts of rioters who say the president spurred them to rush the Capitol could be pivotal testimony\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-testimony/2021/01/16/01b3d5c6-575b-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 27, 2021.\n773. **[^](#cite_ref-774 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Mike (May 30, 2020). [\"'No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/blame-abc-news-finds-17-cases-invoking-trump/story?id=58912889). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n774. **[^](#cite_ref-775 \"Jump up\")** Conger, Kate; Isaac, Mike (January 16, 2021). [\"Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/technology/twitter-donald-trump-jack-dorsey.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n775. **[^](#cite_ref-gone_776-0 \"Jump up\")** Madhani, Aamer; Colvin, Jill (January 9, 2021). [\"A farewell to @realDonaldTrump, gone after 57,000 tweets\"](https://apnews.com/article/twitter-donald-trump-ban-cea450b1f12f4ceb8984972a120018d5). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n776. **[^](#cite_ref-777 \"Jump up\")** Landers, Elizabeth (June 6, 2017). [\"White House: Trump's tweets are 'official statements'\"](http://cnn.com/2017/06/06/politics/trump-tweets-official-statements/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n777. **[^](#cite_ref-778 \"Jump up\")** Dwoskin, Elizabeth (May 27, 2020). [\"Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/26/trump-twitter-label-fact-check/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 7, 2020.\n778. **[^](#cite_ref-779 \"Jump up\")** Dwoskin, Elizabeth (May 27, 2020). [\"Trump lashes out at social media companies after Twitter labels tweets with fact checks\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/27/trump-twitter-label/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 28, 2020.\n779. **[^](#cite_ref-780 \"Jump up\")** Fischer, Sara; Gold, Ashley (January 11, 2021). [\"All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far\"](https://www.axios.com/platforms-social-media-ban-restrict-trump-d9e44f3c-8366-4ba9-a8a1-7f3114f920f1.html). _[Axios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios_\\(website\\) \"Axios (website)\")_. Retrieved January 16, 2021.\n780. **[^](#cite_ref-781 \"Jump up\")** Timberg, Craig (January 14, 2021). [\"Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/14/trump-twitter-megaphone/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2021.\n781. **[^](#cite_ref-782 \"Jump up\")** Alba, Davey; Koeze, Ella; Silver, Jacob (June 7, 2021). [\"What Happened When Trump Was Banned on Social Media\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/06/07/technology/trump-social-media-ban.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n782. **[^](#cite_ref-783 \"Jump up\")** Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Timberg, Craig (January 16, 2021). [\"Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2021.\n783. **[^](#cite_ref-784 \"Jump up\")** Harwell, Drew; Dawsey, Josh (June 2, 2021). [\"Trump ends blog after 29 days, infuriated by measly readership\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/02/trump-blog-dead/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 29, 2021.\n784. **[^](#cite_ref-785 \"Jump up\")** Harwell, Drew; Dawsey, Josh (November 7, 2022). [\"Trump once reconsidered sticking with Truth Social. Now he's stuck\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/07/trump-once-reconsidered-sticking-with-truth-social-now-hes-stuck/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2023.\n785. **[^](#cite_ref-786 \"Jump up\")** Mac, Ryan; Browning, Kellen (November 19, 2022). [\"Elon Musk Reinstates Trump's Twitter Account\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/technology/trump-twitter-musk.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 21, 2022.\n786. **[^](#cite_ref-787 \"Jump up\")** Dang, Sheila; Coster, Helen (November 20, 2022). [\"Trump snubs Twitter after Musk announces reactivation of ex-president's account\"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/musks-twitter-poll-showing-narrow-majority-want-trump-reinstated-2022-11-20/). _Reuters_. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n787. **[^](#cite_ref-788 \"Jump up\")** Bond, Shannon (January 23, 2023). [\"Meta allows Donald Trump back on Facebook and Instagram\"](https://www.npr.org/2023/01/25/1146961818/trump-meta-facebook-instagram-ban-ends). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_.\n788. **[^](#cite_ref-789 \"Jump up\")** Egan, Matt (March 11, 2024). [\"Trump calls Facebook the enemy of the people. Meta's stock sinks\"](https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/11/tech/trump-tiktok-facebook-meta/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_.\n789. **[^](#cite_ref-790 \"Jump up\")** Parnes, Amie (April 28, 2018). [\"Trump's love-hate relationship with the press\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/385245-trumps-love-hate-relationship-with-the-press). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved July 4, 2018.\n790. **[^](#cite_ref-791 \"Jump up\")** [Chozick, Amy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Chozick \"Amy Chozick\") (September 29, 2018). [\"Why Trump Will Win a Second Term\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/29/sunday-review/trump-2020-reality-tv.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 22, 2019.\n791. **[^](#cite_ref-792 \"Jump up\")** [Hetherington, Marc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Hetherington \"Marc Hetherington\"); Ladd, Jonathan M. (May 1, 2020). [\"Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/05/01/destroying-trust-in-the-media-science-and-government-has-left-america-vulnerable-to-disaster/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n792. **[^](#cite_ref-793 \"Jump up\")** Rosen, Jacob (March 11, 2024). [\"Trump, in reversal, opposes TikTok ban, calls Facebook \"enemy of the people\"\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-reversal-tiktok-ban-says-facebook-enemy-of-people/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved July 31, 2024.\n793. **[^](#cite_ref-794 \"Jump up\")** Thomsen, Jacqueline (May 22, 2018). [\"'60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/388855-60-minutes-correspondent-trump-said-he-attacks-the-press-so-no-one). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved May 23, 2018.\n794. **[^](#cite_ref-795 \"Jump up\")** [Stelter, Brian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stelter \"Brian Stelter\"); [Collins, Kaitlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlan_Collins \"Kaitlan Collins\") (May 9, 2018). [\"Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221008122415/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/). _[CNN Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money \"CNN Money\")_. Archived from [the original](https://cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/) on October 8, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2018.\n795. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_796-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_796-1) Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 30, 2019). [\"After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/media/trump-media-2019.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n796. **[^](#cite_ref-Atlantic_Press_797-0 \"Jump up\")** Geltzer, Joshua A.; Katyal, Neal K. (March 11, 2020). [\"The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/true-danger-trump-campaigns-libel-lawsuits/607753/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2020.\n797. **[^](#cite_ref-798 \"Jump up\")** [Folkenflik, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Folkenflik \"David Folkenflik\") (March 3, 2020). [\"Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/03/03/811735554/trump-2020-sues-washington-post-days-after-ny-times-defamation-suit). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n798. **[^](#cite_ref-799 \"Jump up\")** Flood, Brian; Singman, Brooke (March 6, 2020). [\"Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages\"](https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-campaign-sues-cnn-false-defamatory-statements-millions-damages.amp). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n799. **[^](#cite_ref-800 \"Jump up\")** Darcy, Oliver (November 12, 2020). [\"Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN\"](https://cnn.com/2020/11/12/media/trump-campaign-cnn-lawsuit-dismissed/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2021.\n800. **[^](#cite_ref-801 \"Jump up\")** Klasfeld, Adam (March 9, 2021). [\"Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against New York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed\"](https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/new-york-times-beats-the-trump-campaigns-defamation-suit-over-russia-editorial/). _[Law and Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Crime \"Law and Crime\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n801. **[^](#cite_ref-802 \"Jump up\")** Tillman, Zoe (February 3, 2023). [\"Trump 2020 Campaign Suit Against Washington Post Dismissed (1)\"](https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/trump-2020-campaign-suit-against-washington-post-is-dismissed). _Bloomberg News_.\n802. **[^](#cite_ref-803 \"Jump up\")** Multiple sources:\n \n * Lopez, German (February 14, 2019). [\"Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019\"](https://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump-racist-racism-history). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n * Desjardins, Lisa (January 12, 2018). 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Retrieved August 27, 2016.\n815. **[^](#cite_ref-816 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\") (September 16, 2016). [\"Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n816. **[^](#cite_ref-817 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\") (November 28, 2017). [\"Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. 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[\"Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico\"](https://time.com/4473972/donald-trump-mexico-meeting-insult/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n819. **[^](#cite_ref-820 \"Jump up\")** Wolf, Z. Byron (April 6, 2018). [\"Trump basically called Mexicans rapists again\"](https://cnn.com/2018/04/06/politics/trump-mexico-rapists/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 28, 2022.\n820. **[^](#cite_ref-821 \"Jump up\")** [Steinhauer, Jennifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Steinhauer \"Jennifer Steinhauer\"); [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\"); Herszenhorn, David M. (June 7, 2016). [\"Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/08/us/politics/paul-ryan-donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n821. **[^](#cite_ref-822 \"Jump up\")** Merica, Dan (August 26, 2017). [\"Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville\"](https://cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/trump-charlottesville-delay/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n822. **[^](#cite_ref-823 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017). [\"Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-condemns-charlottesville-violence-but-doesnt-single-out-white-nationalists/2017/08/12/933a86d6-7fa3-11e7-9d08-b79f191668ed_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 22, 2021.\n823. **[^](#cite_ref-824 \"Jump up\")** Kessler, Glenn (May 8, 2020). [\"The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/08/very-fine-people-charlottesville-who-were-they-2/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 23, 2021.\n824. **[^](#cite_ref-KruzelCharlottesville_825-0 \"Jump up\")** Holan, Angie Dobric (April 26, 2019). [\"In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)\"](https://www.politifact.com/article/2019/apr/26/context-trumps-very-fine-people-both-sides-remarks/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved October 22, 2021.\n825. **[^](#cite_ref-826 \"Jump up\")** Beauchamp, Zack (January 11, 2018). [\"Trump's \"shithole countries\" comment exposes the core of Trumpism\"](https://www.vox.com/2018/1/11/16880804/trump-shithole-countries-racism). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved January 11, 2018.\n826. **[^](#cite_ref-Weaver-2018_827-0 \"Jump up\")** Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). [\"Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n827. **[^](#cite_ref-828 \"Jump up\")** [Wintour, Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wintour \"Patrick Wintour\"); [Burke, Jason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Burke \"Jason Burke\"); Livsey, Anna (January 13, 2018). [\"'There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/12/unkind-divisive-elitist-international-outcry-over-trumps-shithole-countries-remark). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n828. **[^](#cite_ref-829 \"Jump up\")** Rogers, Katie; [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (July 14, 2019). [\"Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n829. **[^](#cite_ref-830 \"Jump up\")** Mak, Tim (July 16, 2019). [\"House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'\"](https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742236610/condemnation-of-president-delayed-by-debate-can-lawmakers-call-trump-tweets-raci). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved July 17, 2019.\n830. **[^](#cite_ref-831 \"Jump up\")** Simon, Mallory; [Sidner, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Sidner \"Sara Sidner\") (July 16, 2019). [\"Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do\"](https://cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/white-supremacists-cheer-trump-racist-tweets-soh/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved July 20, 2019.\n831. **[^](#cite_ref-832 \"Jump up\")** Choi, Matthew (September 22, 2020). [\"'She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/22/trump-attacks-ilhan-omar-420267). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n832. **[^](#cite_ref-clock_833-0 \"Jump up\")** Rothe, Dawn L.; Collins, Victoria E. (November 17, 2019). \"Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration\". _Victims & Offenders_. **14** (8): 965–978. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15564886.2019.1671284).\n833. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-demeans_834-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-demeans_834-1) [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. 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Retrieved September 2, 2024.\n836. **[^](#cite_ref-mysTC_837-0 \"Jump up\")** Mahdawi, Arwa (May 10, 2023). [\"'The more women accuse him, the better he does': the meaning and misogyny of the Trump-Carroll case\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/may/10/the-more-women-accuse-him-the-better-he-does-the-meaning-and-misogyny-of-the-trump-carroll-case). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved July 25, 2024.\n837. **[^](#cite_ref-838 \"Jump up\")** Prasad, Ritu (November 29, 2019). [\"How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50563106). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved August 5, 2020.\n838. **[^](#cite_ref-839 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Libby; McGann, Laura (June 21, 2019). [\"E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct\"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/21/18701098/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-rape-e-jean-carroll). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2019.\n839. **[^](#cite_ref-840 \"Jump up\")** Rupar, Aaron (October 9, 2019). [\"Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago\"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/9/20906567/trump-karen-johnson-sexual-assault-mar-a-lago-barry-levine-monique-el-faizy-book). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved April 27, 2020.\n840. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-no26_841-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-no26_841-1) Osborne, Lucy (September 17, 2020). 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[\"Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2016.\n843. **[^](#cite_ref-844 \"Jump up\")** Hagen, Lisa (October 7, 2016). [\"Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'\"](https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/299895-kaine-on-lewd-trump-tapes-makes-me-sick-to-my-stomach). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2016.\n844. **[^](#cite_ref-845 \"Jump up\")** McCann, Allison (July 14, 2016). [\"Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump\"](https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/clinton-trump-hip-hop-lyrics). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n845. **[^](#cite_ref-846 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump to be honored for working with youths\"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28799230/the_philadelphia_inquirer/). _[The Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\")_. May 25, 1995.\n846. **[^](#cite_ref-847 \"Jump up\")** [\"Saakashvili, Trump Unveil Tower Project, Praise Each Other\"](https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24684). _Civil Georgia_. April 22, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2018.\n847. **[^](#cite_ref-848 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump: Robert Gordon University strips honorary degree\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35054360). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. December 9, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023.\n848. **[^](#cite_ref-849 \"Jump up\")** Chappell, Bill. [\"Lehigh University Revokes President Trump's Honorary Degree\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/08/954883159/lehigh-university-revokes-president-trumps-honorary-degree). _npr.com_. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n849. **[^](#cite_ref-850 \"Jump up\")** [\"A Message from the Board of Trustees\"](https://wagner.edu/newsroom/message-board-trustees/). _wagner.edu_. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n850. **[^](#cite_ref-851 \"Jump up\")** Deutsch, Matan (November 1, 2023). [\"The famous Petah Tikva square changes its name \\[Hebrew\\]\"](https://petahtikva.mynet.co.il/local_news/article/hkmkv2yqt). _petahtikva.mynet.co.il_. Retrieved August 25, 2024.\n\n### Works cited\n\n* Blair, Gwenda (2015) \\[2001\\]. [_The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire_](https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ). [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-5011-3936-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3936-9 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3936-9\").\n* [Kranish, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish \"Michael Kranish\"); [Fisher, Marc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Fisher \"Marc Fisher\") (2017) \\[2016\\]. [_Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Revealed \"Trump Revealed\"). [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-5011-5652-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-5652-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-5652-6\").\n* O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). [_Trumped!_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumped!_\\(book\\) \"Trumped! (book)\"). Crossroad Press Trade Edition. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-946025-26-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-946025-26-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-946025-26-5\").\n\n[](#CITEREFLopez2019)[](#CITEREFDesjardins2018)[](#CITEREFDawsey2018)[](#CITEREFStoddardMfula2018)[](#CITEREFWeaver2018b)\n\n## External links",
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+ "text": "Donald J. Trump – The White HouseOpen MenuWhiteHouse.govCopy URL to your clipboardOpen SearchShare on FacebookShare on TwitterCopy URL to your clipboardWhiteHouse.govTwitterFacebookInstagramYouTube\nDonald J. Trump is the 45th President of the United States. He believes the United States has incredible potential and will go on to exceed even its remarkable achievements of the past. \nDonald J. Trump defines the American success story. Throughout his life he has continually set the standards of business and entrepreneurial excellence, especially in real estate, sports, and entertainment. Mr. Trump built on his success in private life when he entered into politics and public service. He remarkably won the Presidency in his first ever run for any political office.\nA graduate of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance, Mr. Trump followed in his father’s footsteps into the world of real estate development, making his mark in New York City. There, the Trump name soon became synonymous with the most prestigious of addresses in Manhattan and, subsequently, throughout the world.\nMr. Trump is also an accomplished author. He has written more than fourteen bestsellers. His first book, The Art of the Deal, is considered a business classic.\nMr. Trump announced his candidacy for the Presidency on June 16, 2015. He then accepted the Republican nomination for President of the United States in July of 2016, having defeated 17 other contenders during the Republican primaries.\nOn November 8, 2016, Mr. Trump was elected President in the largest Electoral College landslide for a Republican in 28 years. Mr. Trump won more than 2,600 counties nationwide, the most since President Ronald Reagan in 1984. He received the votes of more than 62 million Americans, the most ever for a Republican candidate.\nPresident Trump has delivered historic results in his first term in office despite partisan gridlock in the Nation’s Capital, and resistance from special interests and the Washington Establishment.\nHe passed record-setting tax cuts and regulation cuts, achieved energy independence, replaced NAFTA with the United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, invested $2 trillion to completely rebuild the Military, launched the Space Force, obliterated the ISIS Caliphate, achieved a major breakthrough for peace in the Middle East, passed the most significant Veterans Affairs reforms in half a century, confirmed over 250 federal judges, including 2 Supreme Court Justices, signed bipartisan Criminal Justice Reform, lowered drug prices, protected Medicare and Social Security, and secured our nation’s borders.\nTo vanquish the COVID-19 global pandemic, President Trump launched the greatest national mobilization since World War II. The Trump Administration enacted the largest package of financial relief in American history, created the most advanced testing system in the world, developed effective medical treatments to save millions of lives, and launched Operation Warp Speed to deliver a vaccine in record time and defeat the Virus.\nPresident Trump and his wife, Melania, are parents to their son, Barron. Mr. Trump also has four adult children, Don Jr., Ivanka, Eric, and Tiffany, as well as 10 grandchildren.\nLearn more about First Lady Melania Trump here.",
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+ "text": "Donald J. Trump | FacebookFacebookVerified accountVerified accountShared with Public\nLog In\nLog In\nForgot Account?\nSee more on Facebook\nSee more on Facebook\nEmail or phone number\nPassword\nLog In\nForgot password?\nor\nCreate new account",
+ "markdown": "# Donald J. Trump | FacebookFacebookVerified accountVerified accountShared with Public\n\n[Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/)\n\n[\n\nLog In\n\n\n\n](https://www.facebook.com/login/device-based/regular/login/?login_attempt=1&next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FDonaldTrump%2F)\n\nLog In\n\n[Forgot Account?](https://www.facebook.com/recover/initiate?ars=royal_blue_bar)\n\nSee more on Facebook\n\nSee more on Facebook\n\nEmail or phone number\n\nPassword\n\nLog In\n\n[Forgot password?](https://www.facebook.com/recover/initiate?ars=royal_blue_bar)\n\nor\n\nCreate new account",
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+ "text": "Boston.govcity_halllocklockSearchAlertAlertAlertAlertAlertall icons2bos_311_icon_blackAug 31 Aug 9 Aug 9 Aug 9 On Sep 2On Sep 2On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3\nToggle Menu \nInformation and Services \nPublic notices \nFeedback \nEnglish Español Soomaali Português français 简体中文 \n/\nCarney Hospital is closing on August 31 and will no longer offer emergency department or inpatient hospital services. Find resources for Carney patients, local residents, and Carney employees. \nLearn More \nState Primaries On Tuesday, September 3 \n/\nPolling locations will be open from 7 a.m. - 8 p.m. If you still have your vote-by-mail ballot, you have until 8 p.m. on Election Day to drop it off at one of our dedicated drop boxes. \nFeatured resources\nFeatured videos\nBOS:311 service requests\nBOS:311 \nStay Connected\nSign up for email updates from the City of Boston, including information on big events and upcoming traffic and parking restrictions.\nBoston Mayor Michelle Wu\nMeet the Mayor\nMichelle Wu is the Mayor of Boston. She is a daughter of immigrants, Boston Public Schools mom to two boys, MBTA commuter, and fierce believer that we can solve our deepest challenges through building community. \nLearn about Mayor Wu\nBoston City Council\nCity Council \nRuthzee Louijeune \nCity Council President; City Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to ruthzee.louijeune@boston.gov \nHenry Santana \nCity Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to henry.santana@boston.gov \nJulia Mejia \nCity Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to Julia.Mejia@Boston.gov \nErin J. Murphy \nCity Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to erin.murphy@boston.gov \nGabriela Coletta Zapata \nCity Councilor, District 1 \nSend an email to Gabriela.Coletta@boston.gov \nEdward M. Flynn \nCity Councilor, District 2 \nSend an email to ed.flynn@boston.gov \nJohn FitzGerald \nCity Councilor, District 3 \nSend an email to john.fitzgerald@boston.gov \nBrian J. Worrell \nCity Councilor, District 4 \nSend an email to brian.worrell@boston.gov \nEnrique J. Pepén \nCity Councilor, District 5 \nSend an email to enrique.pepen@boston.gov \nBenjamin J. Weber \nCity Councilor, District 6 \nSend an email to benjamin.weber@boston.gov \nTania Fernandes Anderson \nCity Councilor, District 7 \nSend an email to tania.anderson@boston.gov \nSharon Durkan \nCity Councilor, District 8 \nSend an email to sharon.durkan@boston.gov \nLiz Breadon \nCity Councilor, District 9 \nSend an email to liz.breadon@boston.gov",
+ "markdown": "# Boston.govcity\\_halllocklockSearchAlertAlertAlertAlertAlertall icons2bos\\_311\\_icon\\_blackAug 31 Aug 9 Aug 9 Aug 9 On Sep 2On Sep 2On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3\n\nToggle Menu [](https://www.boston.gov/ \"Homepage | City of Boston Seal\")\n\n* [Information and Services](https://www.boston.gov/city-boston-services-applications-and-permits)\n* [Public notices](https://www.boston.gov/public-notices)\n* [Feedback](https://www.boston.gov/form/website-feedback-form)\n* [English Español Soomaali Português français 简体中文](#translate \"Translate\")\n* Search\n\n/\n\nCarney Hospital is closing on August 31 and will no longer offer emergency department or inpatient hospital services. Find resources for Carney patients, local residents, and Carney employees.\n\n[Learn More](https://www.boston.gov/news/carney-hospital-resources)\n\nState Primaries On Tuesday, September 3\n\n/\n\nPolling locations will be open from 7 a.m. - 8 p.m. If you still have your vote-by-mail ballot, you have until 8 p.m. on Election Day to drop it off at one of our dedicated drop boxes.\n\n## Featured resources\n\n## Featured videos\n\n## BOS:311 service requests\n\nBOS:311\n\n## Stay Connected\n\nSign up for email updates from the City of Boston, including information on big events and upcoming traffic and parking restrictions.\n\n## Boston Mayor Michelle Wu\n\n![Mayor Michelle Wu](https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/img/library/photos/2021/11/wu-headshot-homepage.jpg \"Mayor Michelle Wu\")\n\n#### Meet the Mayor\n\nMichelle Wu is the Mayor of Boston. She is a daughter of immigrants, Boston Public Schools mom to two boys, MBTA commuter, and fierce believer that we can solve our deepest challenges through building community. \n\n[Learn about Mayor Wu](https://www.boston.gov/node/396)\n\n## Boston City Council\n\nCity Council\n\n [\n\nRuthzee Louijeune\n\nCity Council President; City Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/ruthzee-louijeune)[Send an email to ruthzee.louijeune@boston.gov](mailto:ruthzee.louijeune@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nHenry Santana\n\nCity Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/henry-santana)[Send an email to henry.santana@boston.gov](mailto:henry.santana@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nJulia Mejia\n\nCity Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/julia-mejia)[Send an email to Julia.Mejia@Boston.gov](mailto:Julia.Mejia@Boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nErin J. Murphy\n\nCity Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/erin-j-murphy)[Send an email to erin.murphy@boston.gov](mailto:erin.murphy@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nGabriela Coletta Zapata\n\nCity Councilor, District 1](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/gabriela-coletta-zapata)[Send an email to Gabriela.Coletta@boston.gov](mailto:Gabriela.Coletta@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nEdward M. Flynn\n\nCity Councilor, District 2](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/edward-m-flynn)[Send an email to ed.flynn@boston.gov](mailto:ed.flynn@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nJohn FitzGerald\n\nCity Councilor, District 3](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/john-fitzgerald)[Send an email to john.fitzgerald@boston.gov](mailto:john.fitzgerald@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nBrian J. Worrell\n\nCity Councilor, District 4](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/brian-j-worrell)[Send an email to brian.worrell@boston.gov](mailto:brian.worrell@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nEnrique J. Pepén\n\nCity Councilor, District 5](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/enrique-j-pepen)[Send an email to enrique.pepen@boston.gov](mailto:enrique.pepen@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nBenjamin J. Weber\n\nCity Councilor, District 6](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/benjamin-j-weber)[Send an email to benjamin.weber@boston.gov](mailto:benjamin.weber@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nTania Fernandes Anderson\n\nCity Councilor, District 7](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/tania-fernandes-anderson)[Send an email to tania.anderson@boston.gov](mailto:tania.anderson@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nSharon Durkan\n\nCity Councilor, District 8](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/sharon-durkan)[Send an email to sharon.durkan@boston.gov](mailto:sharon.durkan@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nLiz Breadon\n\nCity Councilor, District 9](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/liz-breadon)[Send an email to liz.breadon@boston.gov](mailto:liz.breadon@boston.gov)\n\n[](#content)",
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+ "text": "Boston\nBoston\nState capital city\n\t\nDowntown from Boston Harbor\nAcorn Street on Beacon Hill\nOld State House\nMassachusetts State House\nFenway Park during a Boston Red Sox game\nBack Bay from the Charles River\n\t\nFlag\nSeal\nCoat of arms\nWordmark\n\t\nNickname(s): \nBean Town, Title Town, others\n\t\nMotto(s): \nSicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin)\n'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us'\n\t\nShow BostonShow Suffolk CountyShow MassachusettsShow the United StatesShow all\n\t\nBoston\nShow map of Greater Boston areaShow map of MassachusettsShow map of the United StatesShow map of EarthShow all\n\t\nCoordinates: 42°21′37″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36028°N 71.05778°W\t\nCountryUnited States\t\nRegionNew England\t\nStateMassachusetts\t\nCountySuffolk[1] \t\nHistoric countriesKingdom of England\nCommonwealth of England\nKingdom of Great Britain\t\nHistoric coloniesMassachusetts Bay Colony, Dominion of New England, Province of Massachusetts Bay\t\nSettled1625\t\nIncorporated (town)\nSeptember 7, 1630 (date of naming, Old Style)\n\nSeptember 17, 1630 (date of naming, New Style)\t\nIncorporated (city)March 19, 1822\t\nNamed forBoston, Lincolnshire\t\nGovernment\n• TypeStrong mayor / Council\t\n• MayorMichelle Wu (D)\t\n• CouncilBoston City Council\t\n• Council PresidentRuthzee Louijeune (D)\t\nArea\n[2]\n• State capital city89.61 sq mi (232.10 km2)\t\n• Land48.34 sq mi (125.20 km2)\t\n• Water41.27 sq mi (106.90 km2)\t\n• Urban1,655.9 sq mi (4,288.7 km2)\t\n• Metro4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)\t\n• CSA10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)\t\nElevation\n[3]\n46 ft (14 m)\t\nPopulation\n(2020)[4]\n• State capital city675,647\t\n• Estimate \n(2021)[4]\n654,776\t\n• Rank66th in North America\n25th in the United States\n1st in Massachusetts\t\n• Density13,976.98/sq mi (5,396.51/km2)\t\n• Urban\n[5]\n4,382,009 (US: 10th)\t\n• Urban density2,646.3/sq mi (1,021.8/km2)\t\n• Metro\n[6]\n4,941,632 (US: 10th)\t\nDemonymBostonian\t\nGDP\n[7]\n• Boston (MSA)$571.6 billion (2022)\t\nTime zoneUTC−5 (EST)\t\n• Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)\t\nZIP Codes\n53 ZIP Codes[8]\n\t\nArea codes617 and 857\t\nFIPS code25-07000\t\nGNIS feature ID617565\t\nWebsiteboston.gov\t\nBoston ([9]) is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)[10] and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after New York City and Philadelphia.[4] The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area, which includes and surrounds the city, has a population of 4,919,179 as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and eleventh-largest in the country.[11][12][13] \nBoston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers. The city was named after Boston, Lincolnshire, England.[14][15] During the American Revolution, Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent Revolutionary War, including the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture.[16][17] The city also expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634),[18] the first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635),[19] and the first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897).[20] \nBoston has emerged as a national leader in higher education and research[21] and the largest biotechnology hub in the world.[22] The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship,[23][24][25] and more recently in artificial intelligence.[26] Boston's economy also includes finance,[27] professional and business services, information technology, and government activities.[28] Boston households provide the highest average rate of philanthropy in the nation,[29] and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental sustainability and new investment.[30] \nIsaac Johnson, in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river \"Boston\". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of Boston, Lincolnshire, from which he, his wife (namesake of the Arbella) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather) had emigrated to New England. The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, St. Botolph, in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as \"St. Botolph's town\", later contracted to \"Boston\". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as \"Shawmut\" by William Blaxton and \"Tremontaine\"[31] by the Puritan settlers he had invited.[32][33][34][35][36] \nPrior to European colonization, the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities.[37][38] When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders.[39][40] Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street, which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.[38][37][41] \nEuropean settlement\n[edit]\nThe first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge-educated Anglican cleric named William Blaxton. He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson, to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630.[42][43][44] \nPuritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement. This document created the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop. Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin School, was founded in Boston in 1635.[19][45] \nBoston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[46] Boston's oceanfront location made it a lively port, and the then-town primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a Caribbean trade route and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of Boston baked beans.[47] \nBoston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[48][49] \nRevolution and the siege of Boston\n[edit]\nIn 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the East India Company into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act, an event known as the Boston Tea Party that escalated the American Revolution. Map showing a British tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775 \nThe weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. \nWilliam Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, in a letter to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[50]\nMany crucial events of the American Revolution[51] occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament, fostered a revolutionary spirit there.[48] When the British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver, the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson, then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[48][52] The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre, British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[49] \nIn 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts. The act prompted the Boston Tea Party, where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts, demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.[48] This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War. The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[48][53] \nBoston itself was besieged for almost a year during the siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. Sir William Howe, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.[54][55] \nSeveral weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam, came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannons on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga. The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as \"Evacuation Day\", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer.[53][54][56] \nPost-revolution and the War of 1812\n[edit]\nState Street in 1801 \nAfter the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars) and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[57] \nDuring this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage.[58][59] Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the Boston Brahmins—came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[60] They are often associated with the American upper class, Harvard University,[61] and the Episcopal Church.[62][63] \nBoston was a prominent port of the Atlantic slave trade in the New England Colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island.[64] Boston eventually became a center of the American abolitionist movement.[65] The city reacted largely negatively to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[66] contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after Anthony Burns's attempt to escape to freedom.[67][68] \nIn 1822,[16] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the \"Town of Boston\" to the \"City of Boston\", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city.[69] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km2).[69] \nBoston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It, an 1860 photograph by James Wallace Black, was the first recorded aerial photograph. \nIn the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[70] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians,[71] French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settling there. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End,[72] Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[73] and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.[74] \nBetween 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown.[75] \nAfter the Great Boston fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912).[76][77] Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge,[78] and Chelsea.[79][80] \nHaymarket Square in 1909 \nMany architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of the 20th century: Horticultural Hall,[81] the Tennis and Racquet Club,[82] Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum,[83] Fenway Studios,[84] Jordan Hall,[85] and the Boston Opera House. The Longfellow Bridge,[86] built in 1906, was mentioned by Robert McCloskey in Make Way for Ducklings, describing its \"salt and pepper shakers\" feature.[87] Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, opened in 1912,[88] with the Boston Garden opening in 1928.[89] Logan International Airport opened on September 8, 1923.[90] \nBoston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[91] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.[92] \nThe BRA continued implementing eminent domain projects, including the clearance of the vibrant Scollay Square area for construction of the modernist style Government Center. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood, the first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[93] The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[94] \nBy the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period.[95] This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the Boston Architectural College, Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music, the Boston Conservatory, and many others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[96] Boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century,[97] with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition.[98] \nThe Charles River in front of Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, in 2013 \nBoston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,[99] including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004.[100] Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the New York City–based Macy's.[101] The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times[102] was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman John W. Henry. In 2016, it was announced General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Seaport District in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.[103] The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the Big Dig, in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.[104] \nOn April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[105] The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan Boston Strong.[106] \nIn 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the U.S. applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[107] The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.[108] Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with games taking place at Gillette Stadium.[109] \nThe geographical center of Boston is in Roxbury. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End \nUnknown, A local colloquialism[110]\nBoston and its neighbors as seen from Sentinel-2 with Boston Harbor (center). Boston itself lies on the southern bank of the Charles River. On the river's northern bank, the outlines of Cambridge and Watertown can be seen; to the west are Brookline and Newton; to the south lie Quincy and Milton. An 1877 panoramic map of Boston \nBoston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2), or 46%, of it is water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level.[111] The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[112] Boston is situated next to Boston Harbor, an arm of Massachusetts Bay, itself an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. \nBoston is surrounded by the Greater Boston metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of Winthrop and the Boston Harbor Islands, to the northeast by the cities of Revere, Chelsea and Everett, to the north by the cities of Somerville and Cambridge, to the northwest by Watertown, to the west by the city of Newton and town of Brookline, to the southwest by the town of Dedham and small portions of Needham and Canton, and to the southeast by the town of Milton, and the city of Quincy. \nThe Charles River separates Boston's Allston-Brighton, Fenway-Kenmore and Back Bay neighborhoods from Watertown and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and Quincy and Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Downtown, the North End, and the Seaport.[113] \nJohn Hancock Tower at 200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a roof height of 790 ft (240 m). \nBoston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.[114][115] The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods:[116] \nAllston\nBack Bay\nBay Village\nBeacon Hill\nBrighton\nCharlestown\nChinatown\nDorchester\nDowntown\nEast Boston\nFenway\nHyde Park\nJamaica Plain\nMattapan\nMission Hill\nNorth End\nRoslindale\nRoxbury\nSeaport\nSouth Boston\nthe South End\nthe West End\nWest Roxbury\nMore than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.[75] This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay.[17] \nDowntown and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often federal style and Greek revival – interspersed with modern high-rises.[117] Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.[118] Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather.[119] Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[120] \nThe geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the \"Big Dig\"). That project removed the elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[121] \nPopulation density and elevation above sea level in Greater Boston as of 2010 \nAs a coastal city built largely on fill, sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century.[122] Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods.[123] Groundwater levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[124] \nThe city developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.[125] This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years.[126] A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience.[127] In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.[128] \nBoston's skyline in the background with fall foliage in the foreground\nA graph of cumulative winter snowfall at Logan International Airport from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by NOAA, is from the weather station at the airport.\nUnder the Köppen climate classification, Boston has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm.[129] Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the jet stream. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.[130] The city lies at the border between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).[131] \nThe hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[132] \nSub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.[133] The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957.[132] In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022.[132] The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[132][a] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019.[134][132] \nBoston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.[132] Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.[135][136] There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[132][b] The city's coastal location on the North Atlantic makes the city very prone to nor'easters, which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.[130] \nFog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[137][138] Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large hail, damaging winds, and heavy downpours.[130] Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[139] \nv\nt\ne\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts (Logan Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[c] extremes 1872−present[d]\nMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year \nRecord high °F (°C) 74\n(23) \t73\n(23) \t89\n(32) \t94\n(34) \t97\n(36) \t100\n(38) \t104\n(40) \t102\n(39) \t102\n(39) \t90\n(32) \t83\n(28) \t76\n(24) \t104\n(40) \t\nMean maximum °F (°C) 58.3\n(14.6) \t57.9\n(14.4) \t67.0\n(19.4) \t79.9\n(26.6) \t88.1\n(31.2) \t92.2\n(33.4) \t95.0\n(35.0) \t93.7\n(34.3) \t88.9\n(31.6) \t79.6\n(26.4) \t70.2\n(21.2) \t61.2\n(16.2) \t96.4\n(35.8) \t\nMean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.8\n(2.7) \t39.0\n(3.9) \t45.5\n(7.5) \t56.4\n(13.6) \t66.5\n(19.2) \t76.2\n(24.6) \t82.1\n(27.8) \t80.4\n(26.9) \t73.1\n(22.8) \t62.1\n(16.7) \t51.6\n(10.9) \t42.2\n(5.7) \t59.3\n(15.2) \t\nDaily mean °F (°C) 29.9\n(−1.2) \t31.8\n(−0.1) \t38.3\n(3.5) \t48.6\n(9.2) \t58.4\n(14.7) \t68.0\n(20.0) \t74.1\n(23.4) \t72.7\n(22.6) \t65.6\n(18.7) \t54.8\n(12.7) \t44.7\n(7.1) \t35.7\n(2.1) \t51.9\n(11.1) \t\nMean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.1\n(−4.9) \t24.6\n(−4.1) \t31.1\n(−0.5) \t40.8\n(4.9) \t50.3\n(10.2) \t59.7\n(15.4) \t66.0\n(18.9) \t65.1\n(18.4) \t58.2\n(14.6) \t47.5\n(8.6) \t37.9\n(3.3) \t29.2\n(−1.6) \t44.5\n(6.9) \t\nMean minimum °F (°C) 4.8\n(−15.1) \t8.3\n(−13.2) \t15.6\n(−9.1) \t31.0\n(−0.6) \t41.2\n(5.1) \t49.7\n(9.8) \t58.6\n(14.8) \t57.7\n(14.3) \t46.7\n(8.2) \t35.1\n(1.7) \t24.4\n(−4.2) \t13.1\n(−10.5) \t2.6\n(−16.3) \t\nRecord low °F (°C) −13\n(−25) \t−18\n(−28) \t−8\n(−22) \t11\n(−12) \t31\n(−1) \t41\n(5) \t50\n(10) \t46\n(8) \t34\n(1) \t25\n(−4) \t−2\n(−19) \t−17\n(−27) \t−18\n(−28) \t\nAverage precipitation inches (mm) 3.39\n(86) \t3.21\n(82) \t4.17\n(106) \t3.63\n(92) \t3.25\n(83) \t3.89\n(99) \t3.27\n(83) \t3.23\n(82) \t3.56\n(90) \t4.03\n(102) \t3.66\n(93) \t4.30\n(109) \t43.59\n(1,107) \t\nAverage snowfall inches (cm) 14.3\n(36) \t14.4\n(37) \t9.0\n(23) \t1.6\n(4.1) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.2\n(0.51) \t0.7\n(1.8) \t9.0\n(23) \t49.2\n(125) \t\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.8 \t10.6 \t11.6 \t11.6 \t11.8 \t10.9 \t9.4 \t9.0 \t9.0 \t10.5 \t10.3 \t11.9 \t128.4 \t\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.6 \t6.2 \t4.4 \t0.8 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.2 \t0.6 \t4.2 \t23.0 \t\nAverage relative humidity (%) 62.3 \t62.0 \t63.1 \t63.0 \t66.7 \t68.5 \t68.4 \t70.8 \t71.8 \t68.5 \t67.5 \t65.4 \t66.5 \t\nAverage dew point °F (°C) 16.5\n(−8.6) \t17.6\n(−8.0) \t25.2\n(−3.8) \t33.6\n(0.9) \t45.0\n(7.2) \t55.2\n(12.9) \t61.0\n(16.1) \t60.4\n(15.8) \t53.8\n(12.1) \t42.8\n(6.0) \t33.4\n(0.8) \t22.1\n(−5.5) \t38.9\n(3.8) \t\nMean monthly sunshine hours 163.4 \t168.4 \t213.7 \t227.2 \t267.3 \t286.5 \t300.9 \t277.3 \t237.1 \t206.3 \t143.2 \t142.3 \t2,633.6 \t\nPercent possible sunshine 56 \t57 \t58 \t57 \t59 \t63 \t65 \t64 \t63 \t60 \t49 \t50 \t59 \t\nAverage ultraviolet index 1 \t2 \t4 \t5 \t7 \t8 \t8 \t8 \t6 \t4 \t2 \t1 \t5 \t\nSource 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[141][132][142] \t\nSource 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[143] \t\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts \nSee or edit raw graph data. \nHistorical population\nYearPop.±%\n16804,500\t— \t\n16907,000\t+55.6%\t\n17006,700\t−4.3%\t\n17109,000\t+34.3%\t\n172210,567\t+17.4%\t\n174216,382\t+55.0%\t\n176515,520\t−5.3%\t\n179018,320\t+18.0%\t\n180024,937\t+36.1%\t\n181033,787\t+35.5%\t\n182043,298\t+28.1%\t\n183061,392\t+41.8%\t\n184093,383\t+52.1%\t\n1850136,881\t+46.6%\t\n1860177,840\t+29.9%\t\n1870250,526\t+40.9%\t\n1880362,839\t+44.8%\t\n1890448,477\t+23.6%\t\n1900560,892\t+25.1%\t\n1910670,585\t+19.6%\t\n1920748,060\t+11.6%\t\n1930781,188\t+4.4%\t\n1940770,816\t−1.3%\t\n1950801,444\t+4.0%\t\n1960697,197\t−13.0%\t\n1970641,071\t−8.1%\t\n1980562,994\t−12.2%\t\n1990574,283\t+2.0%\t\n2000589,141\t+2.6%\t\n2010617,594\t+4.8%\t\n2020675,647\t+9.4%\t\n2022*650,706\t−3.7%\t\n*=population estimate. \nSource: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156]\n2010–2020[4]\nSource: U.S. Decennial Census[157]\t\nPacked circles diagram showing estimates of the ethnic origins of people in Boston in 2021 \nHistorical racial/ethnic composition \nRace/ethnicity 2020[158] 2010[159] 1990[160] 1970[160] 1940[160] \nNon-Hispanic White\t44.7%\t47.0%\t59.0%\t79.5%[e]\t96.6% \t\nBlack\t22.0%\t24.4%\t23.8%\t16.3%\t3.1% \t\nHispanic or Latino (of any race)\t19.5%\t17.5%\t10.8%\t2.8%[e]\t0.1% \t\nAsian\t9.7%\t8.9%\t5.3%\t1.3%\t0.2% \t\nTwo or more races\t3.2%\t3.9%\t–\t–\t– \t\nNative American\t0.2%\t0.4%\t0.3%\t0.2%\t– \t\nIn 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households[4]—a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[161] \nIn the city, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[162] There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[162] \nThe median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[163] Boston has a significant racial wealth gap with White Bostonians having an median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.[164] \nFrom the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites in the city declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority minority for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant gentrification, during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-White population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased Latin American and Asian populations and more clarity surrounding U.S. Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic White population of 47% (some reports give slightly lower figures).[165][166][167] \nU.S. Navy sailors march in Boston's annual Saint Patrick's Day parade. Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston. Armenian American family in Boston, 1908 Chinatown with its paifang gate is home to several Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants. \nAfrican-Americans comprise 22% of the city's population. People of Irish descent form the second-largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.[168] \nIn Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.[169] East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans.[170] \nThere is a large and historical Armenian community in Boston,[171] and the city is home to the Armenian Heritage Park.[172] Additionally, over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.[173] Overall, according to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:[174][175] \nAncestry Percentage of\nBoston\npopulation Percentage of\nMassachusetts\npopulation Percentage of\nUnited States\npopulation City-to-state\ndifference City-to-USA\ndifference \nBlack \t22% \t8.2% \t14-15% \t13.8% \t7% \t\nIrish \t14.06% \t21.16% \t10.39% \t−7.10% \t3.67% \t\nItalian \t8.13% \t13.19% \t5.39% \t−5.05% \t2.74% \t\nother West Indian \t6.92% \t1.96% \t0.90% \t4.97% \t6.02% \t\nDominican \t5.45% \t2.60% \t0.68% \t2.65% \t4.57% \t\nPuerto Rican \t5.27% \t4.52% \t1.66% \t0.75% \t3.61% \t\nChinese \t4.57% \t2.28% \t1.24% \t2.29% \t3.33% \t\nGerman \t4.57% \t6.00% \t14.40% \t−1.43% \t−9.83% \t\nEnglish \t4.54% \t9.77% \t7.67% \t−5.23% \t−3.13% \t\nAmerican \t4.13% \t4.26% \t6.89% \t−0.13% \t−2.76% \t\nSub-Saharan African \t4.09% \t2.00% \t1.01% \t2.09% \t3.08% \t\nHaitian \t3.58% \t1.15% \t0.31% \t2.43% \t3.27% \t\nPolish \t2.48% \t4.67% \t2.93% \t−2.19% \t−0.45% \t\nCape Verdean \t2.21% \t0.97% \t0.03% \t1.24% \t2.18% \t\nFrench \t1.93% \t6.82% \t2.56% \t−4.89% \t−0.63% \t\nVietnamese \t1.76% \t0.69% \t0.54% \t1.07% \t1.22% \t\nJamaican \t1.70% \t0.44% \t0.34% \t1.26% \t1.36% \t\nRussian \t1.62% \t1.65% \t0.88% \t−0.03% \t0.74% \t\nAsian Indian \t1.31% \t1.39% \t1.09% \t−0.08% \t0.22% \t\nScottish \t1.30% \t2.28% \t1.71% \t−0.98% \t−0.41% \t\nFrench Canadian \t1.19% \t3.91% \t0.65% \t−2.71% \t0.54% \t\nMexican \t1.12% \t0.67% \t11.96% \t0.45% \t−10.84% \t\nArab \t1.10% \t1.10% \t0.59% \t0.00% \t0.50% \t\nData is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[176][177][178] \nRank ZIP Code (ZCTA) Per capita\nincome Median\nhousehold\nincome Median\nfamily\nincome Population Number of\nhouseholds \n1 \t02110 (Financial District) \t$152,007 \t$123,795 \t$196,518 \t1,486 \t981 \t\n2 \t02199 (Prudential Center) \t$151,060 \t$107,159 \t$146,786 \t1,290 \t823 \t\n3 \t02210 (Fort Point) \t$93,078 \t$111,061 \t$223,411 \t1,905 \t1,088 \t\n4 \t02109 (North End) \t$88,921 \t$128,022 \t$162,045 \t4,277 \t2,190 \t\n5 \t02116 (Back Bay/Bay Village) \t$81,458 \t$87,630 \t$134,875 \t21,318 \t10,938 \t\n6 \t02108 (Beacon Hill/Financial District) \t$78,569 \t$95,753 \t$153,618 \t4,155 \t2,337 \t\n7 \t02114 (Beacon Hill/West End) \t$65,865 \t$79,734 \t$169,107 \t11,933 \t6,752 \t\n8 \t02111 (Chinatown/Financial District/Leather District) \t$56,716 \t$44,758 \t$88,333 \t7,616 \t3,390 \t\n9 \t02129 (Charlestown) \t$56,267 \t$89,105 \t$98,445 \t17,052 \t8,083 \t\n10 \t02467 (Chestnut Hill) \t$53,382 \t$113,952 \t$148,396 \t22,796 \t6,351 \t\n11 \t02113 (North End) \t$52,905 \t$64,413 \t$112,589 \t7,276 \t4,329 \t\n12 \t02132 (West Roxbury) \t$44,306 \t$82,421 \t$110,219 \t27,163 \t11,013 \t\n13 \t02118 (South End) \t$43,887 \t$50,000 \t$49,090 \t26,779 \t12,512 \t\n14 \t02130 (Jamaica Plain) \t$42,916 \t$74,198 \t$95,426 \t36,866 \t15,306 \t\n15 \t02127 (South Boston) \t$42,854 \t$67,012 \t$68,110 \t32,547 \t14,994 \t\n\tMassachusetts \t$35,485 \t$66,658 \t$84,380 \t6,560,595 \t2,525,694 \t\n\tBoston \t$33,589 \t$53,136 \t$63,230 \t619,662 \t248,704 \t\n\tSuffolk County \t$32,429 \t$52,700 \t$61,796 \t724,502 \t287,442 \t\n16 \t02135 (Brighton) \t$31,773 \t$50,291 \t$62,602 \t38,839 \t18,336 \t\n17 \t02131 (Roslindale) \t$29,486 \t$61,099 \t$70,598 \t30,370 \t11,282 \t\n\tUnited States \t$28,051 \t$53,046 \t$64,585 \t309,138,711 \t115,226,802 \t\n18 \t02136 (Hyde Park) \t$28,009 \t$57,080 \t$74,734 \t29,219 \t10,650 \t\n19 \t02134 (Allston) \t$25,319 \t$37,638 \t$49,355 \t20,478 \t8,916 \t\n20 \t02128 (East Boston) \t$23,450 \t$49,549 \t$49,470 \t41,680 \t14,965 \t\n21 \t02122 (Dorchester-Fields Corner) \t$23,432 \t$51,798 \t$50,246 \t25,437 \t8,216 \t\n22 \t02124 (Dorchester-Codman Square-Ashmont) \t$23,115 \t$48,329 \t$55,031 \t49,867 \t17,275 \t\n23 \t02125 (Dorchester-Uphams Corner-Savin Hill) \t$22,158 \t$42,298 \t$44,397 \t31,996 \t11,481 \t\n24 \t02163 (Allston-Harvard Business School) \t$21,915 \t$43,889 \t$91,190 \t1,842 \t562 \t\n25 \t02115 (Back Bay, Longwood, Museum of Fine Arts/Symphony Hall area) \t$21,654 \t$23,677 \t$50,303 \t29,178 \t9,958 \t\n26 \t02126 (Mattapan) \t$20,649 \t$43,532 \t$52,774 \t27,335 \t9,510 \t\n27 \t02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) \t$19,082 \t$30,823 \t$72,583 \t23,719 \t7,995 \t\n28 \t02119 (Roxbury) \t$18,998 \t$27,051 \t$35,311 \t24,237 \t9,769 \t\n29 \t02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) \t$18,226 \t$30,419 \t$35,439 \t26,801 \t9,739 \t\n30 \t02120 (Mission Hill) \t$17,390 \t$32,367 \t$29,583 \t13,217 \t4,509 \t\nOld South Church at Copley Square at sunset. This United Church of Christ congregation was first organized in 1669. \nAccording to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% attending a variety of Protestant churches and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs; 33% claim no religious affiliation, while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and other faiths.[179][180] \nAs of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Greater Boston area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[181] \nThe Boston metro area contained a Jewish population of approximately 248,000 as of 2015.[182] More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent towns.[182] A small minority practices Confucianism, and some practice Boston Confucianism, an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.[183] \nA global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[186] Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.[187] \nBoston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[188][189] The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country.[190] Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.[191] \nThe city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies.[24][192] The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[193] and high technology remains an important sector.[194] \nTourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[195] Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[196] Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[197] The city is a major seaport along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.[198] \nIn the 2018 Global Financial Centres Index, Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive financial services center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.[199] Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[200] The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center[201]—Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to two convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay and the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.[202] The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.[103] Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including Converse, New Balance, and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide, Inc. headquarters or regional offices[203] are just outside the city.[204] \nPrimary and secondary education\n[edit]\nBoston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the U.S. \nThe Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and the renowned Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[19] The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[205] There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.[206] In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's kindergarten system a savings account containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[207] \nMap of Boston-area universities Harvard Business School, one of the country's top business schools[208] \nSeveral of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[209] Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Brainpower Triangle.[210] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its business school and athletics facilities are in Boston's Allston neighborhood, and its medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood area.[211]The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as \"Boston Tech\"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[212] Tufts University's main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center.[213] \nGreater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[214] The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[215] with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End, Northeastern University in the Fenway area,[216] Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school,[217] and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[218] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[219] \nFive members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and Brandeis University.[220] Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities as per the Carnegie Classification. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[221] This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.[222][223] \nSmaller private colleges include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school),[224] and Emerson College.[225] The region is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),[226] the Boston Conservatory, and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[227] Many trade schools also exist in the city, such as the Boston Career Institute, the North Bennet Street School, Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center, and many others.[228] \nBoston City Hall is a Brutalist-style landmark in the city.\nBoston has a strong mayor–council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Michelle Wu became mayor in November 2021, succeeding Kim Janey who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following Marty Walsh's confirmation to the position of Secretary of Labor in the Biden/Harris Administration. Walsh's predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.[229] The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide \"at-large\" seats.[230] The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.[231] The city uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[232] \nChamber of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the Massachusetts State House \nIn addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.[f] \nThe Federal Reserve Bank of Boston at 600 Atlantic Avenue \nThe city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building, the John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.[235] The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts are housed in The John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse.[236][237] \nFederally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district and is represented by Ayanna Pressley while the remaining southern fourth is in the 8th district and is represented by Stephen Lynch,[238] both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012.[239] The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.[240] \nA Boston Police cruiser on Beacon Street \nBoston included $414 million in spending on the Boston Police Department in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[241] \nLike many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[242] \nIn 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[243] Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[244] \nThe Old State House, a museum on the Freedom Trail near the site of the Boston Massacre In the 19th century, the Old Corner Bookstore became a gathering place for writers, including Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. James Russell Lowell printed the first editions of The Atlantic Monthly at the store. Symphony Hall at 301 Massachusetts Avenue, home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra Museum of Fine Arts at 465 Huntington Avenue \nBoston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as the Boston accent[245] and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[246] Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang and sardonic humor.[247] \nIn the early 1800s, William Tudor wrote that Boston was \"'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[248] From this, Boston has been called the \"Athens of America\" (also a nickname of Philadelphia)[249] for its literary culture, earning a reputation as \"the intellectual capital of the United States\".[250] \nIn the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore to be the \"cradle of American literature\", the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published.[251] In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States.[250] Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.[252][253] \nMusic is afforded a high degree of civic support in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the \"Big Five\", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the \"world's best\" orchestras.[254] Symphony Hall (west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,[255] and to the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall \"one of the top venues for classical music in the world\", adding \"Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design\".[256] Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[257] and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[258] The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva.[257] Several theaters are in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.[259] \nThere are several major annual events, such as First Night which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston gay pride parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[260] The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[261] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.[262] \nSeveral historic sites relating to the American Revolution period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the Freedom Trail,[263] which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.[264] \nThe city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.[265] The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District.[266] Boston's South End Art and Design District (SoWa) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[267][268] Columbia Point is the location of the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. The Boston Athenæum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[269] Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers),[270] Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.[271] \nBoston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts serves just under 200 congregations, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630.[272] King's Chapel was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Old South Church (1669), Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).[273] \nFenway Park, the home stadium of the Boston Red Sox. Opened in 1912, Fenway Park is the oldest professional baseball stadium still in use. \nBoston has teams in the four major North American men's professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer. As of 2024, the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).[274] \nThe Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square, in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.[275] Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates.[276][277] Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the \"Boston Pilgrims\" appear to be unfounded.[278] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.[279] \nThe Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association play at TD Garden \nThe TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished Boston Garden, is above North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise.[280] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[281] The Celtics have won eighteen championships, the most of any NBA team.[282] \nWhile they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[283] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer.[284] \nHarvard Stadium, the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S. \nThe area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the area—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. These four universities participate in the Beanpot, an annual men's and women's ice hockey tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,[285] while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.[286] \nBoston has Esports teams as well, such as the Overwatch League (OWL)'s Boston Uprising. Established in 2017,[287] they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[288] The Boston Breach is another esports team in the Call of Duty League (CDL).[289] \nOne of the best-known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2 mi (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon,[290] run on Patriots' Day in April. The Red Sox traditionally play a home game starting around 11 A.M. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.[291] Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.[292] \nMajor sports teams \nTeam League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships \nBoston Red Sox MLB \tBaseball \tFenway Park \t37,755 \t1903 \t1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018 \t\nBoston Bruins NHL \tIce hockey \tTD Garden \t17,850 \t1924 \t1928–29, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1969–70, 1971–72, 2010–11 \t\nBoston Celtics NBA \tBasketball \tTD Garden \t19,156 \t1946 \t1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1985–86, 2007–08, 2023–24 \t\nNew England Patriots NFL \tAmerican football \tGillette Stadium \t65,878 \t1960 \t2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018 \t\nNew England Revolution MLS \tSoccer \tGillette Stadium \t20,000 \t1996 \tNone \t\nParks and recreation\n[edit]\nAerial view of Boston Common in Downtown Boston \nBoston Common, near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[293] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the Back Bay Fens, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo.[294] Another major park is the Esplanade, along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near Castle Island and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[295] \nBoston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.[296] \nThe Boston Globe is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[297] and is generally acknowledged as its paper of record.[298] The city is also served by other publications such as the Boston Herald, Boston magazine, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[299] The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[300] The Improper Bostonian, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019. \nThe city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of the Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.[301] \nVarious LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[302] \nRadio and television\n[edit]\nBoston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[303] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and news radio WBZ (AM). WBZ is a 50,000 watt \"clear channel\" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.[304] A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).[305] \nThe Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.[306] The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV 4 and its sister station WSBK-TV 38 (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an independent station), WCVB-TV 5 and its sister station WMUR-TV 9 (both ABC), WHDH 7 and its sister station WLVI 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a CW affiliate), WBTS-CD 15 (an NBC O&O), and WFXT 25 (Fox). The city is also home to PBS member station WGBH-TV 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[307] which also operates WGBX 44. Spanish-language television networks, including UniMás (WUTF-TV 27), Telemundo (WNEU 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and Univisión (WUNI 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU serving as network owned-and-operated station. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.[308] Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.[309] \nHarvard Medical School, one of the world's most prestigious medical schools \nMany of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and Joslin Diabetes Center.[310] Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are in the Beacon Hill area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[311] \nTufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, in the South End neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine.[312][313] St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.[314] \nAn MBTA Red Line train departing Boston for Cambridge. Over 1.3 million Bostonians utilize the city's buses and trains daily as of 2013.[315] \nLogan International Airport, in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[316] Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Regional Airport and Lawrence Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south.[317] Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.[318] \nDowntown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid,[319] unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Central Artery follows I-93 as the primary north–south artery that carries most of the through traffic in downtown Boston. Other major highways include US 1, which carries traffic to the North Shore and areas south of Boston, US 3, which connects to the northwestern suburbs, Massachusetts Route 3, which connects to the South Shore and Cape Cod, and Massachusetts Route 2 which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is Massachusetts Route 128, a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly I-95 and I-93).[320] \nWith nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country.[321] The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[322] Boston's public transportation agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country,[20] with 65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.[323] The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks as well as water shuttles.[323] \nSouth Station, the busiest rail hub in New England, is a terminus of Amtrak and numerous MBTA rail lines. \nAmtrak intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: South Station, North Station, Back Bay, and Route 128. South Station is a major intermodal transportation hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's Northeast Regional, Acela Express, and Lake Shore Limited routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the Acela Express and Northeast Regional.[324] Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster to Brunswick, Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[325] \nNicknamed \"The Walking City\", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.[326] As of 2024, Walk Score ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.[327] \nBluebikes in Boston \nBetween 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling;[328] regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting.[329] In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking,[330][331] and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[332] The bikeshare program Bluebikes, originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[333] logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[334] The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[335] In 2016, there were 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city, which in 2022 has increased to 400 stations with a total of 4,000 bikes.[336] PBSC Urban Solutions provides bicycles and technology for this bike-sharing system.[337] \nInternational relations\n[edit]\nThe City of Boston has eleven official sister cities:[338] \nKyoto, Japan (1959)\nStrasbourg, France (1960)\nBarcelona, Spain (1980)\nHangzhou, China (1982)\nPadua, Italy (1983)\nCity of Melbourne, Australia (1985)\nBeira, Mozambique (1990)\nTaipei, Taiwan (1996)\nSekondi-Takoradi, Ghana (2001)\nBelfast, Northern Ireland (2014)\nPraia, Cape Verde (2015)\nBoston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with five additional cities or regions: \nOutline of Boston\nBoston City League (high-school athletic conference)\nBoston Citgo Sign\nBoston nicknames\nBoston–Halifax relations\nList of diplomatic missions in Boston\nList of people from Boston\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Boston\nUSS Boston, seven ships\n^ The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94. \n^ Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15. \n^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. \n^ Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[140] \n^ Jump up to: a b From 15% sample \n^ Since the Massachusetts State House is located in the city's Beacon Hill neighborhood, the term \"Beacon Hill\" is used as a metonym for the Massachusetts state government.[233][234] \n^ \"List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments\". sec.state.ma.us. 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By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata. \n^ C. Holloran, Peter (1989). Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780838632970. \n^ J. Harp, Gillis (2003). Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9780742571983. \n^ Dilworth, Richardson (September 13, 2011). Cities in American Political History. SAGE Publications. p. 28. ISBN 9780872899117. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021. \n^ \"Boston African American National Historic Site\". National Park Service. April 28, 2007. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2007. \n^ \"Fugitive Slave Law\". The Massachusetts Historical Society. 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Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007. \n^ Ryan, Conor. \"How long have the Red Sox played at 11 a.m. on Patriots Day?\". www.boston.com. Retrieved June 21, 2024. \n^ \"Crimson Rules College Lightweights at Head of the Charles\". Harvard Athletic Communications. October 23, 2011. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012. \n^ Morris 2005, p. 61. \n^ \"Franklin Park\". City of Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ \"Open Space Plan 2008–2014: Section 3 Community Setting\" (PDF). City of Boston Parks & Recreation. January 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2013. \n^ Randall, Eric. \"Boston has one of the best park systems in the country\" Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. June 5, 2013. Boston Magazine. Retrieved on July 15, 2013. \n^ \"The Boston Globe\". Encyclo. Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2017. \n^ \"History of the Boston Globe\". The Boston Globe Library. Northeastern University. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021. \n^ \"Editor's message about changes at the Monitor\". The Christian Science Monitor. March 27, 2009. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009. \n^ \"WriteBoston – T.i.P\". City of Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ Diaz, Johnny (September 6, 2008). \"A new day dawns for a Spanish-language publication\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2013. \n^ Diaz, Johnny (January 26, 2011). \"Bay Windows acquires monthly paper\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2013. \n^ \"Arbitron – Market Ranks and Schedule, 1–50\". Arbitron. Fall 2005. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007. \n^ \"AM Broadcast Classes; Clear, Regional, and Local Channels\". Federal Communications Commission. January 20, 2012. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013. \n^ \"radio-locator:Boston, Massachusetts\". radio-locator. 2024. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024. \n^ \"Nielsen Survey\" (PDF). nielsen.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2015. \n^ \"About Us: From our President\". WGBH. 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013. \n^ \"The Route 128 tower complex\". The Boston Radio Archives. 2007. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ \"Revised list of non-Canadian programming services and stations authorized for distribution\". Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 2024. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024. \n^ \"About MASCO\". MASCO – Medical Academic and Scientific Community Organization. 2007. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2012. \n^ \"Hospital Overview\". Massachusetts General Hospital. 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2013. \n^ \"Boston Medical Center – Facts\" (PDF). Boston Medical Center. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007. \n^ \"Boston Medical Center\". Children's Hospital Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2007. \n^ \"Facility Listing Report\". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 2007. Archived from the original on March 24, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ \"Statistics\" (PDF). apta.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2014. \n^ \"About Logan\". Massport. 2007. Archived from the original on May 21, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007. \n^ \"Airside Improvements Planning Project, Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts\" (PDF). Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. August 2, 2002. p. 52. Retrieved August 16, 2024. \n^ \"About Port of Boston\". Massport. 2013. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. \n^ Shurtleff, Arthur A. (January 1911). \"The Street Plan of the Metropolitan District of Boston\". Landscape Architecture 1: 71–83. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. \n^ \"Massachusetts Official Transportation Map\". Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024. \n^ \"Census and You\" (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007. \n^ \"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map\". Governing. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018. \n^ Jump up to: a b \"Boston: Light Rail Transit Overview\". Light Rail Progress. May 2003. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007. \n^ \"Westwood—Route 128 Station, MA (RTE)\". Amtrak. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007. \n^ \"Boston—South Station, MA (BOS)\". Amtrak. 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007. \n^ Of cities over 250,000 \"Carfree Database Results – Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000)\". Bikes at Work Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007. \n^ \"Boston\". Walk Score. 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024. \n^ Zezima, Katie (August 8, 2009). \"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2015. \n^ \"Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them – Another Look\" (PDF). Dill bike facilities. 2003. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007. \n^ Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). \"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2009. \n^ \"A Future Best City: Boston\". Rodale Inc. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009. \n^ \"Is Bicycle Commuting Really Catching On? And if So, Where?\". The Atlantic Media Company. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \n^ Moskowitz, Eric (April 21, 2011). \"Hub set to launch bike-share program\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013. \n^ Fox, Jeremy C. (March 29, 2012). \"Hubway bike system to be fully launched by April 1\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012. \n^ Franzini, Laura E. (August 8, 2012). \"Hubway expands to Brookline, Somerville, Cambridge\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2013. \n^ \"Hubway Bikes Boston | PBSC\". Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016. \n^ RedEye (May 8, 2015). \"Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations\". Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016. \n^ \"Sister Cities\". City of Boston. July 18, 2017. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ \"Friendly Cities\". Guangzhou People's Government. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ City of Boston (February 10, 2016). \"MAYOR WALSH SIGNS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH LYON, FRANCE VICE-MAYOR KARIN DOGNIN-SAUZE\". City of Boston. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ \"CITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINS BOSTON, COPENHAGEN IN CLIMATE MEMORANDUM OF COLLABORATION\". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2017. \n^ Boston City TV (April 4, 2017). \"Memorandum of Understanding with Mexico City's Mayor Mancera – Promo\". City of Boston. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ Derry City & Strabane District Council (November 17, 2017). \"Ireland North West and City of Boston sign MOU\". Derry City & Strabane District Council. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \nBluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-072-1.\nBolino, August C. (2012). Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-3376-5.\nChristopher, Paul J. (2006). 50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit. Encouragement Press, LLC. ISBN 978-1-933766-01-0.\nHull, Sarah (2011). The Rough Guide to Boston (6 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4053-8247-2.\nKennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-923-6.\nMorris, Jerry (2005). The Boston Globe Guide to Boston. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-3430-6.\nVorhees, Mara (2009). Lonely Planet Boston City Guide (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5.\nBeagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006). Boston: A Pictorial Celebration. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4027-1977-6.\nBrown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub (1st ed.). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5062-7.\nHantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (200). City in Time: Boston. Sterling Publishing Company8. ISBN 978-1-4027-3300-0.\nHolli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-21134-8. Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980—see index at pp. 406–411 for list.\nO'Connell, James C. (2013). The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01875-3.\nO'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). Boston: A to Z. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00310-1.\nPrice, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). Boston's Immigrants, 1840–1925. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-0921-4.[permanent dead link]\nKrieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. (2001). Mapping Boston. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-61173-2.\nSeasholes, Nancy S. (2003). Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19494-5.\nShand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000 (2nd ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-201-1.\nSouthworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods (3rd ed.). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4337-7.\nVrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-620-6.\nWhitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). Boston: A Topographical History (3rd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00268-5.\nOfficial website\nVisit Boston, official tourism website\nGeographic data related to Boston at OpenStreetMap\n\"Boston\" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.\n\"Boston\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–296.\nHistorical Maps of Boston from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library\nBoston at Curlie",
+ "markdown": "# Boston\n\nBoston\n\n[State capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States \"List of capitals in the United States\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_-_panoramio_\\(23\\).jpg)\n\n[Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\") from [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg)\n\nAcorn Street on [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_-_Old_State_House_\\(48718568688\\).jpg)\n\n[Old State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_\\(Boston\\) \"Old State House (Boston)\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_\\(48718911666\\).jpg)\n\n[Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House \"Massachusetts State House\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG)\n\n[Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\") during a [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") game\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg)\n\n[Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay \"Back Bay\") from the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boston.svg \"Flag of Boston\")\n\n[Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Boston \"Flag of Boston\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg \"Official seal of Boston\")\n\nSeal\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg \"Coat of arms of Boston\")\n\nCoat of arms\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wordmark_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg \"Official logo of Boston\")\n\nWordmark\n\nNickname(s): \n\n_Bean Town, Title Town, [others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicknames_of_Boston \"Nicknames of Boston\")_\n\nMotto(s): \n\n_Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis_ ([Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin \"Latin\")) \n'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us'\n\n[](#/map/0 \"Show in full screen\")\n\nShow BostonShow Suffolk CountyShow MassachusettsShow the United StatesShow all\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png \"Boston is located in Greater Boston area\")\n\n\n\nBoston\n\nShow map of Greater Boston areaShow map of MassachusettsShow map of the United StatesShow map of EarthShow all\n\nCoordinates: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png \"Show location on an interactive map\")[42°21′37″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36028°N 71.05778°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boston¶ms=42_21_37_N_71_3_28_W_region:US-MA_type:city\\(654,000\\))\n\nCountry\n\nUnited States\n\n[Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States \"List of regions of the United States\")\n\n[New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\")\n\n[State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\")\n\n[Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")\n\n[County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts \"List of counties in Massachusetts\")\n\n[Suffolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts \"Suffolk County, Massachusetts\")[\\[1\\]](#cite_note-1)\n\n* * *\n\nHistoric countries\n\n[Kingdom of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") \n[Commonwealth of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England \"Commonwealth of England\") \n[Kingdom of Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\")\n\n[Historic colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony \"Colony\")\n\n[Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony \"Massachusetts Bay Colony\"), [Dominion of New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England \"Dominion of New England\"), [Province of Massachusetts Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay \"Province of Massachusetts Bay\")\n\nSettled\n\n1625\n\nIncorporated (town)\n\nSeptember 7, 1630 (date of naming, [Old Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates \"Old Style and New Style dates\"))\n\n \nSeptember 17, 1630 (date of naming, [New Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates \"Old Style and New Style dates\"))\n\nIncorporated (city)\n\nMarch 19, 1822\n\n[Named for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake \"Namesake\")\n\n[Boston, Lincolnshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire \"Boston, Lincolnshire\")\n\nGovernment\n\n • Type\n\n[Strong mayor / Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government \"Mayor–council government\")\n\n • [Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston \"Mayor of Boston\")\n\n[Michelle Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wu \"Michelle Wu\") ([D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Democratic Party (United States)\"))\n\n • [Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council \"City council\")\n\n[Boston City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\")\n\n • [Council President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\")\n\n[Ruthzee Louijeune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthzee_Louijeune \"Ruthzee Louijeune\") (D)\n\nArea\n\n[\\[2\\]](#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2)\n\n • [State capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States \"List of capitals in the United States\")\n\n89.61 sq mi (232.10 km2)\n\n • Land\n\n48.34 sq mi (125.20 km2)\n\n • Water\n\n41.27 sq mi (106.90 km2)\n\n • Urban\n\n1,655.9 sq mi (4,288.7 km2)\n\n • Metro\n\n4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)\n\n • [CSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_statistical_area \"Combined statistical area\")\n\n10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)\n\nElevation\n\n[\\[3\\]](#cite_note-3)\n\n46 ft (14 m)\n\nPopulation\n\n ([2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"))[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4)\n\n • [State capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States \"List of capitals in the United States\")\n\n675,647\n\n • Estimate \n\n(2021)[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4)\n\n654,776\n\n • Rank\n\n[66th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population \"List of North American cities by population\") in North America \n[25th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population \"List of United States cities by population\") in the United States \n[1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts \"List of municipalities in Massachusetts\") in Massachusetts\n\n • Density\n\n13,976.98/sq mi (5,396.51/km2)\n\n • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area \"Urban area\")\n\n[\\[5\\]](#cite_note-urban_area-5)\n\n4,382,009 (US: [10th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas \"List of United States urban areas\"))\n\n • Urban density\n\n2,646.3/sq mi (1,021.8/km2)\n\n • [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area \"Metropolitan area\")\n\n[\\[6\\]](#cite_note-2020Pop-6)\n\n4,941,632 (US: [10th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas \"List of metropolitan statistical areas\"))\n\n[Demonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym \"Demonym\")\n\nBostonian\n\nGDP\n\n[\\[7\\]](#cite_note-7)\n\n • Boston (MSA)\n\n$571.6 billion (2022)\n\n[Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone \"Time zone\")\n\n[UTC−5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925 \"UTC−5\") ([EST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone \"Eastern Time Zone\"))\n\n • Summer ([DST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time \"Daylight saving time\"))\n\n[UTC−4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924 \"UTC−4\") ([EDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time \"Eastern Daylight Time\"))\n\n[ZIP Codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code \"ZIP Code\")\n\n53 ZIP Codes[\\[8\\]](#cite_note-8)\n\n[Area codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan \"Telephone numbering plan\")\n\n[617 and 857](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_617_and_857 \"Area codes 617 and 857\")\n\n[FIPS code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards \"Federal Information Processing Standards\")\n\n25-07000\n\n[GNIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System \"Geographic Names Information System\") feature ID\n\n[617565](https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:617565)\n\nWebsite\n\n[boston.gov](https://boston.gov/)\n\n**Boston** ([\\[9\\]](#cite_note-9)) is the capital and most populous city in the [Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_\\(U.S._state\\) \"Commonwealth (U.S. state)\") of [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). The city serves as the cultural and [financial center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center \"Financial center\") of the [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\") region of the [Northeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States \"Northeastern United States\"). It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)[\\[10\\]](#cite_note-10) and a population of 675,647 as of the [2020 census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\").[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4) The larger [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") [metropolitan statistical area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area \"Metropolitan statistical area\"), which includes and surrounds the city, has a population of 4,919,179 as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and eleventh-largest in the country.[\\[11\\]](#cite_note-BostonMetroPopulation-11)[\\[12\\]](#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](#cite_note-13)\n\nBoston was founded on the [Shawmut Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula \"Shawmut Peninsula\") in 1630 by [Puritan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans \"Puritans\") settlers. The city was named after [Boston, Lincolnshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire \"Boston, Lincolnshire\"), England.[\\[14\\]](#cite_note-history-14)[\\[15\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199411–12-15) During the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\"), Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent [Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), including the [Boston Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre \"Boston Massacre\") (1770), the [Boston Tea Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\") (1773), [Paul Revere's Midnight Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride \"Paul Revere's Midnight Ride\") (1775), the [Battle of Bunker Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\") (1775), and the [Siege of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston \"Siege of Boston\") (1775–1776). Following American independence from [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\"), the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture.[\\[16\\]](#cite_note-AboutBoston-16)[\\[17\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20058-17) The city also expanded significantly beyond the original [peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Neck \"Boston Neck\") by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park ([Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\"), 1634),[\\[18\\]](#cite_note-18) the first [public school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school \"State school\") ([Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\"), 1635),[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-BPS-19) and the first subway system ([Tremont Street subway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremont_Street_subway \"Tremont Street subway\"), 1897).[\\[20\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201142-20)\n\nBoston has emerged as a national leader in higher education and research[\\[21\\]](#cite_note-AcademicRanking2-21) and the largest [biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\") hub in the world.[\\[22\\]](#cite_note-BostonLargestBiotechHubWorld-22) The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in [innovation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation \"Innovation\") and [entrepreneurship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship \"Entrepreneurship\"),[\\[23\\]](#cite_note-VentureCapitalBoston1-23)[\\[24\\]](#cite_note-Kirsner-24)[\\[25\\]](#cite_note-25) and more recently in [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").[\\[26\\]](#cite_note-BostonAIHub-26) Boston's economy also includes [finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center \"Financial center\"),[\\[27\\]](#cite_note-BostonFinance-27) professional and business services, [information technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\"), and government activities.[\\[28\\]](#cite_note-28) Boston households provide the highest average rate of [philanthropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy \"Philanthropy\") in the nation,[\\[29\\]](#cite_note-transfer_of_wealth-29) and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental [sustainability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") and new investment.[\\[30\\]](#cite_note-30)\n\n[Isaac Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_\\(colonist\\) \"Isaac Johnson (colonist)\"), in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river \"Boston\". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of [Boston, Lincolnshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire \"Boston, Lincolnshire\"), from which he, his wife (namesake of the _[Arbella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbella \"Arbella\")_) and [John Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_\\(minister\\) \"John Cotton (minister)\") (grandfather of [Cotton Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather \"Cotton Mather\")) had [emigrated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_\\(1620%E2%80%931640\\) \"Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)\") to [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\"). The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, [St. Botolph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botolph_of_Thorney \"Botolph of Thorney\"), in [whose church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Boston \"St Botolph's Church, Boston\") John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as \"St. Botolph's town\", later contracted to \"Boston\". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as \"Shawmut\" by [William Blaxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton \"William Blaxton\") and \"Tremontaine\"[\\[31\\]](#cite_note-31) by the Puritan settlers he had invited.[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-DNB1-32)[\\[33\\]](#cite_note-Weston-33)[\\[34\\]](#cite_note-34)[\\[35\\]](#cite_note-KAY-35)[\\[36\\]](#cite_note-CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA-36)\n\nPrior to [European colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas \"European colonization of the Americas\"), the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the [Massachusett people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusett_people \"Massachusett people\") who had small, seasonal communities.[\\[37\\]](#cite_note-jplains-37)[\\[38\\]](#cite_note-nariver-38) When a group of settlers led by [John Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop \"John Winthrop\") arrived in 1630, the [Shawmut Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula \"Shawmut Peninsula\") was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders.[\\[39\\]](#cite_note-39)[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-40) Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest [fishweirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_weir \"Fishing weir\") in New England on [Boylston Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylston_Street \"Boylston Street\"), which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.[\\[38\\]](#cite_note-nariver-38)[\\[37\\]](#cite_note-jplains-37)[\\[41\\]](#cite_note-41)\n\n### European settlement\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=4 \"Edit section: European settlement\")\\]\n\nThe first European to live in what would become Boston was a [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge \"Cambridge\")\\-educated [Anglican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism \"Anglicanism\") cleric named [William Blaxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton \"William Blaxton\"). He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, [Isaac Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_\\(colonist\\) \"Isaac Johnson (colonist)\"), to cross [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\") from the failing colony of [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630.[\\[42\\]](#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](#cite_note-43)[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-44)\n\nPuritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 [Cambridge Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Agreement \"Cambridge Agreement\"). This document created the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony \"Massachusetts Bay Colony\") and was signed by its first governor [John Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop \"John Winthrop\"). Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, [Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\"), was founded in Boston in 1635.[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-BPS-19)[\\[45\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646-45)\n\nBoston was the largest town in the [Thirteen Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies \"Thirteen Colonies\") until [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[\\[46\\]](#cite_note-46) Boston's [oceanfront location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore \"Shore\") made it a lively [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port \"Port\"), and the then-town primarily engaged in [shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping \"Shipping\") and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") [trade route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route \"Trade route\") and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of [Boston baked beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_baked_beans \"Boston baked beans\").[\\[47\\]](#cite_note-47)\n\nBoston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48)[\\[49\\]](#cite_note-empireontheedge-49)\n\n### Revolution and the siege of Boston\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=5 \"Edit section: Revolution and the siege of Boston\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg)\n\nIn 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") into [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\") in protest of the [Tea Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act \"Tea Act\"), an event known as the [Boston Tea Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\") that escalated the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\").\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston,_1775bsmall1.png)\n\nMap showing a [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War \"British Army during the American Revolutionary War\") tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775\n\n> The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter.\n\n[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe \"William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe\"), in a letter to [William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth \"William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth\"), about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[\\[50\\]](#cite_note-50)\n\nMany crucial events of the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\")[\\[51\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20057-51) occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either [Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\") or [its Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain \"Parliament of Great Britain\"), fostered a revolutionary spirit there.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48) When the British parliament passed the [Stamp Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765 \"Stamp Act 1765\") in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of [Andrew Oliver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Oliver \"Andrew Oliver\"), the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and [Thomas Hutchinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_\\(governor\\) \"Thomas Hutchinson (governor)\"), then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48)[\\[52\\]](#cite_note-52) The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the [Boston Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre \"Boston Massacre\"), British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[\\[49\\]](#cite_note-empireontheedge-49)\n\nIn 1773, Parliament passed the [Tea Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act \"Tea Act\"). Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the [Townshend Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts \"Townshend Acts\"). The act prompted the [Boston Tea Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\"), where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") into [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\"). The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the [Coercive Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable_Acts \"Intolerable Acts\"), demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48) This angered the colonists further and led to the [American Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the [Battles of Lexington and Concord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord \"Battles of Lexington and Concord\").[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48)[\\[53\\]](#cite_note-frothingham-53)\n\nBoston itself was besieged for almost a year during the [siege of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston \"Siege of Boston\"), which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the [British Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\"). [Sir William Howe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe \"William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe\"), then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the [Battle of Bunker Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\"). The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a [pyrrhic victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory \"Pyrrhic victory\") for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.[\\[54\\]](#cite_note-allemn-54)[\\[55\\]](#cite_note-1776book-55)\n\nSeveral weeks later, [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\") took over the militia after the [Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\") established the [Continental Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, [Rufus Putnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Putnam \"Rufus Putnam\"), came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannons on [Dorchester Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Heights \"Dorchester Heights\") that [Henry Knox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knox \"Henry Knox\") had laboriously brought through the snow from [Fort Ticonderoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga \"Fort Ticonderoga\"). The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as \"[Evacuation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_Day_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)\")\", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer.[\\[53\\]](#cite_note-frothingham-53)[\\[54\\]](#cite_note-allemn-54)[\\[56\\]](#cite_note-56)\n\n### Post-revolution and the War of 1812\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=6 \"Edit section: Post-revolution and the War of 1812\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_State_House_and_State_Street,_Boston_1801.jpg)\n\n[State Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_\\(Boston\\) \"State Street (Boston)\") in 1801\n\nAfter the Revolution, Boston's long [seafaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafaring \"Seafaring\") tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the [Embargo Act of 1807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807 \"Embargo Act of 1807\") (adopted during the [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\")) and the [War of 1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\"). Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[\\[57\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446-57)\n\nDuring this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It was admired for its [rarefied literary life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_book \"Classic book\") and generous [artistic patronage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts \"The arts\").[\\[58\\]](#cite_note-BosLitHist-58)[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-BosLitHistMap-59) Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the _[Boston Brahmins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin \"Boston Brahmin\")_—came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[\\[60\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444-60) They are often associated with the [American upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_upper_class \"American upper class\"), [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"),[\\[61\\]](#cite_note-61) and the [Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\\(United_States\\) \"Episcopal Church (United States)\").[\\[62\\]](#cite_note-62)[\\[63\\]](#cite_note-63)\n\nBoston was a prominent port of the [Atlantic slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\") in the [New England Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Colonies \"New England Colonies\"), but was soon overtaken by [Salem, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts \"Salem, Massachusetts\") and [Newport, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\").[\\[64\\]](#cite_note-64) Boston eventually became a center of the [American abolitionist movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States \"Abolitionism in the United States\").[\\[65\\]](#cite_note-65) The city reacted largely negatively to the [Fugitive Slave Act of 1850](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850 \"Fugitive Slave Act of 1850\"),[\\[66\\]](#cite_note-66) contributing to President [Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce \"Franklin Pierce\")'s attempt to make an example of Boston after [Anthony Burns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burns \"Anthony Burns\")'s attempt to escape to freedom.[\\[67\\]](#cite_note-67)[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-68)\n\nIn 1822,[\\[16\\]](#cite_note-AboutBoston-16) the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the \"Town of Boston\" to the \"City of Boston\", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the [charter incorporating the city.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Charter \"Boston City Charter\")[\\[69\\]](#cite_note-city_charter-69) At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km2).[\\[69\\]](#cite_note-city_charter-69)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston,_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg)\n\n_Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It_, an 1860 photograph by [James Wallace Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wallace_Black \"James Wallace Black\"), was the first recorded aerial photograph.\n\nIn the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European [immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States \"Immigration to the United States\"). Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the [Great Famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_\\(Ireland\\) \"Great Famine (Ireland)\"); by 1850, about 35,000 [Irish lived in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\").[\\[70\\]](#cite_note-70) In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, [Germans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans \"Germans\"), [Lebanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people \"Lebanese people\"), Syrians,[\\[71\\]](#cite_note-71) [French Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians \"French Canadians\"), and [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia \"History of the Jews in Russia\") and [Polish Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland \"History of the Jews in Poland\") settling there. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. [Italians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians \"Italians\") became the largest inhabitants of the [North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\"),[\\[72\\]](#cite_note-72) [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\") dominated [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\") and [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\"), and [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians \"Russians\") [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") lived in the [West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\"). [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\") and [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans \"Italian Americans\") immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[\\[73\\]](#cite_note-73) and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the [Kennedys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_family \"Kennedy family\"), [Tip O'Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill \"Tip O'Neill\"), and [John F. Fitzgerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald \"John F. Fitzgerald\").[\\[74\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286-74)\n\nBetween 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through [land reclamation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\") by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"), the [West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\"), the [Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston \"Financial District, Boston\"), and [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\").[\\[75\\]](#cite_note-landfills-75)\n\nAfter the [Great Boston fire of 1872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Boston_fire_of_1872 \"Great Boston fire of 1872\"), workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of [Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\") with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\") (1804), [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\") (1836), [Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\") (1868), [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\") (including present-day [Mattapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan \"Mattapan\") and a portion of [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\")) (1870), [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\") (including present-day [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\")) (1874), [West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\") (including present-day [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain \"Jamaica Plain\") and [Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\")) (1874), [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") (1874), and [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston \"Hyde Park, Boston\") (1912).[\\[76\\]](#cite_note-76)[\\[77\\]](#cite_note-77) Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Brookline_annexation_debate_of_1873 \"Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873\"), Cambridge,[\\[78\\]](#cite_note-78) and [Chelsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts \"Chelsea, Massachusetts\").[\\[79\\]](#cite_note-79)[\\[80\\]](#cite_note-80)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haymarket_Square.JPG)\n\n[Haymarket Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Square_\\(Boston\\) \"Haymarket Square (Boston)\") in 1909\n\nMany architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of the 20th century: [Horticultural Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultural_Hall,_Boston,_Massachusetts \"Horticultural Hall, Boston, Massachusetts\"),[\\[81\\]](#cite_note-81) the [Tennis and Racquet Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_and_Racquet_Club \"Tennis and Racquet Club\"),[\\[82\\]](#cite_note-82) [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum \"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\"),[\\[83\\]](#cite_note-83) [Fenway Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Studios \"Fenway Studios\"),[\\[84\\]](#cite_note-84) [Jordan Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hall_\\(Boston\\) \"Jordan Hall (Boston)\"),[\\[85\\]](#cite_note-85) and the [Boston Opera House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_\\(1909\\) \"Boston Opera House (1909)\"). The [Longfellow Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge \"Longfellow Bridge\"),[\\[86\\]](#cite_note-86) built in 1906, was mentioned by [Robert McCloskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCloskey \"Robert McCloskey\") in _[Make Way for Ducklings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Way_for_Ducklings \"Make Way for Ducklings\")_, describing its \"salt and pepper shakers\" feature.[\\[87\\]](#cite_note-87) [Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\"), home of the [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\"), opened in 1912,[\\[88\\]](#cite_note-88) with the [Boston Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Garden \"Boston Garden\") opening in 1928.[\\[89\\]](#cite_note-89) [Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\") opened on September 8, 1923.[\\[90\\]](#cite_note-90)\n\nBoston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[\\[91\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluestoneStevenson200213-91) Boston responded by initiating various [urban renewal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal \"Urban renewal\") projects, under the direction of the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Planning_and_Development_Agency \"Boston Planning and Development Agency\") (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.[\\[92\\]](#cite_note-92)\n\nThe BRA continued implementing [eminent domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\") projects, including the clearance of the vibrant [Scollay Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scollay_Square \"Scollay Square\") area for construction of the modernist style [Government Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston \"Government Center, Boston\"). In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\") neighborhood, the first [Community Health Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health_centers_in_the_United_States \"Community health centers in the United States\") in the United States. It mostly served the massive [Columbia Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Point_\\(Boston\\) \"Columbia Point (Boston)\") public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[\\[93\\]](#cite_note-93) The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[\\[94\\]](#cite_note-Roessner-94)\n\nBy the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the [Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston \"Financial District, Boston\") and in Boston's [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\") during this period.[\\[95\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994195-95) This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital \"Massachusetts General Hospital\"), [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center \"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\"), and [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital \"Brigham and Women's Hospital\") lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the [Boston Architectural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College \"Boston Architectural College\"), [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"), the [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), [Tufts University School of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine \"Tufts University School of Medicine\"), [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\"), [Massachusetts College of Art and Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Massachusetts College of Art and Design\"), [Wentworth Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology \"Wentworth Institute of Technology\"), [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\"), the [Boston Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory \"Boston Conservatory\"), and many others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over [desegregation busing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing \"Desegregation busing\"), which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[\\[96\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994194–195-96) Boston has also experienced [gentrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") in the latter half of the 20th century,[\\[97\\]](#cite_note-97) with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's [rent control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control \"Rent control\") regime was struck down by statewide [ballot proposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_proposition \"Ballot proposition\").[\\[98\\]](#cite_note-Heudorfer-98)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg)\n\nThe [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\") in front of Boston's [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\") neighborhood, in 2013\n\nBoston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,[\\[99\\]](#cite_note-99) including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as [FleetBoston Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FleetBoston_Financial \"FleetBoston Financial\"), which was acquired by [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\")\\-based [Bank of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") in 2004.[\\[100\\]](#cite_note-100) Boston-based department stores [Jordan Marsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Marsh \"Jordan Marsh\") and [Filene's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filene%27s \"Filene's\") have both merged into the [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")–based [Macy's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s,_Inc. \"Macy's, Inc.\").[\\[101\\]](#cite_note-101) The 1993 acquisition of _[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_ by _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_[\\[102\\]](#cite_note-102) was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman [John W. Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Henry \"John W. Henry\"). In 2016, it was announced [General Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\") would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the [Seaport District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\") in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.[\\[103\\]](#cite_note-GE-Boston-103) The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the [Big Dig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig \"Big Dig\"), in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.[\\[104\\]](#cite_note-104)\n\nOn April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers [detonated a pair of bombs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing \"Boston Marathon bombing\") near the finish line of the [Boston Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Boston_Marathon \"2013 Boston Marathon\"), killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[\\[105\\]](#cite_note-260herald-105) The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan _[Boston Strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Strong \"Boston Strong\")_.[\\[106\\]](#cite_note-106)\n\nIn 2016, Boston briefly [shouldered a bid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_bid_for_the_2024_Summer_Olympics \"Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics\") as the U.S. applicant for the [2024 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics \"2024 Summer Olympics\"). The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[\\[107\\]](#cite_note-107) The [USOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee \"United States Olympic Committee\") then selected [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the [2028 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics \"2028 Summer Olympics\").[\\[108\\]](#cite_note-108) Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the [2026 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup \"2026 FIFA World Cup\"), with games taking place at [Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\").[\\[109\\]](#cite_note-109)\n\n> The geographical center of Boston is in [Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\"). Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End\n\nUnknown, A local colloquialism[\\[110\\]](#cite_note-110)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_by_Sentinel-2,_2019-09-27.jpg)\n\nBoston and its neighbors as seen from [Sentinel-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-2 \"Sentinel-2\") with [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\") (center). Boston itself lies on the southern bank of the Charles River. On the river's northern bank, the outlines of Cambridge and Watertown can be seen; to the west are Brookline and Newton; to the south lie Quincy and Milton.\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg)\n\nAn 1877 panoramic map of Boston\n\nBoston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2), or 46%, of it is water. The city's official elevation, as measured at [Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\"), is 19 ft (5.8 m) [above sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level \"Above mean sea level\").[\\[111\\]](#cite_note-111) The highest point in Boston is [Bellevue Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_Hill,_Boston \"Bellevue Hill, Boston\") at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[\\[112\\]](#cite_note-Bellevue_Hill,_Massachusetts-112) Boston is situated next to [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\"), an arm of [Massachusetts Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay \"Massachusetts Bay\"), itself an arm of the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nBoston is surrounded by the [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of [Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts \"Winthrop, Massachusetts\") and the [Boston Harbor Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands \"Boston Harbor Islands\"), to the northeast by the cities of [Revere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts \"Revere, Massachusetts\"), [Chelsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts \"Chelsea, Massachusetts\") and [Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts \"Everett, Massachusetts\"), to the north by the cities of [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\") and [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), to the northwest by [Watertown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts \"Watertown, Massachusetts\"), to the west by the city of [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\") and town of [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\"), to the southwest by the town of [Dedham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts \"Dedham, Massachusetts\") and small portions of [Needham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts \"Needham, Massachusetts\") and [Canton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts \"Canton, Massachusetts\"), and to the southeast by the town of [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts \"Milton, Massachusetts\"), and the city of [Quincy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts \"Quincy, Massachusetts\").\n\nThe [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\") separates Boston's [Allston-Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston-Brighton \"Allston-Brighton\"), [Fenway-Kenmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore \"Fenway-Kenmore\") and [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay \"Back Bay\") neighborhoods from [Watertown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts \"Watertown, Massachusetts\") and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") neighborhood. The [Neponset River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neponset_River \"Neponset River\") forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and [Quincy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts \"Quincy, Massachusetts\") and [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts \"Milton, Massachusetts\"). The [Mystic River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_River \"Mystic River\") separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and [Chelsea Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Creek \"Chelsea Creek\") and Boston Harbor separate [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\") from [Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\"), the [North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\"), and the [Seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\").[\\[113\\]](#cite_note-113)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hancock_Tower.jpg)\n\n[John Hancock Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower \"John Hancock Tower\") at 200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a [roof height](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_height_to_roof \"List of tallest buildings by height to roof\") of 790 ft (240 m).\n\nBoston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.[\\[114\\]](#cite_note-114)[\\[115\\]](#cite_note-115) The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods:[\\[116\\]](#cite_note-116)\n\n* [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\")\n* [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\")\n* [Bay Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston \"Bay Village, Boston\")\n* [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\")\n* [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\")\n* [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\")\n* [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\")\n* [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\")\n* [Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\")\n* [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\")\n* [Fenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore \"Fenway–Kenmore\")\n* [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston \"Hyde Park, Boston\")\n* [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain \"Jamaica Plain\")\n* [Mattapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan \"Mattapan\")\n* [Mission Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston \"Mission Hill, Boston\")\n* [North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\")\n* [Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\")\n* [Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\")\n* [Seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\")\n* [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\")\n* the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\")\n* [the West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\")\n* [West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\")\n\nMore than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.[\\[75\\]](#cite_note-landfills-75) This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay \"Back Bay\").[\\[17\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20058-17)\n\n[Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\") and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\")) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often [federal style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture \"Federal architecture\") and [Greek revival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_revival \"Greek revival\") – interspersed with modern high-rises.[\\[117\\]](#cite_note-117) Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\"), [Christian Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist \"The First Church of Christ, Scientist\"), [Copley Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square \"Copley Square\"), [Newbury Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Street \"Newbury Street\"), and New England's two tallest buildings: the [John Hancock Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower \"John Hancock Tower\") and the [Prudential Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Tower \"Prudential Tower\").[\\[118\\]](#cite_note-118) Near the John Hancock Tower is the [old John Hancock Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Building \"Berkeley Building\") with its prominent [illuminated beacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_beacon \"Weather beacon\"), the color of which forecasts the weather.[\\[119\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201191-119) Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[\\[120\\]](#cite_note-120)\n\nThe geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the \"[Big Dig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig \"Big Dig\")\"). That project removed the elevated [Central Artery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Artery \"Central Artery\") and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[\\[121\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200554,_102-121)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates,_v2,_2010_Greater_Boston,_U.S._\\(13873746295\\).jpg)\n\nPopulation density and elevation above sea level in Greater Boston as of 2010\n\nAs a coastal city built largely on [fill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\"), [sea-level rise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise \"Sea level rise\") is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century.[\\[122\\]](#cite_note-122) Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by [wooden piles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_pilings \"Timber pilings\") driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to [dry rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot \"Dry rot\") if exposed to air for long periods.[\\[123\\]](#cite_note-123) [Groundwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater \"Groundwater\") levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[\\[124\\]](#cite_note-124)\n\nThe city developed a climate action plan covering [carbon reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation \"Climate change mitigation\") in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.[\\[125\\]](#cite_note-125) This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an [energy assessment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_performance \"Building performance\") every five years.[\\[126\\]](#cite_note-126) A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for [coastal resilience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_resilience \"Climate resilience\").[\\[127\\]](#cite_note-127) In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.[\\[128\\]](#cite_note-128)\n\n* [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg \"Boston's skyline in the background with fall foliage in the foreground\")\n \n Boston's skyline in the background with [fall foliage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color \"Autumn leaf color\") in the foreground\n \n* [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg \"A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at Logan International Airport from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by NOAA, is from the weather station at the airport.\")\n \n A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at [Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\") from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by [NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"), is from the weather station at the airport.\n \n\nUnder the [Köppen climate classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\"), Boston has either a hot-summer [humid continental climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate \"Humid continental climate\") (Köppen _Dfa_) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a [humid subtropical climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate \"Humid subtropical climate\") (Köppen _Cfa_) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm.[\\[129\\]](#cite_note-129) Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream \"Jet stream\"). Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-BostonWeather-130) The city lies at the border between [USDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA \"USDA\") plant [hardiness zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone \"Hardiness zone\") 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).[\\[131\\]](#cite_note-131)\n\nThe hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)\n\nSub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.[\\[133\\]](#cite_note-133) The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132) In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132) The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)[\\[a\\]](#cite_note-134) Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019.[\\[134\\]](#cite_note-135)[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)\n\nBoston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_\\(meteorology\\) \"Precipitation (meteorology)\") a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132) Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.[\\[135\\]](#cite_note-136)[\\[136\\]](#cite_note-137) There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)[\\[b\\]](#cite_note-138) The city's coastal location on the [North Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic \"North Atlantic\") makes the city very prone to [nor'easters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%27easter \"Nor'easter\"), which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-BostonWeather-130)\n\nFog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, the city often receives [sea breezes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_breezes \"Sea breezes\"), especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[\\[137\\]](#cite_note-139)[\\[138\\]](#cite_note-140) Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large [hail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail \"Hail\"), damaging winds, and heavy downpours.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-BostonWeather-130) Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent [tornado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado \"Tornado\"), the city itself has experienced many [tornado warnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_warning \"Tornado warning\"). Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[\\[139\\]](#cite_note-141)\n\n* [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Boston,_MA_weatherbox \"Template:Boston, MA weatherbox\")\n* [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Boston,_MA_weatherbox \"Template talk:Boston, MA weatherbox\")\n* [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston,_MA_weatherbox \"Special:EditPage/Template:Boston, MA weatherbox\")\n\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts ([Logan Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\")), 1991−2020 normals,[\\[c\\]](#cite_note-142) extremes 1872−present[\\[d\\]](#cite_note-144)\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n74 \n(23)\n\n73 \n(23)\n\n89 \n(32)\n\n94 \n(34)\n\n97 \n(36)\n\n100 \n(38)\n\n104 \n(40)\n\n102 \n(39)\n\n102 \n(39)\n\n90 \n(32)\n\n83 \n(28)\n\n76 \n(24)\n\n104 \n(40)\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n58.3 \n(14.6)\n\n57.9 \n(14.4)\n\n67.0 \n(19.4)\n\n79.9 \n(26.6)\n\n88.1 \n(31.2)\n\n92.2 \n(33.4)\n\n95.0 \n(35.0)\n\n93.7 \n(34.3)\n\n88.9 \n(31.6)\n\n79.6 \n(26.4)\n\n70.2 \n(21.2)\n\n61.2 \n(16.2)\n\n96.4 \n(35.8)\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n36.8 \n(2.7)\n\n39.0 \n(3.9)\n\n45.5 \n(7.5)\n\n56.4 \n(13.6)\n\n66.5 \n(19.2)\n\n76.2 \n(24.6)\n\n82.1 \n(27.8)\n\n80.4 \n(26.9)\n\n73.1 \n(22.8)\n\n62.1 \n(16.7)\n\n51.6 \n(10.9)\n\n42.2 \n(5.7)\n\n59.3 \n(15.2)\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n29.9 \n(−1.2)\n\n31.8 \n(−0.1)\n\n38.3 \n(3.5)\n\n48.6 \n(9.2)\n\n58.4 \n(14.7)\n\n68.0 \n(20.0)\n\n74.1 \n(23.4)\n\n72.7 \n(22.6)\n\n65.6 \n(18.7)\n\n54.8 \n(12.7)\n\n44.7 \n(7.1)\n\n35.7 \n(2.1)\n\n51.9 \n(11.1)\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n23.1 \n(−4.9)\n\n24.6 \n(−4.1)\n\n31.1 \n(−0.5)\n\n40.8 \n(4.9)\n\n50.3 \n(10.2)\n\n59.7 \n(15.4)\n\n66.0 \n(18.9)\n\n65.1 \n(18.4)\n\n58.2 \n(14.6)\n\n47.5 \n(8.6)\n\n37.9 \n(3.3)\n\n29.2 \n(−1.6)\n\n44.5 \n(6.9)\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n4.8 \n(−15.1)\n\n8.3 \n(−13.2)\n\n15.6 \n(−9.1)\n\n31.0 \n(−0.6)\n\n41.2 \n(5.1)\n\n49.7 \n(9.8)\n\n58.6 \n(14.8)\n\n57.7 \n(14.3)\n\n46.7 \n(8.2)\n\n35.1 \n(1.7)\n\n24.4 \n(−4.2)\n\n13.1 \n(−10.5)\n\n2.6 \n(−16.3)\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−13 \n(−25)\n\n−18 \n(−28)\n\n−8 \n(−22)\n\n11 \n(−12)\n\n31 \n(−1)\n\n41 \n(5)\n\n50 \n(10)\n\n46 \n(8)\n\n34 \n(1)\n\n25 \n(−4)\n\n−2 \n(−19)\n\n−17 \n(−27)\n\n−18 \n(−28)\n\nAverage [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation \"Precipitation\") inches (mm)\n\n3.39 \n(86)\n\n3.21 \n(82)\n\n4.17 \n(106)\n\n3.63 \n(92)\n\n3.25 \n(83)\n\n3.89 \n(99)\n\n3.27 \n(83)\n\n3.23 \n(82)\n\n3.56 \n(90)\n\n4.03 \n(102)\n\n3.66 \n(93)\n\n4.30 \n(109)\n\n43.59 \n(1,107)\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n14.3 \n(36)\n\n14.4 \n(37)\n\n9.0 \n(23)\n\n1.6 \n(4.1)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.2 \n(0.51)\n\n0.7 \n(1.8)\n\n9.0 \n(23)\n\n49.2 \n(125)\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n11.8\n\n10.6\n\n11.6\n\n11.6\n\n11.8\n\n10.9\n\n9.4\n\n9.0\n\n9.0\n\n10.5\n\n10.3\n\n11.9\n\n128.4\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n6.6\n\n6.2\n\n4.4\n\n0.8\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.2\n\n0.6\n\n4.2\n\n23.0\n\nAverage [relative humidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity \"Relative humidity\") (%)\n\n62.3\n\n62.0\n\n63.1\n\n63.0\n\n66.7\n\n68.5\n\n68.4\n\n70.8\n\n71.8\n\n68.5\n\n67.5\n\n65.4\n\n66.5\n\nAverage [dew point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point \"Dew point\") °F (°C)\n\n16.5 \n(−8.6)\n\n17.6 \n(−8.0)\n\n25.2 \n(−3.8)\n\n33.6 \n(0.9)\n\n45.0 \n(7.2)\n\n55.2 \n(12.9)\n\n61.0 \n(16.1)\n\n60.4 \n(15.8)\n\n53.8 \n(12.1)\n\n42.8 \n(6.0)\n\n33.4 \n(0.8)\n\n22.1 \n(−5.5)\n\n38.9 \n(3.8)\n\nMean monthly [sunshine hours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration \"Sunshine duration\")\n\n163.4\n\n168.4\n\n213.7\n\n227.2\n\n267.3\n\n286.5\n\n300.9\n\n277.3\n\n237.1\n\n206.3\n\n143.2\n\n142.3\n\n2,633.6\n\nPercent [possible sunshine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration \"Sunshine duration\")\n\n56\n\n57\n\n58\n\n57\n\n59\n\n63\n\n65\n\n64\n\n63\n\n60\n\n49\n\n50\n\n59\n\nAverage [ultraviolet index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index \"Ultraviolet index\")\n\n1\n\n2\n\n4\n\n5\n\n7\n\n8\n\n8\n\n8\n\n6\n\n4\n\n2\n\n1\n\n5\n\nSource 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[\\[141\\]](#cite_note-Boston_Weatherbox_NOAA_txt-145)[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)[\\[142\\]](#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KBOS-146)\n\nSource 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[\\[143\\]](#cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston-147)\n\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts\n\nSee or edit [raw graph data](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.tab \"commons:data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.tab\").\n\nHistorical population\n\nYear\n\nPop.\n\n±%\n\n1680\n\n4,500\n\n— \n\n1690\n\n7,000\n\n+55.6%\n\n1700\n\n6,700\n\n−4.3%\n\n1710\n\n9,000\n\n+34.3%\n\n1722\n\n10,567\n\n+17.4%\n\n1742\n\n16,382\n\n+55.0%\n\n1765\n\n15,520\n\n−5.3%\n\n[1790](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_census \"1790 United States census\")\n\n18,320\n\n+18.0%\n\n[1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_census \"1800 United States census\")\n\n24,937\n\n+36.1%\n\n[1810](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810_United_States_census \"1810 United States census\")\n\n33,787\n\n+35.5%\n\n[1820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_United_States_census \"1820 United States census\")\n\n43,298\n\n+28.1%\n\n[1830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_United_States_census \"1830 United States census\")\n\n61,392\n\n+41.8%\n\n[1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_census \"1840 United States census\")\n\n93,383\n\n+52.1%\n\n[1850](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_United_States_census \"1850 United States census\")\n\n136,881\n\n+46.6%\n\n[1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census \"1860 United States census\")\n\n177,840\n\n+29.9%\n\n[1870](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_United_States_census \"1870 United States census\")\n\n250,526\n\n+40.9%\n\n[1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_census \"1880 United States census\")\n\n362,839\n\n+44.8%\n\n[1890](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_United_States_census \"1890 United States census\")\n\n448,477\n\n+23.6%\n\n[1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_census \"1900 United States census\")\n\n560,892\n\n+25.1%\n\n[1910](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_United_States_census \"1910 United States census\")\n\n670,585\n\n+19.6%\n\n[1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_census \"1920 United States census\")\n\n748,060\n\n+11.6%\n\n[1930](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_United_States_census \"1930 United States census\")\n\n781,188\n\n+4.4%\n\n[1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_census \"1940 United States census\")\n\n770,816\n\n−1.3%\n\n[1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_census \"1950 United States census\")\n\n801,444\n\n+4.0%\n\n[1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_census \"1960 United States census\")\n\n697,197\n\n−13.0%\n\n[1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_census \"1970 United States census\")\n\n641,071\n\n−8.1%\n\n[1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_census \"1980 United States census\")\n\n562,994\n\n−12.2%\n\n[1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census \"1990 United States census\")\n\n574,283\n\n+2.0%\n\n[2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\")\n\n589,141\n\n+2.6%\n\n[2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\")\n\n617,594\n\n+4.8%\n\n[2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\")\n\n675,647\n\n+9.4%\n\n2022\\*\n\n650,706\n\n−3.7%\n\n\\*=population estimate. \nSource: [United States census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") records and [Population Estimates Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program \"Population Estimates Program\") data.[\\[144\\]](#cite_note-2010_Census-148)[\\[145\\]](#cite_note-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates-149)[\\[146\\]](#cite_note-1990_Census-150)[\\[147\\]](#cite_note-1980_Census-151)[\\[148\\]](#cite_note-1950_Census-152)[\\[149\\]](#cite_note-1920_Census-153)[\\[150\\]](#cite_note-1890_Census-154)[\\[151\\]](#cite_note-1870_Census-155)[\\[152\\]](#cite_note-1860_Census-156)[\\[153\\]](#cite_note-1850_Census-157)[\\[154\\]](#cite_note-1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790-158)[\\[155\\]](#cite_note-ColonialPop-159)[\\[156\\]](#cite_note-160) \n2010–2020[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4) \nSource: U.S. Decennial Census[\\[157\\]](#cite_note-DecennialCensus-161)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Boston.png)\n\nPacked circles diagram showing estimates of the ethnic origins of people in Boston in 2021\n\nHistorical racial/ethnic composition\n\nRace/ethnicity\n\n2020[\\[158\\]](#cite_note-162)\n\n2010[\\[159\\]](#cite_note-163)\n\n1990[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-census4-164)\n\n1970[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-census4-164)\n\n1940[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-census4-164)\n\n[Non-Hispanic White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White \"Non-Hispanic White\")\n\n44.7%\n\n47.0%\n\n59.0%\n\n79.5%[\\[e\\]](#cite_note-fifteen-165)\n\n96.6%\n\n[Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\")\n\n22.0%\n\n24.4%\n\n23.8%\n\n16.3%\n\n3.1%\n\n[Hispanic or Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (of any race)\n\n19.5%\n\n17.5%\n\n10.8%\n\n2.8%[\\[e\\]](#cite_note-fifteen-165)\n\n0.1%\n\n[Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\")\n\n9.7%\n\n8.9%\n\n5.3%\n\n1.3%\n\n0.2%\n\n[Two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\")\n\n3.2%\n\n3.9%\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n[Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\")\n\n0.2%\n\n0.4%\n\n0.3%\n\n0.2%\n\n–\n\nIn 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4)—a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the [third-most densely populated large U.S. city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density \"List of United States cities by population density\") of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[\\[161\\]](#cite_note-166)\n\nIn the city, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[\\[162\\]](#cite_note-census1-167) There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[\\[162\\]](#cite_note-census1-167)\n\nThe [median household income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income \"Median income\") in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[\\[163\\]](#cite_note-census3-168) Boston has a significant [racial wealth gap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_wealth_gap_in_the_United_States \"Racial wealth gap in the United States\") with White Bostonians having an median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.[\\[164\\]](#cite_note-169)\n\nFrom the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of [non-Hispanic Whites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites \"Non-Hispanic Whites\") in the city declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city [majority minority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_minority \"Majority minority\") for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant [gentrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\"), during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-White population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased [Latin American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\") and [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") populations and more clarity surrounding U.S. Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic White population of 47% (some reports give slightly lower figures).[\\[165\\]](#cite_note-170)[\\[166\\]](#cite_note-171)[\\[167\\]](#cite_note-172)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090315-N-8110K-011_A_crowd_along_a_parade_route_in_South_Boston_cheers_Sailors_from_the_guided-missile_frigate_USS_Taylor_\\(FFG_50\\)_as_they_march_in_the_108th_Annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg)\n\n[U.S. Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States \"United States\") sailors march in Boston's annual [Saint Patrick's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day \"Saint Patrick's Day\") parade. [Irish Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\") constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston.\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg)\n\n[Armenian American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Americans \"Armenian Americans\") family in Boston, 1908\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg)\n\n[Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\") with its [paifang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang \"Paifang\") gate is home to several [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston \"Chinese Americans in Boston\") and [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans_in_Boston \"Vietnamese Americans in Boston\") restaurants.\n\n[African-Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") comprise 22% of the city's population. People of [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\") descent form the second-largest single [ethnic group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestry \"American ancestry\") in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by [Italians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans \"Italian Americans\"), accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of [West Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") and [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.[\\[168\\]](#cite_note-census2-173)\n\nIn Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.[\\[169\\]](#cite_note-census-174) East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston \"Jamaica Plain, Boston\") and [Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale,_Boston \"Roslindale, Boston\") have experienced a growing number of [Dominican Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican-Americans_in_Boston \"Dominican-Americans in Boston\").[\\[170\\]](#cite_note-175)\n\nThere is a large and historical [Armenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Americans \"Armenian Americans\") community in Boston,[\\[171\\]](#cite_note-176) and the city is home to the [Armenian Heritage Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Heritage_Park \"Armenian Heritage Park\").[\\[172\\]](#cite_note-177) Additionally, over 27,000 [Chinese Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston \"Chinese Americans in Boston\") made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.[\\[173\\]](#cite_note-178) Overall, according to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:[\\[174\\]](#cite_note-179)[\\[175\\]](#cite_note-180)\n\nAncestry\n\nPercentage of \nBoston \npopulation\n\nPercentage of \nMassachusetts \npopulation\n\nPercentage of \nUnited States \npopulation\n\nCity-to-state \ndifference\n\nCity-to-USA \ndifference\n\n[Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\")\n\n22%\n\n8.2%\n\n14-15%\n\n13.8%\n\n7%\n\n[Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\")\n\n14.06%\n\n21.16%\n\n10.39%\n\n−7.10%\n\n3.67%\n\n[Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans \"Italian Americans\")\n\n8.13%\n\n13.19%\n\n5.39%\n\n−5.05%\n\n2.74%\n\n[other West Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Americans \"West Indian Americans\")\n\n6.92%\n\n1.96%\n\n0.90%\n\n4.97%\n\n6.02%\n\n[Dominican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Americans \"Dominican Americans\")\n\n5.45%\n\n2.60%\n\n0.68%\n\n2.65%\n\n4.57%\n\n[Puerto Rican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States \"Puerto Ricans in the United States\")\n\n5.27%\n\n4.52%\n\n1.66%\n\n0.75%\n\n3.61%\n\n[Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans \"Chinese Americans\")\n\n4.57%\n\n2.28%\n\n1.24%\n\n2.29%\n\n3.33%\n\n[German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans \"German Americans\")\n\n4.57%\n\n6.00%\n\n14.40%\n\n−1.43%\n\n−9.83%\n\n[English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans \"English Americans\")\n\n4.54%\n\n9.77%\n\n7.67%\n\n−5.23%\n\n−3.13%\n\n[American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestry \"American ancestry\")\n\n4.13%\n\n4.26%\n\n6.89%\n\n−0.13%\n\n−2.76%\n\n[Sub-Saharan African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States \"African immigration to the United States\")\n\n4.09%\n\n2.00%\n\n1.01%\n\n2.09%\n\n3.08%\n\n[Haitian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Americans \"Haitian Americans\")\n\n3.58%\n\n1.15%\n\n0.31%\n\n2.43%\n\n3.27%\n\n[Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Americans \"Polish Americans\")\n\n2.48%\n\n4.67%\n\n2.93%\n\n−2.19%\n\n−0.45%\n\n[Cape Verdean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans \"Cape Verdean Americans\")\n\n2.21%\n\n0.97%\n\n0.03%\n\n1.24%\n\n2.18%\n\n[French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Americans \"French Americans\")\n\n1.93%\n\n6.82%\n\n2.56%\n\n−4.89%\n\n−0.63%\n\n[Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans \"Vietnamese Americans\")\n\n1.76%\n\n0.69%\n\n0.54%\n\n1.07%\n\n1.22%\n\n[Jamaican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Americans \"Jamaican Americans\")\n\n1.70%\n\n0.44%\n\n0.34%\n\n1.26%\n\n1.36%\n\n[Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Americans \"Russian Americans\")\n\n1.62%\n\n1.65%\n\n0.88%\n\n−0.03%\n\n0.74%\n\n[Asian Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Americans \"Indian Americans\")\n\n1.31%\n\n1.39%\n\n1.09%\n\n−0.08%\n\n0.22%\n\n[Scottish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Americans \"Scottish Americans\")\n\n1.30%\n\n2.28%\n\n1.71%\n\n−0.98%\n\n−0.41%\n\n[French Canadian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans \"French Canadian Americans\")\n\n1.19%\n\n3.91%\n\n0.65%\n\n−2.71%\n\n0.54%\n\n[Mexican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Americans \"Mexican Americans\")\n\n1.12%\n\n0.67%\n\n11.96%\n\n0.45%\n\n−10.84%\n\n[Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Americans \"Arab Americans\")\n\n1.10%\n\n1.10%\n\n0.59%\n\n0.00%\n\n0.50%\n\nData is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[\\[176\\]](#cite_note-181)[\\[177\\]](#cite_note-182)[\\[178\\]](#cite_note-183)\n\nRank\n\nZIP Code (ZCTA)\n\nPer capita \nincome\n\nMedian \nhousehold \nincome\n\nMedian \nfamily \nincome\n\nPopulation\n\nNumber of \nhouseholds\n\n1\n\n02110 ([Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston \"Financial District, Boston\"))\n\n$152,007\n\n$123,795\n\n$196,518\n\n1,486\n\n981\n\n2\n\n02199 ([Prudential Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Tower \"Prudential Tower\"))\n\n$151,060\n\n$107,159\n\n$146,786\n\n1,290\n\n823\n\n3\n\n02210 ([Fort Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Point,_Boston \"Fort Point, Boston\"))\n\n$93,078\n\n$111,061\n\n$223,411\n\n1,905\n\n1,088\n\n4\n\n02109 ([North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\"))\n\n$88,921\n\n$128,022\n\n$162,045\n\n4,277\n\n2,190\n\n5\n\n02116 ([Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\")/[Bay Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston \"Bay Village, Boston\"))\n\n$81,458\n\n$87,630\n\n$134,875\n\n21,318\n\n10,938\n\n6\n\n02108 ([Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\")/Financial District)\n\n$78,569\n\n$95,753\n\n$153,618\n\n4,155\n\n2,337\n\n7\n\n02114 (Beacon Hill/[West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\"))\n\n$65,865\n\n$79,734\n\n$169,107\n\n11,933\n\n6,752\n\n8\n\n02111 ([Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\")/Financial District/[Leather District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_District \"Leather District\"))\n\n$56,716\n\n$44,758\n\n$88,333\n\n7,616\n\n3,390\n\n9\n\n02129 ([Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\"))\n\n$56,267\n\n$89,105\n\n$98,445\n\n17,052\n\n8,083\n\n10\n\n02467 ([Chestnut Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts \"Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts\"))\n\n$53,382\n\n$113,952\n\n$148,396\n\n22,796\n\n6,351\n\n11\n\n02113 (North End)\n\n$52,905\n\n$64,413\n\n$112,589\n\n7,276\n\n4,329\n\n12\n\n02132 ([West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\"))\n\n$44,306\n\n$82,421\n\n$110,219\n\n27,163\n\n11,013\n\n13\n\n02118 ([South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"))\n\n$43,887\n\n$50,000\n\n$49,090\n\n26,779\n\n12,512\n\n14\n\n02130 ([Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain \"Jamaica Plain\"))\n\n$42,916\n\n$74,198\n\n$95,426\n\n36,866\n\n15,306\n\n15\n\n02127 ([South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\"))\n\n$42,854\n\n$67,012\n\n$68,110\n\n32,547\n\n14,994\n\n_[Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")_\n\n$35,485\n\n$66,658\n\n$84,380\n\n6,560,595\n\n2,525,694\n\n_Boston_\n\n$33,589\n\n$53,136\n\n$63,230\n\n619,662\n\n248,704\n\n_[Suffolk County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts \"Suffolk County, Massachusetts\")_\n\n$32,429\n\n$52,700\n\n$61,796\n\n724,502\n\n287,442\n\n16\n\n02135 ([Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\"))\n\n$31,773\n\n$50,291\n\n$62,602\n\n38,839\n\n18,336\n\n17\n\n02131 ([Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\"))\n\n$29,486\n\n$61,099\n\n$70,598\n\n30,370\n\n11,282\n\n_United States_\n\n$28,051\n\n$53,046\n\n$64,585\n\n309,138,711\n\n115,226,802\n\n18\n\n02136 ([Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston \"Hyde Park, Boston\"))\n\n$28,009\n\n$57,080\n\n$74,734\n\n29,219\n\n10,650\n\n19\n\n02134 ([Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\"))\n\n$25,319\n\n$37,638\n\n$49,355\n\n20,478\n\n8,916\n\n20\n\n02128 ([East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\"))\n\n$23,450\n\n$49,549\n\n$49,470\n\n41,680\n\n14,965\n\n21\n\n02122 ([Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\")\\-[Fields Corner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Corner \"Fields Corner\"))\n\n$23,432\n\n$51,798\n\n$50,246\n\n25,437\n\n8,216\n\n22\n\n02124 (Dorchester-[Codman Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codman_Square_District \"Codman Square District\")\\-[Ashmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmont,_Boston \"Ashmont, Boston\"))\n\n$23,115\n\n$48,329\n\n$55,031\n\n49,867\n\n17,275\n\n23\n\n02125 (Dorchester-[Uphams Corner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uphams_Corner \"Uphams Corner\")\\-[Savin Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savin_Hill \"Savin Hill\"))\n\n$22,158\n\n$42,298\n\n$44,397\n\n31,996\n\n11,481\n\n24\n\n02163 (Allston-[Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\"))\n\n$21,915\n\n$43,889\n\n$91,190\n\n1,842\n\n562\n\n25\n\n02115 (Back Bay, [Longwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood,_Boston \"Longwood, Boston\"), [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\")/[Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston \"Symphony Hall, Boston\") area)\n\n$21,654\n\n$23,677\n\n$50,303\n\n29,178\n\n9,958\n\n26\n\n02126 ([Mattapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan \"Mattapan\"))\n\n$20,649\n\n$43,532\n\n$52,774\n\n27,335\n\n9,510\n\n27\n\n02215 (Fenway-Kenmore)\n\n$19,082\n\n$30,823\n\n$72,583\n\n23,719\n\n7,995\n\n28\n\n02119 ([Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\"))\n\n$18,998\n\n$27,051\n\n$35,311\n\n24,237\n\n9,769\n\n29\n\n02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin)\n\n$18,226\n\n$30,419\n\n$35,439\n\n26,801\n\n9,739\n\n30\n\n02120 ([Mission Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston \"Mission Hill, Boston\"))\n\n$17,390\n\n$32,367\n\n$29,583\n\n13,217\n\n4,509\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Copley_Square_\\(25887\\).jpg)\n\n[Old South Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South_Church \"Old South Church\") at [Copley Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square \"Copley Square\") at sunset. This [United Church of Christ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ \"United Church of Christ\") congregation was first organized in 1669.\n\nAccording to a 2014 study by the [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\"), 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as [Christians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians \"Christians\"), with 25% attending a variety of [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\") churches and 29% professing [Roman Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") beliefs; 33% claim [no religious affiliation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion \"Irreligion\"), while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of [Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\"), [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam \"Islam\"), [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\"), and other faiths.[\\[179\\]](#cite_note-184)[\\[180\\]](#cite_note-185)\n\nAs of 2010, the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the [Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\\(United_States\\) \"Episcopal Church (United States)\") with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The [United Church of Christ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ \"United Church of Christ\") had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[\\[181\\]](#cite_note-186)\n\nThe Boston metro area contained a [Jewish population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews \"American Jews\") of approximately 248,000 as of 2015.[\\[182\\]](#cite_note-2015bjcs-187) More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\"), [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\"), [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"), or adjacent towns.[\\[182\\]](#cite_note-2015bjcs-187) A small minority practices [Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism \"Confucianism\"), and some practice [Boston Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Confucians \"Boston Confucians\"), an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.[\\[183\\]](#cite_note-188)\n\nA [global city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city \"Global city\"), Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[\\[186\\]](#cite_note-191) Encompassing $363 billion, the [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") metropolitan area has the [sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP \"List of cities by GDP\").[\\[187\\]](#cite_note-pricewater-192)\n\nBoston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[\\[188\\]](#cite_note-193)[\\[189\\]](#cite_note-194) The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for [biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\"), with the [Milken Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milken_Institute \"Milken Institute\") rating Boston as the top [life sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences \"List of life sciences\") cluster in the country.[\\[190\\]](#cite_note-195) Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") of all cities in the United States.[\\[191\\]](#cite_note-196)\n\nThe city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of [academia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia \"Academia\"), access to [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital \"Venture capital\"), and the presence of many [high-tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech \"High-tech\") companies.[\\[24\\]](#cite_note-Kirsner-24)[\\[192\\]](#cite_note-197) The [Route 128 corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\") and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[\\[193\\]](#cite_note-198) and high technology remains an important sector.[\\[194\\]](#cite_note-199)\n\n[Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism \"Tourism\") also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[\\[195\\]](#cite_note-200) Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[\\[196\\]](#cite_note-201) Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[\\[197\\]](#cite_note-202) The city is a major [seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Boston \"Port of Boston\") along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the [Western Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere \"Western Hemisphere\").[\\[198\\]](#cite_note-203)\n\nIn the 2018 [Global Financial Centres Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index \"Global Financial Centres Index\"), Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive [financial services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services \"Financial services\") center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.[\\[199\\]](#cite_note-204) Boston-based [Fidelity Investments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments \"Fidelity Investments\") helped popularize the [mutual fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund \"Mutual fund\") in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[\\[200\\]](#cite_note-205) The city is home to the headquarters of [Santander Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Bank \"Santander Bank\"), and Boston is a center for [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital \"Venture capital\") firms. [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation \"State Street Corporation\"), which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and [publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing \"Publishing\") center[\\[201\\]](#cite_note-206)—[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt \"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt\") is headquartered within the city, along with [Bedford-St. Martin's Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford-St._Martin%27s \"Bedford-St. Martin's\") and [Beacon Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Press \"Beacon Press\"). [Pearson PLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC \"Pearson PLC\") publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to two [convention centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center \"Convention center\")—the [Hynes Convention Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynes_Convention_Center \"Hynes Convention Center\") in the Back Bay and the [Boston Convention and Exhibition Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center \"Boston Convention and Exhibition Center\") on the [South Boston waterfront](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston_waterfront \"South Boston waterfront\").[\\[202\\]](#cite_note-207) The [General Electric Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Corporation \"General Electric Corporation\") announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the [Seaport District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\") in Boston, from [Fairfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut \"Fairfield, Connecticut\"), Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of [higher education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education \"Higher education\").[\\[103\\]](#cite_note-GE-Boston-103) Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including [Converse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_\\(shoe_company\\) \"Converse (shoe company)\"), [New Balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Balance \"New Balance\"), and [Reebok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok \"Reebok\"). [Rockport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport_\\(company\\) \"Rockport (company)\"), [Puma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_\\(brand\\) \"Puma (brand)\") and [Wolverine World Wide, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide \"Wolverine World Wide\") headquarters or regional offices[\\[203\\]](#cite_note-208) are just outside the city.[\\[204\\]](#cite_note-209)\n\n### Primary and secondary education\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=20 \"Edit section: Primary and secondary education\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg)\n\n[Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\") was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the U.S.\n\nThe [Boston Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools \"Boston Public Schools\") enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including [Boston Latin Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_Academy \"Boston Latin Academy\"), [John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._O%27Bryant_School_of_Mathematics_%26_Science \"John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science\"), and the renowned [Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\"). The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-BPS-19) The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-210) There are private, parochial, and [charter schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_school \"Charter school\") as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the [Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METCO \"METCO\").[\\[206\\]](#cite_note-211) In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's [kindergarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten \"Kindergarten\") system a [savings account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_account \"Savings account\") containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[\\[207\\]](#cite_note-212)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_college_town_map.png)\n\nMap of Boston-area universities\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg)\n\n[Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\"), one of the country's top [business schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school \"Business school\")[\\[208\\]](#cite_note-213)\n\nSeveral of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[\\[209\\]](#cite_note-214) Three universities with a major presence in the city, [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\"), and [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\"), are just outside of Boston in the cities of [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\") and [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"), known as the _Brainpower Triangle_.[\\[210\\]](#cite_note-215) Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its [business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\") school and athletics facilities are in Boston's [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\") neighborhood, and its [medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), [dental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine \"Harvard School of Dental Medicine\"), and [public health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health \"Harvard School of Public Health\") schools are located in the [Longwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area \"Longwood Medical and Academic Area\") area.[\\[211\\]](#cite_note-216)The [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as \"[Boston Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Boston_Tech_\\(1865%E2%80%931916\\) \"History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\")\"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[\\[212\\]](#cite_note-217) [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\")'s main campus is north of the city in [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\") and [Medford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts \"Medford, Massachusetts\"), though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at [Tufts Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center \"Tufts Medical Center\").[\\[213\\]](#cite_note-218)\n\nGreater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[\\[214\\]](#cite_note-219) The city's largest private universities include [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\") (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[\\[215\\]](#cite_note-220) with its main campus along [Commonwealth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_\\(Boston\\) \"Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)\") and a medical campus in the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"), [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\") in the [Fenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore \"Fenway–Kenmore\") area,[\\[216\\]](#cite_note-221) [Suffolk University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University \"Suffolk University\") near [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\"), which includes [law school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School \"Suffolk University Law School\") and [business school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyer_Business_School \"Sawyer Business School\"),[\\[217\\]](#cite_note-222) and [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[\\[218\\]](#cite_note-223) Boston's only public university is the [University of Massachusetts Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\") on Columbia Point in [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts \"Dorchester, Massachusetts\"). [Roxbury Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College \"Roxbury Community College\") and [Bunker Hill Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Community_College \"Bunker Hill Community College\") are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[\\[219\\]](#cite_note-224)\n\nFive members of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities \"Association of American Universities\") are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and [Brandeis University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University \"Brandeis University\").[\\[220\\]](#cite_note-225) Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven [Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States#Universities_classified_as_%22R1:_Doctoral_Universities_%E2%80%93_Highest_Research_Activity%22 \"List of research universities in the United States\") as per the [Carnegie Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education \"Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education\"). This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[\\[221\\]](#cite_note-226) This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.[\\[222\\]](#cite_note-227)[\\[223\\]](#cite_note-228)\n\nSmaller private colleges include [Babson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College \"Babson College\"), [Bentley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_University \"Bentley University\"), [Boston Architectural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College \"Boston Architectural College\"), [Emmanuel College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)\"), [Fisher College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College \"Fisher College\"), [MGH Institute of Health Professions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions \"MGH Institute of Health Professions\"), [Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences \"Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences\"), [Simmons University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University \"Simmons University\"), [Wellesley College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College \"Wellesley College\"), [Wheelock College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelock_College \"Wheelock College\"), [Wentworth Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology \"Wentworth Institute of Technology\"), [New England School of Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_School_of_Law \"New England School of Law\") (originally established as America's first all female law school),[\\[224\\]](#cite_note-229) and [Emerson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College \"Emerson College\").[\\[225\\]](#cite_note-230) The region is also home to several [conservatories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school \"Music school\") and art schools, including the [New England Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\") (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),[\\[226\\]](#cite_note-231) the [Boston Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory \"Boston Conservatory\"), and [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\"), which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[\\[227\\]](#cite_note-232) Many [trade schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school \"Vocational school\") also exist in the city, such as the Boston Career Institute, the [North Bennet Street School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bennet_Street_School \"North Bennet Street School\"), Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center, and many others.[\\[228\\]](#cite_note-233)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_city_hall.jpg)\n\n[Boston City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Hall \"Boston City Hall\") is a [Brutalist-style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture \"Brutalist architecture\") landmark in the city.\n\nBoston has a [strong mayor–council government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government \"Mayor–council government\") system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. [Michelle Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wu \"Michelle Wu\") became mayor in November 2021, succeeding [Kim Janey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Janey \"Kim Janey\") who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following [Marty Walsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Walsh \"Marty Walsh\")'s confirmation to the position of [Secretary of Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor \"United States Secretary of Labor\") in the [Biden/Harris Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden \"Presidency of Joe Biden\"). Walsh's predecessor [Thomas Menino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menino \"Thomas Menino\")'s twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.[\\[229\\]](#cite_note-234) The [Boston City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\") is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide \"at-large\" seats.[\\[230\\]](#cite_note-235) The School Committee, which oversees the [Boston Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools \"Boston Public Schools\"), is appointed by the mayor.[\\[231\\]](#cite_note-236) The city uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and [3-1-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-1-1 \"3-1-1\") to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[\\[232\\]](#cite_note-237)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg)\n\nChamber of the [Massachusetts House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives \"Massachusetts House of Representatives\") in the [Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House \"Massachusetts State House\")\n\nIn addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts [Department of Conservation and Recreation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation \"Department of Conservation and Recreation\"), the [Boston Public Health Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Health_Commission \"Boston Public Health Commission\"), the [Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority \"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority\"), and the [Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority \"Massachusetts Port Authority\"), play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in [state politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#Politics \"Massachusetts\").[\\[f\\]](#cite_note-240)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg)\n\nThe [Federal Reserve Bank of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston \"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston\") at 600 [Atlantic Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_\\(Boston\\) \"Atlantic Avenue (Boston)\")\n\nThe city has several federal facilities, including the [John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Office_Building \"John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building\"), the [Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_Jr._Federal_Building_\\(Boston\\) \"Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston)\"), the [John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._McCormack_Post_Office_and_Courthouse \"John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse\"), and the [Federal Reserve Bank of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston \"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston\").[\\[235\\]](#cite_note-241) The [United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit\") and the [United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts \"United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts\") are housed in The [John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Moakley_United_States_Courthouse \"John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse\").[\\[236\\]](#cite_note-242)[\\[237\\]](#cite_note-243)\n\nFederally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the [7th district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district \"Massachusetts's 7th congressional district\") and is represented by [Ayanna Pressley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley \"Ayanna Pressley\") while the remaining southern fourth is in the [8th district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district \"Massachusetts's 8th congressional district\") and is represented by [Stephen Lynch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_\\(politician\\) \"Stephen Lynch (politician)\"),[\\[238\\]](#cite_note-244) both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the [United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") is Democrat [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren \"Elizabeth Warren\"), first elected in 2012.[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-245) The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat [Ed Markey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey \"Ed Markey\"), who was elected in 2013 to succeed [John Kerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the [United States Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\").[\\[240\\]](#cite_note-246)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg)\n\nA [Boston Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department \"Boston Police Department\") cruiser on [Beacon Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Street \"Beacon Street\")\n\nBoston included $414 million in spending on the [Boston Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department \"Boston Police Department\") in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[\\[241\\]](#cite_note-Despite_Strong_Criticism_Of_Police_Spending,_Boston_City_Council_Passes_Budget-247)\n\nLike many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the [United States Attorney and District Attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney \"United States Attorney\")'s offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[\\[242\\]](#cite_note-End_of_a_Miracle-248)\n\nIn 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[\\[243\\]](#cite_note-BostonCrimeStats-249) Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[\\[244\\]](#cite_note-250)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_State_House_\\(49280448012\\).jpg)\n\nThe [Old State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_\\(Boston\\) \"Old State House (Boston)\"), a museum on the [Freedom Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Trail \"Freedom Trail\") near the site of the [Boston Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre \"Boston Massacre\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg)\n\nIn the 19th century, the [Old Corner Bookstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore \"Old Corner Bookstore\") became a gathering place for writers, including [Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), [Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\"), and [Margaret Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller \"Margaret Fuller\"). [James Russell Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell \"James Russell Lowell\") printed the first editions of _[The Atlantic Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly \"The Atlantic Monthly\")_ at the store.\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg)\n\n[Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston \"Symphony Hall, Boston\") at 301 Massachusetts Avenue, home of the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston,_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg)\n\n[Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\") at 465 [Huntington Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Avenue \"Huntington Avenue\")\n\nBoston shares many [cultural roots with greater New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_New_England \"Culture of New England\"), including a dialect of the non-[rhotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English \"Rhoticity in English\") Eastern [New England accent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_English \"New England English\") known as the [Boston accent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_accent \"Boston accent\")[\\[245\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorhees200952-251) and a [regional cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_cuisine \"New England cuisine\") with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[\\[246\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorhees2009148–151-252) Boston also has its own collection of [neologisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism \"Neologism\") known as _Boston slang_ and [sardonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardonic \"Sardonic\") humor.[\\[247\\]](#cite_note-253)\n\nIn the early 1800s, [William Tudor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tudor_\\(1779%E2%80%931830\\) \"William Tudor (1779–1830)\") wrote that Boston was \"'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[\\[248\\]](#cite_note-Vennochi-254) From this, Boston has been called the \"[Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") of America\" (also a nickname of [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"))[\\[249\\]](#cite_note-255) for its [literary culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre \"Literary genre\"), earning a reputation as \"the intellectual capital of the United States\".[\\[250\\]](#cite_note-auto-256)\n\nIn the nineteenth century, [Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), [Henry David Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\"), [Nathaniel Hawthorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne \"Nathaniel Hawthorne\"), [Margaret Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller \"Margaret Fuller\"), [James Russell Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell \"James Russell Lowell\"), and [Henry Wadsworth Longfellow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow \"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\") wrote in Boston. Some consider the [Old Corner Bookstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore \"Old Corner Bookstore\") to be the \"cradle of American literature\", the place where these writers met and where _[The Atlantic Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly \"The Atlantic Monthly\")_ was first published.[\\[251\\]](#cite_note-257) In 1852, the [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\") was founded as the first free library in the United States.[\\[250\\]](#cite_note-auto-256) Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the [Boston Book Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Book_Festival \"Boston Book Festival\").[\\[252\\]](#cite_note-258)[\\[253\\]](#cite_note-259)\n\nMusic is afforded a high degree of [civic support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_engagement \"Civic engagement\") in Boston. The [Boston Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\") is one of the \"[Big Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_\\(orchestras\\) \"Big Five (orchestras)\")\", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine _[Gramophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_\\(magazine\\) \"Gramophone (magazine)\")_ called it one of the \"world's best\" orchestras.[\\[254\\]](#cite_note-260) [Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston \"Symphony Hall, Boston\") (west of Back Bay) is home to the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\") and the related [Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Youth_Symphony_Orchestras \"Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras\"), which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,[\\[255\\]](#cite_note-261) and to the [Boston Pops Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pops_Orchestra \"Boston Pops Orchestra\"). The British newspaper _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_ called Boston Symphony Hall \"one of the top venues for classical music in the world\", adding \"Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design\".[\\[256\\]](#cite_note-262) Other concerts are held at the [New England Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\")'s [Jordan Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hall_\\(Boston\\) \"Jordan Hall (Boston)\"). The [Boston Ballet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ballet \"Boston Ballet\") performs at the [Boston Opera House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_\\(1980\\) \"Boston Opera House (1980)\"). Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the [Boston Lyric Opera Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Lyric_Opera \"Boston Lyric Opera\"), [Opera Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Boston \"Opera Boston\"), [Boston Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Baroque \"Boston Baroque\") (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[\\[257\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011175-263) and the [Handel and Haydn Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_and_Haydn_Society \"Handel and Haydn Society\") (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[\\[258\\]](#cite_note-264) The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the [Boston Modern Orchestra Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Modern_Orchestra_Project \"Boston Modern Orchestra Project\") and [Boston Musica Viva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Musica_Viva \"Boston Musica Viva\").[\\[257\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011175-263) Several theaters are in or near the [Theater District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Street_Theatre_District \"Washington Street Theatre District\") south of Boston Common, including the [Cutler Majestic Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutler_Majestic_Theatre \"Cutler Majestic Theatre\"), [Citi Performing Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Performing_Arts_Center \"Citi Performing Arts Center\"), the [Colonial Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Theatre_\\(Boston\\) \"Colonial Theatre (Boston)\"), and the [Orpheum Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_\\(Boston\\) \"Orpheum Theatre (Boston)\").[\\[259\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201153–55-265)\n\nThere are several major annual events, such as [First Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Night \"First Night\") which occurs on New Year's Eve, the [Boston Early Music Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Early_Music_Festival \"Boston Early Music Festival\"), the annual [Boston Arts Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Arts_Festival \"Boston Arts Festival\") at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston [gay pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride \"Gay pride\") parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[\\[260\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011207-266) The city is the site of several events during the [Fourth of July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\\(United_States\\) \"Independence Day (United States)\") period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[\\[261\\]](#cite_note-267) and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\").[\\[262\\]](#cite_note-268)\n\nSeveral historic sites relating to the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\") period are preserved as part of the [Boston National Historical Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_National_Historical_Park \"Boston National Historical Park\") because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the [Freedom Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Trail \"Freedom Trail\"),[\\[263\\]](#cite_note-269) which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.[\\[264\\]](#cite_note-270)\n\nThe city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\") and the [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum \"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\").[\\[265\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011104–108-271) The [Institute of Contemporary Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston \"Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston\") is housed in a contemporary building designed by [Diller Scofidio + Renfro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro \"Diller Scofidio + Renfro\") in the [Seaport District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\").[\\[266\\]](#cite_note-272) Boston's South End Art and Design District ([SoWa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoWa \"SoWa\")) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[\\[267\\]](#cite_note-273)[\\[268\\]](#cite_note-274) Columbia Point is the location of the [University of Massachusetts Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\"), the [Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate \"Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate\"), the [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum \"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum\"), and the [Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Archives \"Massachusetts Archives\"). The [Boston Athenæum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um \"Boston Athenæum\") (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[\\[269\\]](#cite_note-275) [Boston Children's Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum \"Boston Children's Museum\"), [Bull & Finch Pub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_%26_Finch_Pub \"Bull & Finch Pub\") (whose building is known from the television show _[Cheers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers \"Cheers\")_),[\\[270\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011164-276) [Museum of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_\\(Boston\\) \"Museum of Science (Boston)\"), and the [New England Aquarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Aquarium \"New England Aquarium\") are within the city.[\\[271\\]](#cite_note-277)\n\nBoston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston\") serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_\\(Boston\\) \"Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)\") (1875) in the South End, while the [Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Massachusetts \"Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts\") serves just under 200 congregations, with the [Cathedral Church of St. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul,_Boston \"Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Boston\") (1819) as its episcopal seat. [Unitarian Universalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association \"Unitarian Universalist Association\") has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The [Christian Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist \"Church of Christ, Scientist\") are headquartered in Back Bay at the [Mother Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist \"The First Church of Christ, Scientist\") (1894). The oldest church in Boston is [First Church in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_in_Boston \"First Church in Boston\"), founded in 1630.[\\[272\\]](#cite_note-278) [King's Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Chapel \"King's Chapel\") was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to [Unitarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism \"Unitarianism\") in 1785. Other churches include [Old South Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South_Church \"Old South Church\") (1669), Christ Church (better known as [Old North Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church \"Old North Church\"), 1723), the oldest church building in the city, [Trinity Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Boston \"Trinity Church, Boston\") (1733), [Park Street Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Street_Church \"Park Street Church\") (1809), and [Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_and_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help \"Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help\") on [Mission Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston \"Mission Hill, Boston\") (1878).[\\[273\\]](#cite_note-279)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg)\n\n[Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\"), the home stadium of the [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\"). Opened in 1912, Fenway Park is the [oldest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums \"List of Major League Baseball stadiums\") professional baseball stadium still in use.\n\nBoston has teams in [the four major North American men's professional sports leagues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\") plus [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\"). As of [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_by_number_of_professional_sports_championships \"List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships\"), the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).[\\[274\\]](#cite_note-280)\n\nThe [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\"), a founding member of the [American League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League \"American League\") of [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") in 1901, play their home games at [Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\"), near [Kenmore Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenmore_Square \"Kenmore Square\"), in the city's [Fenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore \"Fenway-Kenmore\") section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\"), the [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"), [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\"), and the [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\").[\\[275\\]](#cite_note-281) Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern [World Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\"), in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion [Boston Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americans \"Boston Americans\") and the NL champion [Pittsburgh Pirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\").[\\[276\\]](#cite_note-282)[\\[277\\]](#cite_note-283) Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the \"Boston Pilgrims\" appear to be unfounded.[\\[278\\]](#cite_note-284) Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the [National Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players \"National Association of Professional Base Ball Players\") in 1871, and of the [National League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_\\(baseball\\) \"National League (baseball)\") in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to [Milwaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\") after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") as the [Atlanta Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\").[\\[279\\]](#cite_note-285)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves,_February,_1_2009.jpg)\n\nThe [Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") of the [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") play at [TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\")\n\nThe [TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\"), formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished [Boston Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Garden \"Boston Garden\"), is above [North Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Station \"North Station\") and is the home of two major league teams: the [Boston Bruins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") of the [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") and the [Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") of the [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\"). The Bruins were the first American member of the [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") and an [Original Six](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Six \"Original Six\") franchise.[\\[280\\]](#cite_note-286) The Boston Celtics were founding members of the [Basketball Association of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America \"Basketball Association of America\"), one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[\\[281\\]](#cite_note-287) The Celtics have [won eighteen championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions \"List of NBA champions\"), the most of any NBA team.[\\[282\\]](#cite_note-288)\n\nWhile they have played in suburban [Foxborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts \"Foxborough, Massachusetts\") since 1971, the [New England Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") of the [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[\\[283\\]](#cite_note-289) They share [Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\") with the [New England Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution \"New England Revolution\") of [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\").[\\[284\\]](#cite_note-290)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG)\n\n[Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium \"Harvard Stadium\"), the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S.\n\nThe area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four [NCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") Division I members play in the area—[Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"), [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), and [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\"). Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the [Football Bowl Subdivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision \"NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision\"). Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the [Football Championship Subdivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision \"Football Championship Subdivision\"). These four universities participate in the [Beanpot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanpot_\\(ice_hockey\\) \"Beanpot (ice hockey)\"), an annual men's and women's [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey \"College ice hockey\") tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,[\\[285\\]](#cite_note-291) while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.[\\[286\\]](#cite_note-292)\n\nBoston has [Esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports \"Esports\") teams as well, such as the [Overwatch League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_League \"Overwatch League\") (OWL)'s [Boston Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Uprising \"Boston Uprising\"). Established in 2017,[\\[287\\]](#cite_note-293) they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[\\[288\\]](#cite_note-294) The [Boston Breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Breach \"Boston Breach\") is another esports team in the [Call of Duty League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_League \"Call of Duty League\") (CDL).[\\[289\\]](#cite_note-295)\n\nOne of the best-known sporting events in the city is the [Boston Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon \"Boston Marathon\"), the 26.2 mi (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual [marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon \"Marathon\"),[\\[290\\]](#cite_note-296) run on [Patriots' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriots%27_Day \"Patriots' Day\") in April. The [Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") traditionally play a home game starting around 11 A.M. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.[\\[291\\]](#cite_note-297) Another major annual event is the [Head of the Charles Regatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta \"Head of the Charles Regatta\"), held in October.[\\[292\\]](#cite_note-hocr-harvard-298)\n\nMajor sports teams\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nSport\n\nVenue\n\nCapacity\n\nFounded\n\nChampionships\n\n[Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\")\n\n[MLB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\")\n\nBaseball\n\n[Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\")\n\n37,755\n\n1903\n\n1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018\n\n[Boston Bruins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\")\n\n[NHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\")\n\nIce hockey\n\n[TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\")\n\n17,850\n\n1924\n\n1928–29, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1969–70, 1971–72, 2010–11\n\n[Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\")\n\n[NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\")\n\nBasketball\n\n[TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\")\n\n19,156\n\n1946\n\n1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1985–86, 2007–08, 2023–24\n\n[New England Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\")\n\n[NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\")\n\nAmerican football\n\n[Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\")\n\n65,878\n\n1960\n\n2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018\n\n[New England Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution \"New England Revolution\")\n\n[MLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\")\n\nSoccer\n\n[Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\")\n\n20,000\n\n1996\n\nNone\n\n## Parks and recreation\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=26 \"Edit section: Parks and recreation\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg)\n\nAerial view of [Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\") in [Downtown Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\")\n\n[Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\"), near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[\\[293\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200561-299) Along with the adjacent [Boston Public Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Garden_\\(Boston\\) \"Public Garden (Boston)\"), it is part of the [Emerald Necklace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Necklace \"Emerald Necklace\"), a string of parks designed by [Frederick Law Olmsted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted \"Frederick Law Olmsted\") to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the [Back Bay Fens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay_Fens \"Back Bay Fens\"), [Arnold Arboretum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum \"Arnold Arboretum\"), [Jamaica Pond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Pond \"Jamaica Pond\"), Boston's largest body of freshwater, and [Franklin Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Park_\\(Boston\\) \"Franklin Park (Boston)\"), the city's largest park and home of the [Franklin Park Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo \"Franklin Park Zoo\").[\\[294\\]](#cite_note-300) Another major park is the [Esplanade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Esplanade \"Charles River Esplanade\"), along the banks of the Charles River. The [Hatch Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Shell \"Hatch Shell\"), an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near [Castle Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Island_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Castle Island (Massachusetts)\") and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[\\[295\\]](#cite_note-301)\n\nBoston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, [The Trust for Public Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land \"Trust for Public Land\") reported Boston was tied with [Sacramento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California \"Sacramento, California\") and [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.[\\[296\\]](#cite_note-302)\n\n_[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_ is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[\\[297\\]](#cite_note-encyclo_globe-303) and is generally acknowledged as its [paper of record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_of_record \"Paper of record\").[\\[298\\]](#cite_note-Boston_Globe_history-304) The city is also served by other publications such as the _[Boston Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald \"Boston Herald\")_, _[Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_\\(magazine\\) \"Boston (magazine)\") magazine_, _[DigBoston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigBoston \"DigBoston\")_, and the Boston edition of _[Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_International \"Metro International\")_. _[The Christian Science Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor \"The Christian Science Monitor\")_, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[\\[299\\]](#cite_note-csm-media-305) _The Boston Globe_ also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called _Teens in Print_ or _T.i.P._, which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[\\[300\\]](#cite_note-306) _[The Improper Bostonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improper_Bostonian \"The Improper Bostonian\")_, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019.\n\nThe city's growing [Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") population has given rise to a number of local and regional [Spanish-language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") newspapers. These include _[El Planeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Planeta \"El Planeta\")_ (owned by the former publisher of the _[Boston Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Phoenix (newspaper)\")_), _El Mundo_, and _La Semana_. _Siglo21_, with its main offices in nearby [Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts \"Lawrence, Massachusetts\"), is also widely distributed.[\\[301\\]](#cite_note-307)\n\nVarious LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as _The Rainbow Times_, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, _The Rainbow Times_ is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[\\[302\\]](#cite_note-308)\n\n### Radio and television\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=29 \"Edit section: Radio and television\")\\]\n\nBoston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[\\[303\\]](#cite_note-309) Several major [AM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting \"AM broadcasting\") stations include [talk radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\") [WRKO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRKO \"WRKO\"), [sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio \"Sports radio\")/talk station [WEEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEEI_\\(AM\\) \"WEEI (AM)\"), and [news radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio \"All-news radio\") [WBZ (AM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ_\\(AM\\) \"WBZ (AM)\"). WBZ is a 50,000 watt \"[clear channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station \"Clear-channel station\")\" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.[\\[304\\]](#cite_note-310) A variety of commercial [FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\") [radio formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format \"Radio format\") serve the area, as do [NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\") stations [WBUR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUR \"WBUR\") and [WGBH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_\\(FM\\) \"WGBH (FM)\"). College and university radio stations include [WERS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WERS \"WERS\") (Emerson), [WHRB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHRB \"WHRB\") (Harvard), [WUMB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUMB \"WUMB\") (UMass Boston), [WMBR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMBR \"WMBR\") (MIT), [WZBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZBC \"WZBC\") (Boston College), [WMFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMFO \"WMFO\") (Tufts University), [WBRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBRS \"WBRS\") (Brandeis University), [WRBB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRBB \"WRBB\") (Northeastern University) and [WMLN-FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMLN-FM \"WMLN-FM\") (Curry College).[\\[305\\]](#cite_note-311)\n\nThe Boston television [DMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_market_area \"Designated market area\"), which also includes [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\"), New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.[\\[306\\]](#cite_note-312) The city is served by stations representing every major [American network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_broadcast_television_networks \"List of United States broadcast television networks\"), including [WBZ-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-TV \"WBZ-TV\") 4 and its sister station [WSBK-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSBK-TV \"WSBK-TV\") 38 (the former a [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") [O&O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\"), the latter an [independent station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station_\\(North_America\\) \"Independent station (North America)\")), [WCVB-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVB-TV \"WCVB-TV\") 5 and its sister station [WMUR-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMUR-TV \"WMUR-TV\") 9 (both [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")), [WHDH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDH_\\(TV\\) \"WHDH (TV)\") 7 and its sister station [WLVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLVI \"WLVI\") 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a [CW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") affiliate), [WBTS-CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBTS-CD \"WBTS-CD\") 15 (an [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") O&O), and [WFXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFXT-TV \"WFXT-TV\") 25 ([Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\")). The city is also home to [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") member station [WGBH-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV \"WGBH-TV\") 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[\\[307\\]](#cite_note-313) which also operates [WGBX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBX \"WGBX\") 44. Spanish-language television networks, including [UniMás](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s \"UniMás\") ([WUTF-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUTF-TV \"WUTF-TV\") 27), [Telemundo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo \"Telemundo\") ([WNEU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNEU \"WNEU\") 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and [Univisión](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univisi%C3%B3n \"Univisión\") ([WUNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUNI \"WUNI\") 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU serving as network [owned-and-operated station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\"). Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby [Needham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts \"Needham, Massachusetts\") and [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\") along the [Route 128 corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\").[\\[308\\]](#cite_note-314) Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.[\\[309\\]](#cite_note-315)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg)\n\n[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), one of the world's most prestigious medical schools\n\nMany of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area \"Longwood Medical and Academic Area\"), adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center \"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\"), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital \"Brigham and Women's Hospital\"), [Boston Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital \"Boston Children's Hospital\"), [Dana–Farber Cancer Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute \"Dana–Farber Cancer Institute\"), and [Joslin Diabetes Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center \"Joslin Diabetes Center\").[\\[310\\]](#cite_note-316) Prominent medical facilities, including [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital \"Massachusetts General Hospital\"), [Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Eye_and_Ear_Infirmary \"Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary\") and [Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaulding_Rehabilitation_Hospital \"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital\") are in the [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\") area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\").[\\[311\\]](#cite_note-317)\n\n[Tufts Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center \"Tufts Medical Center\") (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\") neighborhood, is affiliated with [Tufts University School of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine \"Tufts University School of Medicine\"). [Boston Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Medical_Center \"Boston Medical Center\"), in the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\") neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the [Boston University School of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine \"Boston University School of Medicine\").[\\[312\\]](#cite_note-318)[\\[313\\]](#cite_note-319) [St. Elizabeth's Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Medical_Center_\\(Boston\\) \"St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston)\") is in Brighton Center of the city's [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\") neighborhood. [New England Baptist Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Baptist_Hospital \"New England Baptist Hospital\") is in Mission Hill. [The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA_Boston_Healthcare_System \"VA Boston Healthcare System\") in the [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston \"Jamaica Plain, Boston\") and [West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Boston \"West Roxbury, Boston\") neighborhoods.[\\[314\\]](#cite_note-320)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station,_July_2007.jpg)\n\nAn [MBTA Red Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_\\(MBTA\\) \"Red Line (MBTA)\") train departing Boston for [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"). Over 1.3 million Bostonians utilize the city's buses and trains daily as of 2013.[\\[315\\]](#cite_note-321)\n\n[Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\"), in [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\") and operated by the [Massachusetts Port Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority \"Massachusetts Port Authority\") (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[\\[316\\]](#cite_note-322) Nearby [general aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") airports are [Beverly Regional Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Regional_Airport \"Beverly Regional Airport\") and [Lawrence Municipal Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Municipal_Airport_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Lawrence Municipal Airport (Massachusetts)\") to the north, [Hanscom Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanscom_Field \"Hanscom Field\") to the west, and [Norwood Memorial Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Memorial_Airport \"Norwood Memorial Airport\") to the south.[\\[317\\]](#cite_note-323) Massport also operates several major facilities within the [Port of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Boston \"Port of Boston\"), including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\"), and other facilities in [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") and [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\").[\\[318\\]](#cite_note-324)\n\nDowntown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a [planned grid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan \"Grid plan\"),[\\[319\\]](#cite_note-325) unlike those in later-developed [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\"), [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\"), the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"), and [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Boston \"South Boston, Boston\"). Boston is the eastern terminus of [I-90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90 \"Interstate 90\"), which in Massachusetts runs along the [Massachusetts Turnpike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike \"Massachusetts Turnpike\"). The [Central Artery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Artery \"Central Artery\") follows [I-93](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_93 \"Interstate 93\") as the primary north–south artery that carries most of the through traffic in downtown Boston. Other major highways include [US 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Massachusetts \"U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts\"), which carries traffic to the [North Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"North Shore (Massachusetts)\") and areas south of Boston, [US 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3 \"U.S. Route 3\"), which connects to the northwestern suburbs, [Massachusetts Route 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_3 \"Massachusetts Route 3\"), which connects to the [South Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"South Shore (Massachusetts)\") and [Cape Cod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod \"Cape Cod\"), and [Massachusetts Route 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2 \"Massachusetts Route 2\") which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is [Massachusetts Route 128](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\"), a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly [I-95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts \"Interstate 95 in Massachusetts\") and I-93).[\\[320\\]](#cite_note-326)\n\nWith nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the [fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_high_transit_ridership \"List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership\").[\\[321\\]](#cite_note-327) The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[\\[322\\]](#cite_note-328) Boston's public transportation agency, the [Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority \"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority\") (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the [Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas \"Americas\") and is the [fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership \"List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership\"),[\\[20\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201142-20) with 65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.[\\[323\\]](#cite_note-light_rail-329) The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks as well as water shuttles.[\\[323\\]](#cite_note-light_rail-329)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg)\n\n[South Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Station \"South Station\"), the busiest rail hub in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\"), is a terminus of [Amtrak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") and numerous [MBTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority \"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority\") rail lines.\n\n[Amtrak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: [South Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Station \"South Station\"), [North Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Station \"North Station\"), [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay_station \"Back Bay station\"), and [Route 128](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_128_station \"Route 128 station\"). South Station is a major [intermodal transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport \"Intermodal passenger transport\") hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's _[Northeast Regional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Regional \"Northeast Regional\")_, _[Acela Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acela_Express \"Acela Express\")_, and _[Lake Shore Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited \"Lake Shore Limited\")_ routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the _Acela Express_ and _Northeast Regional_.[\\[324\\]](#cite_note-330) Meanwhile, Amtrak's _[Downeaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downeaster_\\(train\\) \"Downeaster (train)\")_ to [Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine \"Brunswick, Maine\"), Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[\\[325\\]](#cite_note-331)\n\nNicknamed \"The Walking City\", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the [highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_most_pedestrian_commuters \"List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters\") out of the major American cities.[\\[326\\]](#cite_note-332) As of 2024, [Walk Score](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Score \"Walk Score\") ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.[\\[327\\]](#cite_note-WalkScore-333)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg)\n\n[Bluebikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebikes \"Bluebikes\") in Boston\n\nBetween 1999 and 2006, _[Bicycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycling_\\(magazine\\) \"Bicycling (magazine)\")_ magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling;[\\[328\\]](#cite_note-334) regardless, it has one of the highest rates of [bicycle commuting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_commuting \"Bicycle commuting\").[\\[329\\]](#cite_note-335) In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking,[\\[330\\]](#cite_note-336)[\\[331\\]](#cite_note-337) and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[\\[332\\]](#cite_note-338) The bikeshare program [Bluebikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebikes \"Bluebikes\"), originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[\\[333\\]](#cite_note-339) logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[\\[334\\]](#cite_note-340) The neighboring municipalities of [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"), and [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\") joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[\\[335\\]](#cite_note-341) In 2016, there were 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city, which in 2022 has increased to 400 stations with a total of 4,000 bikes.[\\[336\\]](#cite_note-342) [PBSC Urban Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBSC_Urban_Solutions \"PBSC Urban Solutions\") provides bicycles and technology for this [bike-sharing system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system \"Bicycle-sharing system\").[\\[337\\]](#cite_note-343)\n\n## International relations\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=33 \"Edit section: International relations\")\\]\n\nThe City of Boston has eleven official [sister cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities \"Twin towns and sister cities\"):[\\[338\\]](#cite_note-344)\n\n*  [Kyoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto \"Kyoto\"), Japan (1959)\n*  [Strasbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\"), France (1960)\n*  [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), Spain (1980)\n*  [Hangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou \"Hangzhou\"), China (1982)\n*  [Padua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), Italy (1983)\n*  [City of Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Melbourne \"City of Melbourne\"), Australia (1985)\n*  [Beira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique \"Beira, Mozambique\"), Mozambique (1990)\n*  [Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), Taiwan (1996)\n*  [Sekondi-Takoradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi \"Sekondi-Takoradi\"), Ghana (2001)\n*  [Belfast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), Northern Ireland (2014)\n*  [Praia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia \"Praia\"), Cape Verde (2015)\n\nBoston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with five additional cities or regions:\n\n* [Outline of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Boston \"Outline of Boston\")\n* [Boston City League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_League \"Boston City League\") (high-school athletic conference)\n* [Boston Citgo Sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Citgo_Sign \"Boston Citgo Sign\")\n* [Boston nicknames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_nicknames \"Boston nicknames\")\n* [Boston–Halifax relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Halifax_relations \"Boston–Halifax relations\")\n* [List of diplomatic missions in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Boston \"List of diplomatic missions in Boston\")\n* [List of people from Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Boston \"List of people from Boston\")\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boston \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston\")\n* [USS _Boston_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boston \"USS Boston\"), seven ships\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-134 \"Jump up\")** The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.\n2. **[^](#cite_ref-138 \"Jump up\")** Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15.\n3. **[^](#cite_ref-142 \"Jump up\")** Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.\n4. **[^](#cite_ref-144 \"Jump up\")** Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[\\[140\\]](#cite_note-ThreadEx-143)\n5. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-fifteen_165-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-fifteen_165-1) From 15% sample\n6. **[^](#cite_ref-240 \"Jump up\")** Since the [Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House \"Massachusetts State House\") is located in the city's [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\") neighborhood, the term \"Beacon Hill\" is used as a [metonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonym \"Metonym\") for the Massachusetts state government.[\\[233\\]](#cite_note-238)[\\[234\\]](#cite_note-239)\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-1 \"Jump up\")** [\"List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments\"](https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm). _sec.state.ma.us_. [Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts \"Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406103933/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2016.\n2. **[^](#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_2-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\"](https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.\n3. **[^](#cite_ref-3 \"Jump up\")** [\"Geographic Names Information System\"](https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/617565). _edits.nationalmap.gov_. Retrieved May 5, 2023.\n4. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-4) [\"QuickFacts: Boston city, Massachusetts\"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bostoncitymassachusetts/PST045222). _census.gov_. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.\n5. **[^](#cite_ref-urban_area_5-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas\"](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html). _census.gov_. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.\n6. **[^](#cite_ref-2020Pop_6-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"2020 Population and Housing State Data\"](https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html). United States Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html) from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.\n7. **[^](#cite_ref-7 \"Jump up\")** [\"Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (MSA)\"](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP14460). _fred.stlouisfed.org_.\n8. **[^](#cite_ref-8 \"Jump up\")** [\"ZIP Code Lookup – Search By City\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070903025217/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp). United States Postal Service. Archived from [the original](http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp) on September 3, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2009.\n9. **[^](#cite_ref-9 \"Jump up\")** ([Wells, John C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells \"John C. Wells\") (2008). _Longman Pronunciation Dictionary_ (3rd ed.). Longman. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4058-8118-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0\").)\n10. **[^](#cite_ref-10 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston by the Numbers: Land Area and Use\"](http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/86dd4b02-a7f3-499e-874e-53b7e8be4770#:~:text=%E2%80%94%20With%20a%20land%20area%20of,up%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Massachusetts.). Boston Redevelopment Authority. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180825134447/http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/86dd4b02-a7f3-499e-874e-53b7e8be4770#:~:text=%E2%80%94%20With%20a%20land%20area%20of,up%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Massachusetts.) from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n11. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonMetroPopulation_11-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates\"](https://archive.today/20200213114755/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/310M300US14460). [United States Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Archived from [the original](https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/310M300US14460) on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.\n12. **[^](#cite_ref-12 \"Jump up\")** [\"OMB Bulletin No. 20-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas\"](https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bulletin-20-01.pdf) (PDF). [United States Office of Management and Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget \"United States Office of Management and Budget\"). March 6, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200420165403/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bulletin-20-01.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2021.\n13. **[^](#cite_ref-13 \"Jump up\")** [\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA\"](https://archive.today/20200213085551/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/330M300US148). United States Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/330M300US148) on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.\n14. **[^](#cite_ref-history_14-0 \"Jump up\")**\n15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199411–12_15-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), pp. 11–12.\n16. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-AboutBoston_16-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-AboutBoston_16-1) [\"About Boston\"](http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp). City of Boston. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093243/http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp) from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016.\n17. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20058_17-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20058_17-1) [Morris 2005](#CITEREFMorris2005), p. 8.\n18. **[^](#cite_ref-18 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston Common | The Freedom Trail\"](https://www.thefreedomtrail.org/trail-sites/boston-common). _www.thefreedomtrail.org_. Retrieved February 8, 2024.\n19. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BPS_19-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BPS_19-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-BPS_19-2) [\"BPS at a Glance\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070403011648/http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp). Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp#students) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.\n20. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull201142_20-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull201142_20-1) [Hull 2011](#CITEREFHull2011), p. 42.\n21. **[^](#cite_ref-AcademicRanking2_21-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"World Reputation Rankings\"](https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only). April 21, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160612000603/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only) from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.\n22. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonLargestBiotechHubWorld_22-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston is Now the Largest Biotech Hub in the World\"](https://www.epmscientific.com/blog/2023/02/boston-is-now-the-largest-biotech-hub). EPM Scientific. February 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.\n23. **[^](#cite_ref-VentureCapitalBoston1_23-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Venture Investment – Regional Aggregate Data\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160408104240/http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/). National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from [the original](http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/) on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.\n24. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Kirsner_24-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Kirsner_24-1) Kirsner, Scott (July 20, 2010). [\"Boston is #1 ... But will we hold on to the top spot? – Innovation Economy\"](http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/07/boston_is_1but_will_we_hold_on.html). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222353/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/07/boston_is_1but_will_we_hold_on.html) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2010.\n25. **[^](#cite_ref-25 \"Jump up\")** [Innovation that Matters 2016](http://www.1776.vc/reports/innovation-that-matters-2016/) (Report). US Chamber of Commerce. 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406112510/https://www.1776.vc/reports/innovation-that-matters-2016/) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2016.\n26. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonAIHub_26-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution\"](https://venturefizz.com/stories/boston/why-boston-will-be-star-ai-revolution#:~:text=Boston%20startups%20are%20working%20to,include%20Lightmatter%20and%20Forge.ai.). VentureFizz. October 24, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2023. Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back, and they're attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process.\n27. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonFinance_27-0 \"Jump up\")** [\\[1\\]](https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190805061330/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf) August 5, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Accessed October 7, 2018.\n28. **[^](#cite_ref-28 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Boston Economy in 2010\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120730182721/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//TheBostonEconomyin2010.pdf) (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. January 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications/TheBostonEconomyin2010.pdf) (PDF) on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n29. **[^](#cite_ref-transfer_of_wealth_29-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Transfer of Wealth in Boston\"](http://www.tbf.org/~/media/TBFOrg/Files/Reports/Wealth%20Transfer%20Report%202013.pdf) (PDF). [The Boston Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Foundation \"The Boston Foundation\"). March 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190412072452/https://www.tbf.org/~/media/TBFOrg/Files/Reports/Wealth) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2015.\n30. **[^](#cite_ref-30 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston Ranked Most Energy-Efficient City in the US\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070518/https://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=6332). City Government of Boston. September 18, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=6332) on March 30, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2015.\n31. **[^](#cite_ref-31 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston\"](https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/boston-massachusetts). _HISTORY_. March 13, 2019.\n32. **[^](#cite_ref-DNB1_32-0 \"Jump up\")**  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain \"Public domain\"): Goodwin, Gordon (1892). \"[Johnson, Isaac](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Johnson,_Isaac \"s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, Isaac\")\". _[Dictionary of National Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography \"Dictionary of National Biography\")_. Vol. 30. p. 15.\n33. **[^](#cite_ref-Weston_33-0 \"Jump up\")** Weston, George F. _Boston Ways: High, By & Folk_, Beacon Press: Beacon Hill, Boston, p.11–15 (1957).\n34. **[^](#cite_ref-34 \"Jump up\")** [\"Guide | Town of Boston | City of Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130420050502/https://www.cityofboston.gov/archivesandrecords/guide/town.asp). Archived from [the original](http://www.cityofboston.gov/archivesandrecords/guide/town.asp) on April 20, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.\n35. **[^](#cite_ref-KAY_35-0 \"Jump up\")** Kay, Jane Holtz, _[Lost Boston](https://books.google.com/books?id=AhX-TaJKC6AC)_, Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 2006. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781558495272](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558495272 \"Special:BookSources/9781558495272\"). Cf. [p.4](https://books.google.com/books?id=AhX-TaJKC6AC&q=botolph)\n36. **[^](#cite_ref-CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA_36-0 \"Jump up\")** Thurston, H. (1907). \"St. Botulph.\" _The Catholic Encyclopedia_. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from New Advent: [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm)\n37. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-jplains_37-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-jplains_37-1) [\"Native Americans in Jamaica Plain\"](https://www.jphs.org/colonial-era/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html). Jamaica Plains Historical Society. April 10, 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171210220202/https://www.jphs.org/colonial-era/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html) from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n38. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-nariver_38-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-nariver_38-1) [\"The Native Americans' River\"](http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hsb41/Changing_Course/native_americans.html). Harvard College. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150711052312/http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hsb41/Changing_Course/native_americans.html) from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n39. **[^](#cite_ref-39 \"Jump up\")** Bilis, Madeline (September 15, 2016). [\"TBT: The Village of Shawmut Becomes Boston\"](https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/09/15/shawmut-boston/). _Boston Magazine_. Retrieved December 18, 2023.\n40. **[^](#cite_ref-40 \"Jump up\")** [\"The History of the Neponset Band of the Indigenous Massachusett Tribe – The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag\"](https://massachusetttribe.org/the-history-of-the-neponset). Retrieved December 18, 2023.\n41. **[^](#cite_ref-41 \"Jump up\")** [\"Chickataubut\"](https://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut). The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190611090719/http://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut) from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n42. **[^](#cite_ref-42 \"Jump up\")** Morison, Samuel Eliot (1932). _English University Men Who Emigrated to New England Before 1646: An Advanced Printing of Appendix B to the History of Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century_. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 10.\n43. **[^](#cite_ref-43 \"Jump up\")** Morison, Samuel Eliot (1963). _The Founding of Harvard College_. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780674314504](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674314504 \"Special:BookSources/9780674314504\").\n44. **[^](#cite_ref-44 \"Jump up\")** Banks, Charles Edward (1937). _Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620–1650_. The Bertram press. p. 96.\n45. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646_45-0 \"Jump up\")** [Christopher 2006](#CITEREFChristopher2006), p. 46.\n46. **[^](#cite_ref-46 \"Jump up\")** [\"\"Growth\" to Boston in its Heyday, 1640s to 1730s\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723034439/http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf) (PDF). Boston History & Innovation Collaborative. 2006. p. 2. Archived from [the original](http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf) (PDF) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n47. **[^](#cite_ref-47 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston\"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Boston). [Encyclopedia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica \"Encyclopedia Britannica\"). April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.\n48. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-4) Smith, Robert W. (2005). _Encyclopedia of the New American Nation_ (1st ed.). Detroit, MI: [Charles Scribner's Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons \"Charles Scribner's Sons\"). pp. 214–219. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0684313467](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684313467 \"Special:BookSources/978-0684313467\").\n49. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-empireontheedge_49-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-empireontheedge_49-1) Bunker, Nick (2014). _An Empire on the Edge: How Britain Came to Fight America_. Knopf. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0307594846](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307594846 \"Special:BookSources/978-0307594846\").\n50. **[^](#cite_ref-50 \"Jump up\")** Dawson, Henry B. (1858). [_Battles of the United States, by sea and land: embracing those of the Revolutionary and Indian Wars, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War; with important official documents_](https://archive.org/details/battlesofuniteds01daws_0). New York, NY: Johnson, Fry & Company.\n51. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20057_51-0 \"Jump up\")** [Morris 2005](#CITEREFMorris2005), p. 7.\n52. **[^](#cite_ref-52 \"Jump up\")** Morgan, Edmund S. (1946). \"Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act\". _The New England Quarterly_. **21** (4): 459–492. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.2307/361566](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F361566). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0028-4866](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [361566](https://www.jstor.org/stable/361566).\n53. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-frothingham_53-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-frothingham_53-1) Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1851). [_History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill_](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ). Little and Brown. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160623231826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ) from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2018.\n54. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-allemn_54-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-allemn_54-1) [French, Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_French \"Allen French\") (1911). [_The Siege of Boston_](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C). Macmillan.\n55. **[^](#cite_ref-1776book_55-0 \"Jump up\")** McCullough, David (2005). [_1776_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_\\(book\\) \"1776 (book)\"). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7432-2671-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4\").\n56. **[^](#cite_ref-56 \"Jump up\")** Hubbard, Robert Ernest. _Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the \"Father of Ohio,\"_ pp. 45–8, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4766-7862-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7\").\n57. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446_57-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), p. 46.\n58. **[^](#cite_ref-BosLitHist_58-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Home page\"](http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/) (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). _Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History_. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045450/http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2012.\n59. **[^](#cite_ref-BosLitHistMap_59-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862\"](http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf) (Exhibition). _Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History_. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025723/http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.\n60. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444_60-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), p. 44.\n61. **[^](#cite_ref-61 \"Jump up\")** B. Rosenbaum, Julia (2006). _Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity_. Cornell University Press. p. 45. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780801444708](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801444708 \"Special:BookSources/9780801444708\"). By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.\n62. **[^](#cite_ref-62 \"Jump up\")** C. Holloran, Peter (1989). _Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930_. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780838632970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838632970 \"Special:BookSources/9780838632970\").\n63. **[^](#cite_ref-63 \"Jump up\")** J. Harp, Gillis (2003). _Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism_. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780742571983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742571983 \"Special:BookSources/9780742571983\").\n64. **[^](#cite_ref-64 \"Jump up\")** Dilworth, Richardson (September 13, 2011). [_Cities in American Political History_](https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28). [SAGE Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications \"SAGE Publications\"). p. 28. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780872899117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872899117 \"Special:BookSources/9780872899117\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010051/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28) from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021.\n65. **[^](#cite_ref-65 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston African American National Historic Site\"](http://www.nps.gov/boaf/). National Park Service. April 28, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101106003641/http://www.nps.gov/boaf/) from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2007.\n66. **[^](#cite_ref-66 \"Jump up\")** [\"Fugitive Slave Law\"](http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm). The Massachusetts Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171027215133/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm) from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n67. **[^](#cite_ref-67 \"Jump up\")** [\"The \"Trial\" of Anthony Burns\"](http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm). The Massachusetts Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170922215411/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm) from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n68. **[^](#cite_ref-68 \"Jump up\")** [\"150th Anniversary of Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080520121923/http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html). Suffolk University. April 24, 2004. Archived from [the original](http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html) on May 20, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n69. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-city_charter_69-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-city_charter_69-1) State Street Trust Company; Walton Advertising & Printing Company (1922). [_Boston: one hundred years a city_](https://archive.org/stream/bostononehundred02stat/bostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt) (TXT). Vol. 2. Boston: State Street Trust Company. Retrieved April 20, 2009.\n70. **[^](#cite_ref-70 \"Jump up\")** [\"People & Events: Boston's Immigrant Population\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011184015/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html). WGBH/PBS Online (American Experience). 2003. Archived from [the original](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html) on October 11, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.\n71. **[^](#cite_ref-71 \"Jump up\")** [\"Immigration Records\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032711/http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html). The National Archives. Archived from [the original](https://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html) on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.\n72. **[^](#cite_ref-72 \"Jump up\")** Puleo, Stephen (2007). [\"Epilogue: Today\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC). [_The Boston Italians_](https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC) (illustrated ed.). Beacon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-8070-5036-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5036-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5036-1\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234949/https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC) from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2009.\n73. **[^](#cite_ref-73 \"Jump up\")** [\"Faith, Spirituality, and Religion\"](http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/). American College Personnel Association. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152524/http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2020.\n74. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286_74-0 \"Jump up\")** [Bolino 2012](#CITEREFBolino2012), pp. 285–286.\n75. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-landfills_75-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-landfills_75-1) [\"The History of Land Fill in Boston\"](http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm). iBoston.org. 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030505/http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm) from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2006.. Also see Howe, Jeffery (1996). [\"Boston: History of the Landfills\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070410073014/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html). Boston College. Archived from [the original](http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html) on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.\n76. **[^](#cite_ref-76 \"Jump up\")** _Historical Atlas of Massachusetts_. University of Massachusetts. 1991. p. 37.\n77. **[^](#cite_ref-77 \"Jump up\")** Holleran, Michael (2001). [\"Problems with Change\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC&pg=PA39). [_Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America_](https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC). [The Johns Hopkins University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press \"The Johns Hopkins University Press\"). p. 41. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-8018-6644-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6644-9 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6644-9\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204135541/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2010.\n78. **[^](#cite_ref-78 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. March 26, 1892. p. 11. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045216/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html) from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2010.\n79. **[^](#cite_ref-79 \"Jump up\")** Rezendes, Michael (October 13, 1991). [\"Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035734/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991). _The Boston Globe_. p. 80. Archived from [the original](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.\n80. **[^](#cite_ref-80 \"Jump up\")** Estes, Andrea; Cafasso, Ed (September 9, 1991). [\"Flynn offers to annex Chelsea\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035906/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9,+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea). _[Boston Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald \"Boston Herald\")_. p. 1. Archived from [the original](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9%2C+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.\n81. **[^](#cite_ref-81 \"Jump up\")** [\"Horticultural Hall, Boston - Lost New England\"](https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/). _Lost New England_. January 18, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083542/https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/) from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n82. **[^](#cite_ref-82 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Tennis and Racquet Club (T&R)\"](http://tandr.org/). _The Tennis and Racquet Club (T&R)_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210120223258/http://tandr.org/) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n83. **[^](#cite_ref-83 \"Jump up\")** [\"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum | Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\"](https://www.gardnermuseum.org/). _www.gardnermuseum.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210405144803/https://www.gardnermuseum.org/) from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n84. **[^](#cite_ref-84 \"Jump up\")** [\"Fenway Studios\"](https://fenwaystudios.org/). _fenwaystudios.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210210235011/https://fenwaystudios.org/) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n85. **[^](#cite_ref-85 \"Jump up\")** [\"Jordan Hall History\"](https://necmusic.edu/jordan-hall). _necmusic.edu_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511042514/https://necmusic.edu/jordan-hall) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n86. **[^](#cite_ref-86 \"Jump up\")** [\"How the Longfellow Bridge Got its Name\"](https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/longfellow-bridge-got-name/). November 23, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065319/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/longfellow-bridge-got-name/) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n87. **[^](#cite_ref-87 \"Jump up\")** Guide, Boston Discovery. [\"Make Way for Ducklings | Boston Discovery Guide\"](https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/make-way-for-ducklings.html). _www.boston-discovery-guide.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224075716/https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/make-way-for-ducklings.html) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n88. **[^](#cite_ref-88 \"Jump up\")** Tikkanen, Amy (April 17, 2023). [\"Fenway Park\"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Fenway-Park). [Encyclopedia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica \"Encyclopedia Britannica\"). Retrieved May 3, 2023.\n89. **[^](#cite_ref-89 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston Bruins History\"](https://www.nhl.com/bruins/team/history). _Boston Bruins_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210201205300/https://www.nhl.com/bruins/team/history) from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n90. **[^](#cite_ref-90 \"Jump up\")** [\"Lt. General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport : A history\"](http://web.mit.edu/rama/www/logan_history.htm). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20030503173451/http://web.mit.edu/rama/www/logan_history.htm) from the original on May 3, 2003. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n91. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluestoneStevenson200213_91-0 \"Jump up\")** [Bluestone & Stevenson 2002](#CITEREFBluestoneStevenson2002), p. 13.\n92. **[^](#cite_ref-92 \"Jump up\")** Collins, Monica (August 7, 2005). [\"Born Again\"](http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165937/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2007.\n93. **[^](#cite_ref-93 \"Jump up\")** Roessner, Jane (2000). [_A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point – A Community History_](https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes). Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. [80](https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes/page/80). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-55553-436-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-436-3 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-436-3\").\n94. **[^](#cite_ref-Roessner_94-0 \"Jump up\")** Cf. Roessner, p.293. \"The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992.\"\n95. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994195_95-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), p. 195.\n96. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994194–195_96-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), pp. 194–195.\n97. **[^](#cite_ref-97 \"Jump up\")** Hampson, Rick (April 19, 2005). [\"Studies: Gentrification a boost for everyone\"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm). _USA Today_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203315/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm) from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n98. **[^](#cite_ref-Heudorfer_98-0 \"Jump up\")** Heudorfer, Bonnie; Bluestone, Barry. [\"The Greater Boston Housing Report Card\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061108003526/http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf) (PDF). Center for Urban and Regional Policy (CURP), Northeastern University. p. 6. Archived from [the original](http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf) (PDF) on November 8, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2016.\n99. **[^](#cite_ref-99 \"Jump up\")** Feeney, Mark; Mehegan, David (April 15, 2005). [\"Atlantic, 148-year institution, leaving city\"](http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221240/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2007.\n100. **[^](#cite_ref-100 \"Jump up\")** [\"FleetBoston, Bank of America Merger Approved by Fed\"](http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/). _The Boston Globe_. March 9, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101331/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n101. **[^](#cite_ref-101 \"Jump up\")** Abelson, Jenn; Palmer, Thomas C. Jr. (July 29, 2005). [\"It's Official: Filene's Brand Will Be Gone\"](http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053514/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n102. **[^](#cite_ref-102 \"Jump up\")** Glaberson, William (June 11, 1993). [\"Largest Newspaper Deal in U.S. – N.Y. Times Buys Boston Globe for $1.1 Billion\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151). _Pittsburgh Post-Gazette_. p. B-12. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015226/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151) from the original on May 11, 2021. 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[\"Marathon injury toll jumps to 260\"](http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/marathon_injury_toll_jumps_to_260). _Boston Herald_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130424191621/http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/marathon_injury_toll_jumps_to_260) from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.\n106. **[^](#cite_ref-106 \"Jump up\")** Golen, Jimmy (April 13, 2023). [\"Survival diaries: Decade on, Boston Marathon bombing echoes\"](https://apnews.com/article/boston-marathon-bombing-survivors-9a0bcba9158e42efa2149cb7cb8b218e). [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). Retrieved August 17, 2024.\n107. **[^](#cite_ref-107 \"Jump up\")** [\"The life and death of Boston's Olympic bid\"](https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2016/08/04/the-life-and-death-of-bostons-olympic-bid). August 4, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210510215450/https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2016/08/04/the-life-and-death-of-bostons-olympic-bid) from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2017.\n108. **[^](#cite_ref-108 \"Jump up\")** Futterman, Matthew (September 13, 2017). [\"Los Angeles Is Officially Awarded the 2028 Olympics\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/los-angeles-is-officially-awarded-the-2028-olympics-1505327430). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")_. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225210/https://www.wsj.com/articles/los-angeles-is-officially-awarded-the-2028-olympics-1505327430) from the original on March 8, 2021. 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Retrieved November 18, 2023.\n132. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-6) [_**h**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-7) [\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\"](https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=box). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"). 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Retrieved July 18, 2020.\n143. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston_147-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston_147-1) [\"Boston, Massachusetts, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data\"](https://www.weather-us.com/en/massachusetts-usa/boston-climate). Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.\n144. **[^](#cite_ref-2010_Census_148-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1\"](http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk). _American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts_. United States Census Bureau. 2010.\n145. **[^](#cite_ref-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates_149-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates\"](http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US25&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-T1&-ds_name=PEP_2009_EST&-_lang=en&-format=ST-9&-_sse=on). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n146. **[^](#cite_ref-1990_Census_150-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts\"](http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp1/cp-1-23.pdf) (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n147. **[^](#cite_ref-1980_Census_151-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_maABC-01.pdf) (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n148. **[^](#cite_ref-1950_Census_152-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1950 Census of Population\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf) (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. 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Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n151. **[^](#cite_ref-1870_Census_155-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1870 Census of the Population\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-05.pdf) (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n152. **[^](#cite_ref-1860_Census_156-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1860 Census\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-08.pdf) (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n153. **[^](#cite_ref-1850_Census_157-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1850 Census\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf) (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. 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Retrieved August 17, 2020.\n156. **[^](#cite_ref-160 \"Jump up\")** [\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020−2022\"](https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html). [United States Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Retrieved November 25, 2023.\n157. **[^](#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_161-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Census of Population and Housing\"](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html). Census.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html) from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.\n158. **[^](#cite_ref-162 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston, MA | Data USA\"](https://datausa.io/profile/geo/boston-ma/). _datausa.io_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220331105713/https://datausa.io/profile/geo/boston-ma/) from the original on March 31, 2022. 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152313/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/) from the original on March 8, 2021.\n180. **[^](#cite_ref-185 \"Jump up\")** [\"America's Changing Religious Landscape\"](https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/). [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\"): Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054944/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/) from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2015.\n181. **[^](#cite_ref-186 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Association of Religion Data Archives – Maps & Reports\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131736/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/m/14460/rcms2010_14460_metro_name_2010.asp). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114553/https://www.bostonpublicschools.org/cms/lib07/MA01906464/Centricity/Domain/238/BPS%20at%20a%20Glance%2014-0502.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2014.\n206. **[^](#cite_ref-211 \"Jump up\")** [\"Metco Program\"](http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/). Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education. June 16, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301041505/http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2013.\n207. **[^](#cite_ref-212 \"Jump up\")** Amir Vera (September 10, 2019). [\"Boston is giving every public school kindergartner $50 to promote saving for college or career training\"](https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/us/boston-public-schools-kindergartners-college-trnd/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211113151358/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/boston-education-overview-brainpower-triangle) from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.\n210. **[^](#cite_ref-215 \"Jump up\")** [\"Brainpower Triangle Cambridge Massachusetts – New Media Technology and Tech Clusters\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160714170557/http://www.thenew-media.info/cambridge-usa.htm). _The New Media_. Archived from [the original](http://www.thenew-media.info/cambridge-usa.htm) on July 14, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.\n211. **[^](#cite_ref-216 \"Jump up\")** Kladko, Brian (April 20, 2007). [\"Crimson Tide\"](http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2007/04/23/story2.html). _Boston Business Journal_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010056/https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2007/04/23/story2.html) from the original on April 18, 2022. 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August 2, 2002. p. 52. Retrieved August 16, 2024.\n318. **[^](#cite_ref-324 \"Jump up\")** [\"About Port of Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130225202220/http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx). Massport. 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx) on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.\n319. **[^](#cite_ref-325 \"Jump up\")** Shurtleff, Arthur A. (January 1911). [\"The Street Plan of the Metropolitan District of Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101029071305/http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/shurbos.htm). _Landscape Architecture 1_: 71–83. Archived from [the original](http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/shurbos.htm) on October 29, 2010.\n320. **[^](#cite_ref-326 \"Jump up\")** [\"Massachusetts Official Transportation Map\"](https://www.mass.gov/doc/official-transportation-map-english/download). Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.\n321. **[^](#cite_ref-327 \"Jump up\")** [\"Census and You\"](https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/pio/cay961a2.pdf) (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406104429/https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/pio/cay961a2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007.\n322. **[^](#cite_ref-328 \"Jump up\")** [\"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map\"](http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html). _Governing_. December 9, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html) from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.\n323. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-light_rail_329-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-light_rail_329-1) [\"Boston: Light Rail Transit Overview\"](http://www.lightrailnow.org/facts/fa_bos001.htm). Light Rail Progress. May 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406104432/https://www.lightrailnow.org/facts/fa_bos001.htm) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007.\n324. **[^](#cite_ref-330 \"Jump up\")** [\"Westwood—Route 128 Station, MA (RTE)\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080822004651/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550818&ssid=93). Amtrak. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550818&ssid=93) on August 22, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007.\n325. **[^](#cite_ref-331 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston—South Station, MA (BOS)\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080418170534/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93). Amtrak. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93) on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007.\n326. **[^](#cite_ref-332 \"Jump up\")** Of cities over 250,000 [\"Carfree Database Results – Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000)\"](http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0.). Bikes at Work Inc. 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190239/http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0.) from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007.\n327. **[^](#cite_ref-WalkScore_333-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston\"](http://www.walkscore.com/MA/Boston). _Walk Score_. 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.\n328. **[^](#cite_ref-334 \"Jump up\")** Zezima, Katie (August 8, 2009). [\"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html). _The New York Times_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309215959/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2015.\n329. **[^](#cite_ref-335 \"Jump up\")** [\"Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them – Another Look\"](http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf) (PDF). Dill bike facilities. 2003. p. 5. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070613235942/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.\n330. **[^](#cite_ref-336 \"Jump up\")** Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). [\"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html). _The New York Times_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309215959/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2009.\n331. **[^](#cite_ref-337 \"Jump up\")** [\"A Future Best City: Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100211195827/https://pikroll.com/best-touring-bikes/). Rodale Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.bicycling.com/article/0,6610,s1-2-13-17078-1,00.html) on February 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.\n332. **[^](#cite_ref-338 \"Jump up\")** [\"Is Bicycle Commuting Really Catching On? And if So, Where?\"](http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2011/09/substantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation/161/). The Atlantic Media Company. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121021223406/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2011/09/substantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation/161/) from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011.\n333. **[^](#cite_ref-339 \"Jump up\")** Moskowitz, Eric (April 21, 2011). [\"Hub set to launch bike-share program\"](http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194948/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/) from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013.\n334. **[^](#cite_ref-340 \"Jump up\")** Fox, Jeremy C. (March 29, 2012). [\"Hubway bike system to be fully launched by April 1\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120514180018/http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-29/yourtown/31255679_1_bike-stations-miles-of-bike-lane-new-bike-lines). _The Boston Globe_. Archived from [the original](http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-29/yourtown/31255679_1_bike-stations-miles-of-bike-lane-new-bike-lines) on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.\n335. **[^](#cite_ref-341 \"Jump up\")** Franzini, Laura E. (August 8, 2012). [\"Hubway expands to Brookline, Somerville, Cambridge\"](http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2012/08/hubway_expands_to_brookline_so.html). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220558/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2012/08/hubway_expands_to_brookline_so.html) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2013.\n336. **[^](#cite_ref-342 \"Jump up\")** [\"Hubway Bikes Boston | PBSC\"](https://www.pbsc.com/city/boston/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160817000736/https://www.pbsc.com/city/boston/) from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.\n337. **[^](#cite_ref-343 \"Jump up\")** RedEye (May 8, 2015). [\"Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations\"](http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160815075453/http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html) from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.\n338. **[^](#cite_ref-344 \"Jump up\")** [\"Sister Cities\"](https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities). City of Boston. July 18, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195041/https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n339. **[^](#cite_ref-345 \"Jump up\")** [\"Friendly Cities\"](http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm). Guangzhou People's Government. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213249/http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n340. **[^](#cite_ref-346 \"Jump up\")** City of Boston (February 10, 2016). [\"MAYOR WALSH SIGNS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH LYON, FRANCE VICE-MAYOR KARIN DOGNIN-SAUZE\"](https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze). City of Boston. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031456/https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n341. **[^](#cite_ref-347 \"Jump up\")** [\"CITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINS BOSTON, COPENHAGEN IN CLIMATE MEMORANDUM OF COLLABORATION\"](https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration). City of Cambridge. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195049/https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2017.\n342. **[^](#cite_ref-348 \"Jump up\")** Boston City TV (April 4, 2017). [\"Memorandum of Understanding with Mexico City's Mayor Mancera – Promo\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8ug7joD9aw). City of Boston. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/F8ug7joD9aw) from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n343. **[^](#cite_ref-349 \"Jump up\")** Derry City & Strabane District Council (November 17, 2017). [\"Ireland North West and City of Boston sign MOU\"](http://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston). Derry City & Strabane District Council. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210305082231/https://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston) from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n\n* Bluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). _The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis_. Russell Sage Foundation. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-61044-072-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-072-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-072-1\").\n* Bolino, August C. (2012). _Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society_. iUniverse. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4759-3376-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-3376-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-3376-5\").\n* Christopher, Paul J. (2006). _50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit_. Encouragement Press, LLC. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-933766-01-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933766-01-0 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-933766-01-0\").\n* Hull, Sarah (2011). _The Rough Guide to Boston_ (6 ed.). Penguin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4053-8247-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8247-2 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8247-2\").\n* Kennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). _Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630_. University of Massachusetts Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-87023-923-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-923-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-923-6\").\n* Morris, Jerry (2005). [_The Boston Globe Guide to Boston_](https://archive.org/details/bostonglobeguide00jerr). Globe Pequot. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7627-3430-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3430-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3430-6\").\n* Vorhees, Mara (2009). _Lonely Planet Boston City Guide_ (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-74179-178-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-178-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-178-5\").\n\n* Beagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006). _Boston: A Pictorial Celebration_. Sterling Publishing Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4027-1977-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-1977-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-1977-6\").\n* Brown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). [_Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub_](https://archive.org/details/bostonssecretspa0000unse) (1st ed.). Globe Pequot. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7627-5062-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5062-7 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5062-7\").\n* Hantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (200). _City in Time: Boston_. Sterling Publishing Company8. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4027-3300-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3300-0 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3300-0\").\n* Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). [_Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980_](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-313-21134-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21134-8 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21134-8\"). Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980—see [index at pp. 406–411](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1/page/406/mode/2up) for list.\n* O'Connell, James C. (2013). [_The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth_](https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5SjKPbaGoC). MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-262-01875-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01875-3 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01875-3\").\n* O'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). _Boston: A to Z_. Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-674-00310-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00310-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00310-1\").\n* Price, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). [_Boston's Immigrants, 1840–1925_](https://books.google.com/books?id=RbMBOZux_Js). Arcadia Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7524-0921-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-0921-4 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-0921-4\").\\[_[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot \"Wikipedia:Link rot\")_\\]\n* Krieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. (2001). _Mapping Boston_. MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-262-61173-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61173-2 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61173-2\").\n* Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). [_Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston_](https://archive.org/details/gaininggroundhis0000seas). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press \"MIT Press\"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-262-19494-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19494-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19494-5\").\n* Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). [_Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000_](https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0) (2nd ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-55849-201-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-201-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-201-1\").\n* Southworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). _AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods_ (3rd ed.). Globe Pequot. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7627-4337-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4337-7 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4337-7\").\n* Vrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). [_When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac_](https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv_0). Northeastern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-55553-620-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-620-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-620-6\").\n* Whitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). [_Boston: A Topographical History_](https://archive.org/details/bostontopographi00whit_1) (3rd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-674-00268-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00268-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00268-5\").\n\n* [Official website](http://boston.gov/)\n* [Visit Boston](http://www.bostonusa.com/), official tourism website\n*  Geographic data related to [Boston](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2315704) at [OpenStreetMap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap \"OpenStreetMap\")\n* [\"Boston\"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Boston) . [_The New Student's Reference Work_](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work) . 1914.\n* [\"Boston\"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boston_\\(Massachusetts\\)) . _[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition \"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\")_. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–296.\n* [Historical Maps of Boston](https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=%22Boston+%28Mass.%29--Maps%22&search_field=subject) from the [Norman B. Leventhal Map Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_B._Leventhal_Map_Center \"Norman B. Leventhal Map Center\") at the [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\")\n* [Boston](https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Massachusetts/Localities/B/Boston) at [Curlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie \"Curlie\")",
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+ "text": "Boston UniversityBostoniaBU TodayThe Brinkcgs bacteria homepage loop from Boston University on VimeoBU TodayBU TodayBU TodayBU Today\nNotice of Non-Discrimination: Boston University prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, natural or protective hairstyle, religion, sex or gender, age, national origin, ethnicity, shared ancestry and ethnic characteristics, physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, genetic information, pregnancy or pregnancy-related condition, military service, marital, parental, veteran status, or any other legally protected status in any and all educational programs or activities operated by Boston University. Retaliation is also prohibited. Please refer questions or concerns about Title IX, discrimination based on any other status protected by law or BU policy, or retaliation to Boston University’s Executive Director of Equal Opportunity/Title IX Coordinator, at titleix@bu.edu or (617) 358-1796. Read Boston University’s full Notice of Nondiscrimination.",
+ "markdown": "# Boston UniversityBostoniaBU TodayThe Brinkcgs bacteria homepage loop from Boston University on VimeoBU TodayBU TodayBU TodayBU Today\n\n**Notice of Non-Discrimination:** Boston University prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, natural or protective hairstyle, religion, sex or gender, age, national origin, ethnicity, shared ancestry and ethnic characteristics, physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, genetic information, pregnancy or pregnancy-related condition, military service, marital, parental, veteran status, or any other legally protected status in any and all educational programs or activities operated by Boston University. Retaliation is also prohibited. Please refer questions or concerns about Title IX, discrimination based on any other status protected by law or BU policy, or retaliation to Boston University’s Executive Director of Equal Opportunity/Title IX Coordinator, at titleix@bu.edu or (617) 358-1796. Read Boston University’s full [Notice of Nondiscrimination](https://www.bu.edu/policies/boston-university-notice-of-nondiscrimination/).",
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Boston.com: Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to do",
+ "description": "What Boston cares about right now: Get breaking updates on news, sports, and weather. Local alerts, things to do, and more on Boston.com.",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en-US",
+ "url": "https://www.boston.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doSafeFrame ContainerUser-SyncBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\nUser-Sync",
+ "markdown": "# Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doSafeFrame ContainerUser-SyncBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\n\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\n\n\n\nUser-Sync\n\n",
+ "html": null
+}]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_4gb_maxResult_1.json b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_4gb_maxResult_1.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7626ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_4gb_maxResult_1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI. Use 2,000+ ready-made tools, code templates, or order a custom solution.",
+ "keywords": "web scraper,web crawler,scraping,data extraction,API",
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://apify.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading pageBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\nSimplify scraping with\nCrawlee\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\nimport\n{\nPuppeteerCrawler,\nDataset\n}\nfrom 'crawlee';\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n{\nasync requestHandler(\n{\nrequest, page,\nenqueueLinks\n}\n) \n{\nurl: request.url,\ntitle: await page.title(),\nawait enqueueLinks();\nawait crawler.run(['https://crawlee.dev']);\nUse your favorite libraries\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\nStart with our code templates\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\nname = \"scraper\"\nstart_urls = [\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"]\ndef parse_item(self, response):\nitem = Item()\nitem[\"price\"] = response.css(\".price_color::text\").get()\nreturn item\nTurn your code into an Apify Actor\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\nLearn more about Actors\nimport\n{ Actor\n}\nfrom 'apify'\nawait Actor.init();\nDeploy to the cloud\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\nDeploy to Apify\n> apify push\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\nRun: Building Actor scraper\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\nACTOR: Build finished.\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\nRun your Actors\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\nRun object\n{ \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\", \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\", \"finishedAt\": null, \"status\": \"RUNNING\", \"options\": { \"build\": \"version-3\", \"timeoutSecs\": 3600, \"memoryMbytes\": 4096 }, \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\", \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\", \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\" }\nNever get blocked\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\nLearn more about Apify Proxy\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n{\ncountryCode: 'US',\ngroups: ['RESIDENTIAL'],\nStore and share crawling results\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\nLearn more about Apify Storage\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\nDataset items\n[ { \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\", \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\", \"price\": 999 }, { \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\", \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\", \"price\": 1499 } ]\nMonitor performance over time\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\nIntegrations. Everywhere.\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\nSee all integrations\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\nBrowse 2,000+ Actors",
+ "markdown": "# Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading pageBack ButtonSearch IconFilter Icon\n\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\n\n#### \n\nSimplify scraping with\n\nCrawlee\n\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\n \n\nimport\n\n{\n\n \n\nPuppeteerCrawler,\n\n \n\nDataset\n\n}\n\n \n\nfrom 'crawlee';\n\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nasync requestHandler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nrequest, page,\n\n \n\nenqueueLinks\n\n}\n\n) \n\n{\n\nurl: request.url,\n\ntitle: await page.title(),\n\nawait enqueueLinks();\n\nawait crawler.run(\\['https://crawlee.dev'\\]);\n\n\n\n#### Use your favorite libraries\n\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\n\n[Start with our code templates](https://apify.com/templates)\n\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\n\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\n\nname = \"scraper\"\n\nstart\\_urls = \\[\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"\\]\n\ndef parse\\_item(self, response):\n\nitem = Item()\n\nitem\\[\"price\"\\] = response.css(\".price\\_color::text\").get()\n\nreturn item\n\n#### Turn your code into an Apify Actor\n\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\n\n[Learn more about Actors](https://apify.com/actors)\n\nimport\n\n{ Actor\n\n}\n\n from 'apify'\n\nawait Actor.init();\n\n\n\n#### Deploy to the cloud\n\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\n\n[Deploy to Apify](https://console.apify.com/actors/new)\n\n\\> apify push\n\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\n\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\n\nRun: Building Actor scraper\n\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\n\nACTOR: Build finished.\n\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\n\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\n\n\n\n#### Run your Actors\n\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\n\n```\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\n```\n\nRun object\n\n```\n{\n \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\",\n \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\",\n \"finishedAt\": null,\n \"status\": \"RUNNING\",\n \"options\": {\n \"build\": \"version-3\",\n \"timeoutSecs\": 3600,\n \"memoryMbytes\": 4096\n },\n \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\",\n \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\",\n \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\"\n}\n```\n\n\n\n#### Never get blocked\n\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Proxy](https://apify.com/proxy)\n\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n\n{\n\ncountryCode: 'US',\n\ngroups: \\['RESIDENTIAL'\\],\n\n\n\n#### Store and share crawling results\n\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Storage](https://apify.com/storage)\n\n```\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\n```\n\nDataset items\n\n```\n[\n {\n \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\",\n \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\",\n \"price\": 999\n },\n {\n \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\",\n \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\",\n \"price\": 1499\n }\n]\n```\n\n\n\n#### Monitor performance over time\n\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\n\n\n\n#### Integrations. Everywhere.\n\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\n\n[See all integrations](https://apify.com/integrations)\n\n[\n\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/cheerio-scraper)[\n\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/web-scraper)[\n\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/compass/crawler-google-places)[\n\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\n\n](https://apify.com/streamers/youtube-scraper)[\n\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\n\n](https://apify.com/voyager/booking-scraper)[\n\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/puppeteer-scraper)[\n\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\n\n](https://apify.com/junglee/Amazon-crawler)[\n\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/quacker/twitter-scraper)\n\n[Browse 2,000+ Actors](https://apify.com/store)",
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Home | Donald J. Trump",
+ "description": "Certified Website of Donald J. Trump For President 2024. America's comeback starts right now. Join our movement to Make America Great Again!",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://www.donaldjtrump.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Home | Donald J. Trump\n\"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States \nContribute VOLUNTEER \nAgenda47 Platform\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more. \nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate. \nPlatform \nI AM YOUR VOICE. AMERICA FIRST!\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\nAgenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\nAgenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\nPresident Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\nPresident Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\nWe Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.",
+ "markdown": "# Home | Donald J. Trump\n\n## \"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\n\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States\n\n[Contribute](https://secure.winred.com/trump-national-committee-jfc/lp-website-contribute-button) [VOLUNTEER](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/join)\n\n## Agenda47 Platform\n\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more.\n\nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate.\n\n[Platform](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/platform)\n\n\n\n\n\n## I AM **YOUR VOICE**. AMERICA FIRST!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2ff6i4/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\n\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27rnh8/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27mkjo/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v26a8h6/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\n\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24rq6y/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\n\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v25d8w0/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\n\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2597vg/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\n\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24n0j2/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\n\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23qmwu/?rel=0)\n\n### We Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\n\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n",
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Boston.com: Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to do",
+ "description": "What Boston cares about right now: Get breaking updates on news, sports, and weather. Local alerts, things to do, and more on Boston.com.",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en-US",
+ "url": "https://www.boston.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doBack ButtonSearch IconFilter IconUser-Sync\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\nUser-Sync",
+ "markdown": "# Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doBack ButtonSearch IconFilter IconUser-Sync\n\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\n\n\n\n\n\nUser-Sync",
+ "html": null
+}]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_4gb_maxResult_5.json b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_4gb_maxResult_5.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53d75b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/dataset_rag-web-browser_2024-09-02_4gb_maxResult_5.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Apify · GitHub",
+ "description": "We're making the web more programmable. Apify has 126 repositories available. Follow their code on GitHub.",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://github.com/apify"
+ },
+ "text": "Apify · GitHubXLinkedIn\nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Python to build reliable crawlers. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, and other files from websites. Wo… \nPython 3.8k 255 \nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Node.js to build reliable crawlers. In JavaScript and TypeScript. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, an… \nTypeScript 14.8k 615 \nNode.js implementation of a proxy server (think Squid) with support for SSL, authentication and upstream proxy chaining. \nJavaScript 827 138 \nHTTP client made for scraping based on got. \nTypeScript 500 37 \nBrowser fingerprinting tools for anonymizing your scrapers. Developed by Apify. \nTypeScript 877 94",
+ "markdown": "# Apify · GitHubXLinkedIn\n\nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Python to build reliable crawlers. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, and other files from websites. Wo…\n\nPython [3.8k](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/stargazers) [255](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/forks)\n\nCrawlee—A web scraping and browser automation library for Node.js to build reliable crawlers. In JavaScript and TypeScript. Extract data for AI, LLMs, RAG, or GPTs. Download HTML, PDF, JPG, PNG, an…\n\nTypeScript [14.8k](https://github.com/apify/crawlee/stargazers) [615](https://github.com/apify/crawlee/forks)\n\nNode.js implementation of a proxy server (think Squid) with support for SSL, authentication and upstream proxy chaining.\n\nJavaScript [827](https://github.com/apify/proxy-chain/stargazers) [138](https://github.com/apify/proxy-chain/forks)\n\nHTTP client made for scraping based on got.\n\nTypeScript [500](https://github.com/apify/got-scraping/stargazers) [37](https://github.com/apify/got-scraping/forks)\n\nBrowser fingerprinting tools for anonymizing your scrapers. Developed by Apify.\n\nTypeScript [877](https://github.com/apify/fingerprint-suite/stargazers) [94](https://github.com/apify/fingerprint-suite/forks)",
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+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Apify: Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platform",
+ "description": "Cloud platform for web scraping, browser automation, and data for AI. Use 2,000+ ready-made tools, code templates, or order a custom solution.",
+ "keywords": "web scraper,web crawler,scraping,data extraction,API",
+ "languageCode": "en",
+ "url": "https://apify.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading page\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\nSimplify scraping with\nCrawlee\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\nimport\n{\nPuppeteerCrawler,\nDataset\n}\nfrom 'crawlee';\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n{\nasync requestHandler(\n{\nrequest, page,\nenqueueLinks\n}\n) \n{\nurl: request.url,\ntitle: await page.title(),\nawait enqueueLinks();\nawait crawler.run(['https://crawlee.dev']);\nUse your favorite libraries\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\nStart with our code templates\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\nname = \"scraper\"\nstart_urls = [\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"]\ndef parse_item(self, response):\nitem = Item()\nitem[\"price\"] = response.css(\".price_color::text\").get()\nreturn item\nTurn your code into an Apify Actor\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\nLearn more about Actors\nimport\n{ Actor\n}\nfrom 'apify'\nawait Actor.init();\nDeploy to the cloud\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\nDeploy to Apify\n> apify push\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\nRun: Building Actor scraper\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\nACTOR: Build finished.\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\nRun your Actors\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\nRun object\n{ \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\", \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\", \"finishedAt\": null, \"status\": \"RUNNING\", \"options\": { \"build\": \"version-3\", \"timeoutSecs\": 3600, \"memoryMbytes\": 4096 }, \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\", \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\", \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\" }\nNever get blocked\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\nLearn more about Apify Proxy\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n{\ncountryCode: 'US',\ngroups: ['RESIDENTIAL'],\nStore and share crawling results\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\nLearn more about Apify Storage\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\nDataset items\n[ { \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\", \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\", \"price\": 999 }, { \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\", \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\", \"price\": 1499 } ]\nMonitor performance over time\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\nIntegrations. Everywhere.\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\nSee all integrations\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\nBrowse 2,000+ Actors",
+ "markdown": "# Full-stack web scraping and data extraction platformStar apify/crawlee on GitHubProblem loading page\n\npowering the world's top data-driven teams\n\n#### \n\nSimplify scraping with\n\nCrawlee\n\nGive your crawlers an unfair advantage with Crawlee, our popular library for building reliable scrapers in Node.js.\n\n \n\nimport\n\n{\n\n \n\nPuppeteerCrawler,\n\n \n\nDataset\n\n}\n\n \n\nfrom 'crawlee';\n\nconst crawler = new PuppeteerCrawler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nasync requestHandler(\n\n{\n\n \n\nrequest, page,\n\n \n\nenqueueLinks\n\n}\n\n) \n\n{\n\nurl: request.url,\n\ntitle: await page.title(),\n\nawait enqueueLinks();\n\nawait crawler.run(\\['https://crawlee.dev'\\]);\n\n\n\n#### Use your favorite libraries\n\nApify works great with both Python and JavaScript, with Playwright, Puppeteer, Selenium, Scrapy, or any other library.\n\n[Start with our code templates](https://apify.com/templates)\n\nfrom scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule\n\nclass Scraper(CrawlSpider):\n\nname = \"scraper\"\n\nstart\\_urls = \\[\"https://the-coolest-store.com/\"\\]\n\ndef parse\\_item(self, response):\n\nitem = Item()\n\nitem\\[\"price\"\\] = response.css(\".price\\_color::text\").get()\n\nreturn item\n\n#### Turn your code into an Apify Actor\n\nActors are serverless microapps that are easy to develop, run, share, and integrate. The infra, proxies, and storages are ready to go.\n\n[Learn more about Actors](https://apify.com/actors)\n\nimport\n\n{ Actor\n\n}\n\n from 'apify'\n\nawait Actor.init();\n\n\n\n#### Deploy to the cloud\n\nNo config required. Use a single CLI command or build directly from GitHub.\n\n[Deploy to Apify](https://console.apify.com/actors/new)\n\n\\> apify push\n\nInfo: Deploying Actor 'computer-scraper' to Apify.\n\nRun: Updated version 0.0 for scraper Actor.\n\nRun: Building Actor scraper\n\nACTOR: Pushing Docker image to repository.\n\nACTOR: Build finished.\n\nActor build detail -> https://console.apify.com/actors#/builds/0.0.2\n\nSuccess: Actor was deployed to Apify cloud and built there.\n\n\n\n#### Run your Actors\n\nStart from Apify Console, CLI, via API, or schedule your Actor to start at any time. It’s your call.\n\n```\nPOST/v2/acts/4cT0r1D/runs\n```\n\nRun object\n\n```\n{\n \"id\": \"seHnBnyCTfiEnXft\",\n \"startedAt\": \"2022-12-01T13:42:00.364Z\",\n \"finishedAt\": null,\n \"status\": \"RUNNING\",\n \"options\": {\n \"build\": \"version-3\",\n \"timeoutSecs\": 3600,\n \"memoryMbytes\": 4096\n },\n \"defaultKeyValueStoreId\": \"EiGjhZkqseHnBnyC\",\n \"defaultDatasetId\": \"vVh7jTthEiGjhZkq\",\n \"defaultRequestQueueId\": \"TfiEnXftvVh7jTth\"\n}\n```\n\n\n\n#### Never get blocked\n\nUse our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Proxy](https://apify.com/proxy)\n\nawait Actor.createProxyConfiguration(\n\n{\n\ncountryCode: 'US',\n\ngroups: \\['RESIDENTIAL'\\],\n\n\n\n#### Store and share crawling results\n\nUse distributed queues of URLs to crawl. Store structured data or binary files. Export datasets in CSV, JSON, Excel or other formats.\n\n[Learn more about Apify Storage](https://apify.com/storage)\n\n```\nGET/v2/datasets/d4T453t1D/items\n```\n\nDataset items\n\n```\n[\n {\n \"title\": \"myPhone 99 Super Max\",\n \"description\": \"Such phone, max 99, wow!\",\n \"price\": 999\n },\n {\n \"title\": \"myPad Hyper Thin\",\n \"description\": \"So thin it's 2D.\",\n \"price\": 1499\n }\n]\n```\n\n\n\n#### Monitor performance over time\n\nInspect all Actor runs, their logs, and runtime costs. Listen to events and get custom automated alerts.\n\n\n\n#### Integrations. Everywhere.\n\nConnect to hundreds of apps right away using ready-made integrations, or set up your own with webhooks and our API.\n\n[See all integrations](https://apify.com/integrations)\n\n[\n\nCrawls websites using raw HTTP requests, parses the HTML with the Cheerio library, and extracts data from the pages using a Node.js code. Supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs. This actor is a high-performance alternative to apify/web-scraper for websites that do not require JavaScript.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/cheerio-scraper)[\n\nCrawls arbitrary websites using the Chrome browser and extracts data from pages using JavaScript code. The Actor supports both recursive crawling and lists of URLs and automatically manages concurrency for maximum performance. This is Apify's basic tool for web crawling and scraping.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/web-scraper)[\n\nExtract data from hundreds of Google Maps locations and businesses. Get Google Maps data including reviews, images, contact info, opening hours, location, popular times, prices & more. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs, or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/compass/crawler-google-places)[\n\nYouTube crawler and video scraper. Alternative YouTube API with no limits or quotas. Extract and download channel name, likes, number of views, and number of subscribers.\n\n](https://apify.com/streamers/youtube-scraper)[\n\nScrape Booking with this hotels scraper and get data about accommodation on Booking.com. You can crawl by keywords or URLs for hotel prices, ratings, addresses, number of reviews, stars. You can also download all that room and hotel data from Booking.com with a few clicks: CSV, JSON, HTML, and Excel\n\n](https://apify.com/voyager/booking-scraper)[\n\nCrawls websites with the headless Chrome and Puppeteer library using a provided server-side Node.js code. This crawler is an alternative to apify/web-scraper that gives you finer control over the process. Supports both recursive crawling and list of URLs. Supports login to website.\n\n](https://apify.com/apify/puppeteer-scraper)[\n\nUse this Amazon scraper to collect data based on URL and country from the Amazon website. Extract product information without using the Amazon API, including reviews, prices, descriptions, and Amazon Standard Identification Numbers (ASINs). Download data in various structured formats.\n\n](https://apify.com/junglee/Amazon-crawler)[\n\nScrape tweets from any Twitter user profile. Top Twitter API alternative to scrape Twitter hashtags, threads, replies, followers, images, videos, statistics, and Twitter history. Export scraped data, run the scraper via API, schedule and monitor runs or integrate with other tools.\n\n](https://apify.com/quacker/twitter-scraper)\n\n[Browse 2,000+ Actors](https://apify.com/store)",
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+ "title": "Apify - YouTube",
+ "description": "Welcome to Apify’s official YouTube channel!Apify is a web scraping and automation platform, which lets you automate anything you can do in a web browser 🚀G...",
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+ "text": "Apify - YouTube\nApify is the platform where developers build, deploy, and publish web scraping, data extraction, and web automation tools. Choose from over 2,000+ pre-built APIs in Apify Store - our growing automation marketplace 🤖 ⚠️ Sign up now: https://apify.it/3ySJSdE 📈 Lead Generation Scrapers: https://apify.it/3X6rc4s 🛒 E-commerce Scrapers: https://apify.it/3R6XqsA 📱 Social Media Scrapers: https://apify.it/3XaGNjl ✈️ Travel Scrapers: https://apify.it/4c4w3ra Both dev and noob-friendly 🧑💻 Actors (as we like to call them) feature an auto-generated UI for setting their input, meaning you don’t have to be a dev to scrape the web. Integrations. Everywhere. 🧩 Further automate your workflow by scheduling or integrating your Actors. Connect them with platforms such as Zapier, the Google Suite, GitHub or feed your LLMs through LangChain and LlamaIndex. Build your own 🛠️ Can’t find an Actor? Build it yourself from one of our web scraping templates or import existing code from a Git repo in any programming language. Publish your project in Apify Store and earn passive income. Never get blocked 🚫 Use our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints. 🛍️ Browse 1,500+ Apify Actors: https://apify.it/4aLe8o7 🛠️ Build your own: https://apify.it/3VahX0w 🧩 See available integrations: https://apify.it/3VaCrpI *Follow us* 🤳 https://www.linkedin.com/company/apif... https://twitter.com/apify https://www.tiktok.com/@apifytech https://discord.com/invite/jyEM2PRvMU #webscraping #automation \nRead more",
+ "markdown": "# Apify - YouTube\n\nApify is the platform where developers build, deploy, and publish web scraping, data extraction, and web automation tools. Choose from over 2,000+ pre-built APIs in Apify Store - our growing automation marketplace 🤖 ⚠️ Sign up now: [https://apify.it/3ySJSdE](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbEE2Z2xUcUhoSXFIUFlVd01FRW9Mc2NiYXF2Z3xBQ3Jtc0ttb2VYS2RiWjV4Zm92bUhIZU1NbW1Oam1HbUg4cFhFLVhzbTVlME1yVFhFSVRLSjdRT09UQk1LWFBvaU5LalNtMGNSMGhIZjhaYWhIYjRCT1ZpZE4yNGVEd0xoU3ZNdFZNWXVwZUlWSTR5ODJNdm9Icw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3ySJSdE) 📈 Lead Generation Scrapers: [https://apify.it/3X6rc4s](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbmE0ajZXR2hhVHA5SzZXNVFqWW1BTmxhSHR6Z3xBQ3Jtc0ttSVhYZzhLNHkzSThjRThTYUxWVU9xbzZiS3NNUElVeXVsN0JONDFUWWVZaDQ0bVZ3aFRWNkxTNlQ0SlNKWHQ2WGlSRndGUmNQRU9RQWVfSWx6NTRLYmo5a3U3U2N5YTJ4ZkE4NVpYMXJTOXVyS2tJZw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3X6rc4s) 🛒 E-commerce Scrapers: [https://apify.it/3R6XqsA](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbk5MM1BzdVNZMEg2ZUFsZU1wbjlGQmxJeXRyUXxBQ3Jtc0tuYlZ4bGFMV2NVNF9BNE5QUGNjWTc1clJfRHUwSXRSQk9sLTk3aXQ1eUNGRWdFRlBmVnBtT1JjeVNSZ042alNEMVhyY09GdGNLVmtXV3ZvV1VBVm41dVZ1OFdzT3U3bUtKRy04OHFaQU43NDlBb0tGdw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3R6XqsA) 📱 Social Media Scrapers: [https://apify.it/3XaGNjl](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbjh0QjVINm5lbEgwNDBiUXd4bEVFbkNqa3pZZ3xBQ3Jtc0trUVd1NDNIZlZyRGZPcUlXNzdmbXdfR18wVmRwMVkzRGdKRkZjb19QOExZUmtSOE9LMTNzVFRrbmc5aTBoWWsyc3JIUjNWdkFnM3NIOWd4dmVzTHR0S2wtQjhJeFIydjRYTkVYVEt6YnVpTlF5Nm83RQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3XaGNjl) ✈️ Travel Scrapers: [https://apify.it/4c4w3ra](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbVVURzBmcHJQN2dYSHpZYnhzR3VqMzRJY0QtZ3xBQ3Jtc0trdWRoNE9Hbkt1VDRoeDl0NlN6OEtibUdxRUxQWDdBREk5TlYtOHdBUzdUVDk1V1EyYVBrY0k5VHg1cDlnSUJtMkVHZVVIeFQ4WlJFWVhJTlhscm56eUlUbGR2bDgxSWRzeFZWUFo2ZVB5V1pzX3c0RQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F4c4w3ra) Both dev and noob-friendly 🧑💻 Actors (as we like to call them) feature an auto-generated UI for setting their input, meaning you don’t have to be a dev to scrape the web. Integrations. Everywhere. 🧩 Further automate your workflow by scheduling or integrating your Actors. Connect them with platforms such as Zapier, the Google Suite, GitHub or feed your LLMs through LangChain and LlamaIndex. Build your own 🛠️ Can’t find an Actor? Build it yourself from one of our web scraping templates or import existing code from a Git repo in any programming language. Publish your project in Apify Store and earn passive income. Never get blocked 🚫 Use our large pool of datacenter and residential proxies. Rely on smart IP address rotation with human-like browser fingerprints. 🛍️ Browse 1,500+ Apify Actors: [https://apify.it/4aLe8o7](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa05iWF8yeENrYzduekd3MWg5S0hJUjVkS3NjUXxBQ3Jtc0ttdm5yTEdRbTVUenJzejdrODAtcTdXaXFNWEtFZXRwcW9CNWdWNTdsNjFkSDRfbW1OMGpMbDllSmMtOXR1QWNXbjFrUzk3dW41TjlNY1U1Mk1ISXVUVlRpQ2hqUVV5S012Y3NKTkdGcFh6QnpBeXExMA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F4aLe8o7) 🛠️ Build your own: [https://apify.it/3VahX0w](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbndFeTFtaTVFSl9rdFRvSjJHdnN2Y1dlQWs4Z3xBQ3Jtc0tucHBvdUN0SUs4eDJNWWFISE1rWXBFVUVJaTR2VEo2cktEbng4UGwweEZaaGxodXh2azRFWjBMWmRRdTItVWlrQW9aQUNpMlYyRHBvd0dnZm9FcElfRjdCYWN4ekNhV1YteWVydzZPNUJWRVg1QktuOA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3VahX0w) 🧩 See available integrations: [https://apify.it/3VaCrpI](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqazN6QjdDLW5LdnpsLWdUVUJFNE1LSWsyWm4xUXxBQ3Jtc0ttUGcxNlRLb3BldHhWZ3M3Y3JxT0JrTlNQV3J6SGxPR2JEZ2U4QVpJSlBJU1FtN0lSRkRNY2Z4SjFnd2RQeFBaMk9WN0kxVFJTVEo5b3N0MmtzRmoyU2lkNWVUcm1TazkyM1hmcGpnOHBTaEVOeUc0SQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fapify.it%2F3VaCrpI) \\*Follow us\\* 🤳 [https://www.linkedin.com/company/apif...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbGFfZEFaZkRCY1JNZkdOUFQzYm9iOXJuYlBqZ3xBQ3Jtc0tuX0l2VkFfbmVTVHhnWGtHQVoyRnpOcjR0ZTg2ZHFsMDc1TFdmZThyRzhnckVUdVp3RFgwYzJpTzRLMDYteElHZmdwLUw5ekd0bEV2empXSEhnTHRlQXZNTmZSaWZEMjhfV3RHd1Rkc1BMc3lJbGtqVQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Fapifytech) [https://twitter.com/apify](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbjNicXJJQ1pWT0hINUpVLUJMWGo5dEtRbzNwQXxBQ3Jtc0ttY2E0YTFSMktPcFh1YXdoMnBSYl9CMDhOc2xDX0hLQ0ZFVk5DWG8ycmtCbmowZWFfc2pDVTY2aEpxZklnYVE3ZkVwOXlKOHBJRWlOa0dwYmtJOThTVFJVOGRBVkpvSDRKN0VmZjg3Wi02Z08tcmJTVQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fapify) [https://www.tiktok.com/@apifytech](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbEtYeW12d1RIb2szOGNQSFU0MXUzRkJPcHo0Z3xBQ3Jtc0traF8yaFU0a0dmd0kwZ2wwLXppdHJOSmdUM3RyRmtwMHlqemlhM0luME9qT20wVlhMa0dkOXJ1ZVZ2eUZ6MGtJZWRVaEtWNUVnQUI1UnV0T01DSEtVMTJoSnZxSWRlZ1FiUDJ6aUJwZ2x5Ni1KbzlUTQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiktok.com%2F%40apifytech) [https://discord.com/invite/jyEM2PRvMU](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbnM1T3lGUU9rTFVsOHJsdVJVRXc5alp2VnZZd3xBQ3Jtc0trZkl5RGlyU24wdENYVGV1WEVEeTZnc3dkcFJyOVY5bVNRUlF2VkF1UGwwUjlpUnpNQVp5ckx6SjJ0NnZEZ21CRzg0Qmp4RlVadEo3TXNZR2JqeVFnTWRtVDJIM2F0RTJaYmVFX1hXZWxpcTY5V1dVOA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.com%2Finvite%2FjyEM2PRvMU) [#webscraping](https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/webscraping) [#automation](https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/automation)\n\n[Read more](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQNgQVRG9_U)",
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+ "title": "How I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com - YouTube",
+ "description": "Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.",
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+ "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWDQOqcRT48"
+ },
+ "text": "How I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com\nSign in to confirm you’re not a bot\nThis helps protect our community. Learn more \nOnce again it is gold. You’re the most generous expert of YouTube in the field of digital marketing. Merci \nConsistently delivering value is no easy feat. Your work is truly impressive! Thanks for all that you do! \n“Like Quacker” fucking cracked me up 5:14 \nThank you for this, most excellent young Jedi. \nwaiting for you to drop the skool link saraev \nHey Nick, what do your consulting and strategy calls consist of? It would be amazing to see a live call or a detailed break down of how you structure your strategy meetings with clients. \n“Like Quacker” HAHAHAHA Nick, When is the community ? \nHow I scrape every bit of knowledge I can from my fav YT channel \nbro am stuck on puppeteer and scraping elements and coding it into apify… any tips on this would be awesome,, specially for scraping drop down menus of websites or hidden elements… thanks so much your videos are \nWhat part of a.i did u study pls? Automation, or deep learning,programing ? Really pls ???? \nAmazing video! What type of contracts do you offer your clients? They pay you once, or do they pay a monthly fee? \nComments 57 \nDescription \nHow I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com \n593Likes\n16,116Views\nMay 102024\nGET THE BLUEPRINT HERE FOR FREE ⤵️ https://leftclicker.gumroad.com/l/rswve GET ALL BLUEPRINTS + COMMUNITY COACHING + WEEKLY OFFICE HOURS (LIMITED) ⤵️ https://makemoneywithmake.com/ WANT A SYSTEM BUILT FOR YOU? ⤵️ https://leftclick.typeform.com/to/Rln... WHAT TO WATCH NEXT 🍿 How I Make $20K/Mo on Upwork with Make: • This Make.com AI Content Generator Pr... My $21K/Mo Make.com Proposal System: • This Make.com Proposal System Generat... Generate Content Automatically With AI: • This Simple Make.com Automation Gener... MY TOOLS, SOFTWARE DEALS & GEAR (some of these links give me kickbacks—thank you!) 🚀 INSTANTLY: https://instantly.ai/?via=nick-saraev 🧠 SMARTLEAD.AI: https://smartlead.ai/?via=nick-saraev 📧 ANYMAIL FINDER: https://anymailfinder.com/?via=nick 🚀 APOLLO.IO: https://get.apollo.io/bisgh2z5mxc1 👻 PHANTOMBUSTER: https://phantombuster.com/?deal=noah60 📄 PANDADOC: https://pandadoc.partnerlinks.io/ar44... 📝 TYPEFORM: https://typeform.cello.so/rM8vRjChpbp ✅ CLICKUP: https://clickup.pxf.io/4PQo61 📅 MONDAY.COM: https://try.monday.com/1ty9wtpsara2 📓 NOTION: https://affiliate.notion.so/3viwitl53eg7 🤖 APIFY: https://www.apify.com/?fpr=98rff 🛠️ MAKE: https://www.make.com/en/register?pc=n... 🚀 GOHIGHLEVEL: https://www.gohighlevel.com/30-day-tr... 📈 RIZE: https://rize.io/?via=LEFTCLICKAI (use promo code NICK) 🌐 WEBFLOW: https://try.webflow.com/e31xtgbyscm8 🃏 CARRD: https://try.carrd.co/myjz1yxp 💬 REPLY: https://get.reply.io/yszpkkqzkb8f 📨 MISSIVE: https://missiveapp.com/?ref_id=E3BEE4... 📄 PDF.CO: https://pdf.ai/?via=nick 🔥 FIREFLIES.AI: https://fireflies.ai/?fpr=nick33 🔍 DATAFORSEO: https://dataforseo.com/?aff=178012 🖼️ BANNERBEAR: https://www.bannerbear.com/?via=nick 🗣️ VAPI.AI: https://vapi.ai/?aff=nicksaraev 🤖 BOTPRESS: https://try.botpress.com/ygwdv3dcwetq 🤝 CLOSE: https://refer.close.com/r3ec5kps99cs 💬 MANYCHAT: https://manychat.partnerlinks.io/sxbx... 🛠️ SOFTR: https://softrplatformsgmbh.partnerlin... 🌐 SITEGROUND: https://www.siteground.com/index.htm?... ⏱️ TOGGL: https://toggl.com/?via=nick 📝 JOTFORM: https://link.jotform.com/nicksaraev-D... 📊 FATHOM: https://usefathom.com/ref/YOHMXL 🛒 AMAZON: https://kit.co/nicksaraev/longform-au... 📇 DROPCONTACT: https://www.dropcontact.com/?kfl_ln=l... 📸 GEAR KIT: https://link.nicksaraev.com/kit 🟩 UPWORK https://link.nicksaraev.com/upwork 🛑 TODOIST: https://get.todoist.io/62mhvgid6gh3 🧑💼 CONVERTKIT: https://partners.convertkit.com/lhq98... FOLLOW ME ✍🏻 My content writing agency: https://1secondcopy.com 🦾 My automation agency: https://leftclick.ai 🕊️ My Twitter/X: / nicksaraev 🤙 My blog (followed by the founder of HubSpot!): https://nicksaraev.com WHY ME? If this is your first watch—hi, I’m Nick! TLDR: I spent five years building automated businesses with Make.com (most notably 1SecondCopy, a content company that hit 7 figures). Today a lot of people talk about automation, but I’ve noticed that very few have practical, real world success making money with it. So this channel is me chiming in and showing you what real systems that make real revenue look like! Hopefully I can help you improve your business, and in doing so, the rest of your life :-) Please like, subscribe, and leave me a comment if you have a specific request! Thanks.\nFollow along using the transcript.\nNick Saraev\n22.4K subscribers \nTranscript",
+ "markdown": "# How I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com\n\nSign in to confirm you’re not a bot\n\nThis helps protect our community. [Learn more](https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3037019#zippy=%2Ccheck-that-youre-signed-into-youtube)\n\nOnce again it is gold. You’re the most generous expert of YouTube in the field of digital marketing. Merci\n\nConsistently delivering value is no easy feat. Your work is truly impressive! Thanks for all that you do!\n\n“Like Quacker” fucking cracked me up [5:14](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWDQOqcRT48&t=314s)\n\nThank you for this, most excellent young Jedi.\n\nwaiting for you to drop the skool link saraev\n\nHey Nick, what do your consulting and strategy calls consist of? It would be amazing to see a live call or a detailed break down of how you structure your strategy meetings with clients.\n\n“Like Quacker” HAHAHAHA Nick, When is the community ?\n\nHow I scrape every bit of knowledge I can from my fav YT channel\n\nbro am stuck on puppeteer and scraping elements and coding it into apify… any tips on this would be awesome,, specially for scraping drop down menus of websites or hidden elements… thanks so much your videos are\n\nWhat part of a.i did u study pls? Automation, or deep learning,programing ? Really pls ????\n\nAmazing video! What type of contracts do you offer your clients? They pay you once, or do they pay a monthly fee?\n\n## Comments 57\n\n## Description\n\nHow I Scrape Everything with Apify & Make.com\n\n593Likes\n\n16,116Views\n\nMay 102024\n\nGET THE BLUEPRINT HERE FOR FREE ⤵️ [https://leftclicker.gumroad.com/l/rswve](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbDNQY2w2S3ktYUdYVFhtVWF3Ny1vRW9pTzllUXxBQ3Jtc0tuOVRjQTZrWWwxbnFCOHJWQ3pMNVVBd1RMbVl0SHNRcTRMbTRIM0pjUnpUMEhiaEU3UHdBMV92VGhQd1h5UHRrX3pTaTVQcHhvZDBQZmZKaVJuWml2ZzY2bU92NUkxQXZXeE9tTU9PYlF3LXBncGdsQQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fleftclicker.gumroad.com%2Fl%2Frswve&v=wWDQOqcRT48) GET ALL BLUEPRINTS + COMMUNITY COACHING + WEEKLY OFFICE HOURS (LIMITED) ⤵️ 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Proposal System Generat...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVLeX600irk&t=0s) Generate Content Automatically With AI: [• This Simple Make.com Automation Gener...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2Y_DVW1TSQ&t=0s) MY TOOLS, SOFTWARE DEALS & GEAR (some of these links give me kickbacks—thank you!) 🚀 INSTANTLY: [https://instantly.ai/?via=nick-saraev](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbGp1c0EycG1kNXp1Mm5ONGhaS291SjR4cVRiQXxBQ3Jtc0tuZ1BqSU5DVnB5cEZ2bWdpdHR5bUxIV2ZwVlY0amlUV19RUFUtQVducjRlSDdEYWpGQVN1OFdKSkJ4OHljMXRaQjN2M1RDV3MxcTBzdUtNZVIzSllGWVRTZmpaOHVLTkNWLTlwemMtb1hHamJoVlVvQQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Finstantly.ai%2F%3Fvia%3Dnick-saraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🧠 SMARTLEAD.AI: 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[https://pandadoc.partnerlinks.io/ar44...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbUZHWUM2RkxFaFFicTNmbHhhVUNVemdMcVVJd3xBQ3Jtc0tuWEhJYXI0VE9XZWdqT1NyX1p1bXZvWHIxOFpIeGI3b2dab2dUUkZVaGxqZ2Izb2RnT0Zmejc5MUxlUGhQWkQzVGU2bE1PbktmdTVKdGlKcW9vQW9ia2xzeExRclFsb0p4aFNGaWZSVU04a3hjYm5yQQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fpandadoc.partnerlinks.io%2Far44yghojibe&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📝 TYPEFORM: [https://typeform.cello.so/rM8vRjChpbp](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbGZZZGdEci1yZVFhMnFUQkJ6N1JGRTRfSHVDUXxBQ3Jtc0ttbEVyS0xfbWlnMjFWNThtRWlsWjExZzFGQWFySmN5b2NpVXJMMU5vV1NnUkxwdlJhMnNjbVpYUjlia2xFRlh0QXFxYm9GS2VadE1NNmZaZHJvQjRXaFJYNDg3NlRKakhYX0FIYVo0d0tBZHFnV2k3VQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftypeform.cello.so%2FrM8vRjChpbp&v=wWDQOqcRT48) ✅ CLICKUP: 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[https://www.make.com/en/register?pc=n...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbmZPdlFRSUgxd3BSZFJ4WWVRUXhweXNpM0RxQXxBQ3Jtc0tsVTdjazNGOW14ajl2bjhCWjJCYmVud1VudUJCVHlBRW4zU0UyYllid0FSQUVRdGpBejJGajMxM2U4ZXRCdjBFcF9Na3FSNGttY1c4cGNJbjlrU2txVUJFVnZ3bm5KQ3ZRWEY4ZXFHbHNWMkc3YzgtTQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.make.com%2Fen%2Fregister%3Fpc%3Dnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🚀 GOHIGHLEVEL: [https://www.gohighlevel.com/30-day-tr...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbFpHNUw1N0Q2S2Z4Wkp1VGpXRVFJemxzTW9JZ3xBQ3Jtc0tsNW1PcUt2bXB0UENsRmFlQWVaVlB0eDFudGhiZnFVZlZpTGNkSko1NUxsTzR4eGVNNTgxRUpVdTdaOWRydnI5d0l0MWgxVENNbDFCWXhqT3F1VEVJbm9BbnZTakVPLXE1cWtINFRjcUNHSERUbWxMYw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gohighlevel.com%2F30-day-trial%3Ffp_ref%3Dnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📈 RIZE: [https://rize.io/?via=LEFTCLICKAI](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa1BSZmYwMHhHdmh5RURPZkllMEJRNHc1THRBd3xBQ3Jtc0tsRHdYUTlWWHRpY2YtN0FWVlpndDBEblVkX0NOZnBHZDJ5a1BGcXVGcUR4QS1FVVBtRjdtcXA0WXpTTFUxU3U2ZnJuVVU0LTNoZ0tHWnMxQkMxdUlNdS1sci1nZ3ZHZG1LdUppY2J6Sk80UzI3SzFFaw&q=https%3A%2F%2Frize.io%2F%3Fvia%3DLEFTCLICKAI&v=wWDQOqcRT48) (use promo code NICK) 🌐 WEBFLOW: [https://try.webflow.com/e31xtgbyscm8](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqa2NsWFpzWXoxSk9ma2RFakdTdXZ4YzkyZy1XUXxBQ3Jtc0tsdWJkX01wVEtuZ0FfYzFZZGhhWWtBaG1WVDNycnp3TlM0OWg3V2VCYlM5QUZ6U3NxcGVvaGN5SlpEb0RPM2Z4WktYcDNMRnNPVUdYSWIxblE0R2JWZ0JhRU9pRnhla2xqc2ZWVHVRTW5JQTY4Tmhpdw&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftry.webflow.com%2Fe31xtgbyscm8&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🃏 CARRD: 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[https://kit.co/nicksaraev/longform-au...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbTdHb2FUS1g3RF84WlNlYTBodGgwbWNSdWh6Z3xBQ3Jtc0tteGk0MFR1Y1d5elBjX0FKcWpaQTA2dXFrRUR4dmcxQ1RHTHRWdnJHXzdZSHpCNG43YmJaMHlKMEJYanJsQnowNkFvWXQ0M05SakwtOFdHN3Awb295MmFhODZnakVSbmctS3lqMFVuQnpLYmVlaGxFZw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fkit.co%2Fnicksaraev%2Flongform-automation-content-youtube-kit&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📇 DROPCONTACT: [https://www.dropcontact.com/?kfl\\_ln=l...](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbV9Pa0R2V2VLRkxhVUFSdGVnVF95MFlxWlBXUXxBQ3Jtc0ttN0ZCcHctRnV6NmM3S1lLNnNtUzlWenNkQnQ0LW1XS0ZpNm50Umw2U2daNmRZeEFZM1FCeXFCMG5HVWZqYTI0aXVCMm1sYk9xRjJtRC1UaThGem96WnM2WGw2d2N6LU1ITGNycmRQelNiMWwyZUhiWQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dropcontact.com%2F%3Fkfl_ln%3Dleftclick&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 📸 GEAR KIT: 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[https://1secondcopy.com](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbE8zN25nYXZqWVVRSFdDT2Y5ejlwSFRYS3RNUXxBQ3Jtc0trbVZDNnVSVXhTLWpJbkxzTkFKMEY3dnI1YmVZZGJWMGdEYnRnWTVNVjAzb0xQRjlHNDkxNlFXYU1qUkpmYVdCOG5KZkpCejlXSU5jUUNmTy1oZVF4SlpFSGRIb1Joa1lhWnFxSW1SQkFlZ21PNUlOTQ&q=https%3A%2F%2F1secondcopy.com%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🦾 My automation agency: [https://leftclick.ai](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqblBxQWJ0bkdfVzdRR1BPa0xNYmdPVDN1eVVPUXxBQ3Jtc0tsUUppVThxMVdjVXdMQ0J2NGJWUElmSkt5VFo4dFFDd3FRTDR1WUo2T3J1OEkzU1RJQWNjNTNyMm9rbWF4Vl9xRC1TSDJOYTY3TWV6ZG1KNTBRYlFGV2VndnJCb2p3WThhYjdlazdjcG45UzhjNjh0Yw&q=https%3A%2F%2Fleftclick.ai%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🕊️ My Twitter/X: [/ nicksaraev](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbjk0ZzVoUGhWOVNsZGlramFSbXpCTDNIX3RCUXxBQ3Jtc0tuRGpjQnFxZXNaZzhZa0V2V3Y0d3R6ZVBTcllyS2gxT2UwRWcxd1JYN0FoNnZvbmYyZWNCcVJMUnh0b01wM2dBdkZzMnRqZ3ZoUG5RYjNrQ1ZZX0ZVMVVvR3A5YlhxX2JMLTZyUFpRUC1feDcxUTBNMA&q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fnicksaraev&v=wWDQOqcRT48) 🤙 My blog (followed by the founder of HubSpot!): [https://nicksaraev.com](https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbV93eVp1Q1RqdEkyR05GN1hqQ1Jib3c4cERKZ3xBQ3Jtc0tuenhRbnFSblFJSzdXcjJEVXVPV1dTM29mWjNSNlhFanZncWtjQ0ZnTEE3a21MeXhMZUg1bUR3amx4TWpPbVMwZVRoc2tSZHV1OXkwQU1OQi1EZEZXbURGeVJzWmJQT2UtQW9RbU83ZDZ5WTBXTmtFNA&q=https%3A%2F%2Fnicksaraev.com%2F&v=wWDQOqcRT48) WHY ME? If this is your first watch—hi, I’m Nick! TLDR: I spent five years building automated businesses with Make.com (most notably 1SecondCopy, a content company that hit 7 figures). Today a lot of people talk about automation, but I’ve noticed that very few have practical, real world success making money with it. So this channel is me chiming in and showing you what real systems that make real revenue look like! Hopefully I can help you improve your business, and in doing so, the rest of your life :-) Please like, subscribe, and leave me a comment if you have a specific request! Thanks.\n\nFollow along using the transcript.\n\n[\n\n### Nick Saraev\n\n22.4K subscribers\n\n\n\n](https://www.youtube.com/@nicksaraev)\n\n## Transcript",
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+ "title": "Donald Trump - Wikipedia",
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+ "text": "Donald Trump\nDonald Trump\nOfficial portrait, 2017\n\t\n\t\n45th President of the United States\nIn office\nJanuary 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021\t\nVice PresidentMike Pence\t\nPreceded byBarack Obama\t\nSucceeded byJoe Biden\t\nPersonal details\nBorn\nDonald John Trump\n\nJune 14, 1946 (age 78)\nQueens, New York City, U.S.\t\nPolitical partyRepublican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)\t\nOther political\naffiliations\nReform (1999–2001)\nDemocratic (2001–2009)\nIndependent (2011–2012)\n\t\nSpouses\nIvana Zelníčková\n\n\n(m. ; div.\n)\nMarla Maples\n\n\n(m.\n; div.\n)\nMelania Knauss\n\n(m.\n)\n\t\nChildren\nDonald Jr.\nIvanka\nEric\nTiffany\nBarron\n\t\nRelativesFamily of Donald Trump\t\nAlma materUniversity of Pennsylvania (BS)\t\nOccupation\nPolitician\nbusinessman\nmedia personality\n\t\nAwardsFull list\t\nSignature\t\nWebsite\nCampaign website\nPresidential library\nWhite House archives\n\t\nDuration: 5 minutes and 3 seconds.\nDonald Trump speaks on the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization.\nRecorded March 11, 2020\n\t\n\t\nDonald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. \nTrump received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. His father made him president of the family real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it the Trump Organization and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late 1990s, he launched side ventures, mostly licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. He and his businesses have been plaintiffs or defendants in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies. \nTrump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican Party nominee against Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote.[a] The Mueller special counsel investigation determined that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to favor Trump. During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the only U.S. president without prior military or government experience. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic. \nAs president, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a family separation policy. He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes and eliminated the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and spread misinformation about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un three times but made no progress on denuclearization. \nTrump is the only U.S. president to have been impeached twice, in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after he pressured Ukraine to investigate Joe Biden, and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in both cases. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Biden but refused to concede. He falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud and attempted to overturn the results. On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them attacked. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history. \nSince leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is their candidate again in the 2024 presidential election, having chosen as his running mate U.S. Senator JD Vance of Ohio. In May 2024, a jury in New York found Trump guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records related to a hush money payment to Stormy Daniels in an attempt to influence the 2016 election, making him the first former U.S. president to be convicted of a crime. He has been indicted in three other jurisdictions on 54 other felony counts related to his mishandling of classified documents and for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liable for sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, defamation in 2024, and financial fraud in 2024. \nPersonal life\nEarly life\nTrump at the New York Military Academy, 1964 \nTrump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City,[1] the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. He grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.[2][3][4] He went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[5][6] At age 13, he entered the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school.[7] In 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[8][9] In 2015, Trump's lawyer threatened Trump's colleges, his high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released his academic records.[10] \nWhile in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War.[11] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[12] In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,[13] and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F, unfit for military service, due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him.[14] \nFamily\nIn 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[15] They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (1981), and Eric (1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[16] Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993), who was raised by Maples in California.[17] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[18] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).[19] \nReligion\nIn the 1970s, Trump's parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church, part of the Reformed Church in America.[5][20] In 2015, he said he was a Presbyterian and attended Marble Collegiate Church; the church said he was not an active member.[6] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[21] In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.[22] \nHealth habits\nTrump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[23][24] He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[25][26] He has called golfing his \"primary form of exercise\" but usually does not walk the course.[27] He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is \"like a battery, with a finite amount of energy\", which is depleted by exercise.[28][29] In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that Trump would \"be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency\".[30] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.[30][31] \nWealth\nTrump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King Fahd of Saudi Arabia in 1985, with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan \nIn 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[32] His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[33] After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[34] Forbes estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[35] In their 2024 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).[36] \nJournalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named \"John Barron\". Greenberg said that Trump, just to get a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans, identified himself as \"Barron\", and then falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father's business. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[37] \nTrump has often said he began his career with \"a small loan of a million dollars\" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[38] He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[39][40] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance started an investigation.[40] His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[41][42] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[43] \nContrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[44][45][32] \nIn 2020, The New York Times obtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[46] \nAs of October 2021, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.[47] In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including Bank of China, Deutsche Bank, and UBS, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[48] \nBusiness career\nReal estate\nTrump in 1985 with a model of one of his aborted Manhattan development projects[49] \nStarting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[50][51] In 1971, his father made him president of the company and he began using the Trump Organization as an umbrella brand.[52] Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.[53] \nManhattan and Chicago developments\nTrump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[54] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[51][55] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[56] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[57] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[58][59] \nIn 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[60] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[61] In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a \"vast and humiliating restructuring\" that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.[62][63] The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they \"all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead.\"[62] \nIn 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building.[64] In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, Riverside South.[65] \nTrump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) which opened in 2008. In 2024, the New York Times and ProPublica reported that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether Trump had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building Trump had declared tto be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[66][67] \nAtlantic City casinos\nEntrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City \nIn 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.[68] It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[69] In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump Castle.[70] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.[71] \nTrump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[72][73] Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[74] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[75] \nIn 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[76] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.[68] He remained chairman until 2009.[77] \nClubs\nIn 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[78] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[79] Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[59] The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999.[80] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[80][81] \nLicensing of the Trump brand\nThe Trump name has been licensed for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[82][83] According to The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[84] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[82] \nSide ventures\nTrump and New Jersey Generals quarterback Doug Flutie at a 1985 press conference in Trump Tower \nIn September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[85][86] \nTrump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.[68][87] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[88] \nFrom 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[44] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.[89] The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but \"lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously\".[44] \nIn 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[32] in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.[90] Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[91] \nTrump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame \nIn 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.[40][92] The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[40] \nFrom 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[93][94] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[95][96] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[97] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.[98] \nTrump University\nIn 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000.[99] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of \"university\" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[100] \nIn 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[101] Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[102][103][104] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[105] \nFoundation\nThe Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[106][107] From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[108] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.[109] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[110] and charities that held events at Trump properties.[108] \nIn 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[111] Also in 2016, the New York attorney general determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[112] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[113] \nIn June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[114] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[115] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[116][117] \nLegal affairs and bankruptcies\nRoy Cohn was Trump's fixer, lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[118] According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[118] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[32] over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.[119] In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.[120] Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[121] \nAccording to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[122] While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[123] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[123] \nDuring the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[124] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[125] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.[126] \nBooks\nUsing ghostwriters, Trump has produced 19 books under his name.[127] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony Schwartz. According to The New Yorker, the book made Trump famous as an \"emblem of the successful tycoon\".[128] \nFilm and television\nTrump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[129] \nStarting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[130] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[131][132] From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friends.[133][134] \nFrom 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase \"You're fired.\" The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[135][136] With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.[137] \nIn February 2021, Trump, who had been a member of SAG-AFTRA since 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[138] Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.[139] \nPolitical career\nTrump and President Bill Clinton, June 2000 \nTrump registered as a Republican in 1987;[140] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999;[141] a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[140] \nIn 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[142] expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[143] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request \"strange and unbelievable\".[144] \nPresidential campaigns (2000–2016)\nTrump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 presidential election but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[145][146][147] \nTrump speaking at CPAC 2011 \nIn 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[148][149] In May 2011, he announced he would not run.[148] Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[150] \n2016 presidential campaign\nTrump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151] He adopted the phrase \"truthful hyperbole\", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[128][152] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[153] and a record number were false.[154][155][156] Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.[157][158] \nTrump campaigning in Arizona, March 2016 \nTrump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[159][160] His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[161] He became the front-runner in March 2016[162] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[163] \nHillary Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[164][165] In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate,[166] and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[167] Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[168] \nCampaign rhetoric and political positions\nTrump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist.[169][170][171] Politico described them as \"eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory\", quoting a health-care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were a \"random assortment of whatever plays publicly\".[172] NBC News counted \"141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues\" during his campaign.[173] \nTrump described NATO as \"obsolete\"[174][175] and espoused views that were described as non-interventionist and protectionist.[176] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[177] \nTrump helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[178] In August 2016, Trump hired Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as \"the platform for the alt-right\"—as his campaign CEO.[179] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[180][181][182] \nFinancial disclosures\nTrump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[34][183] Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[184][185] He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[186] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[187][188] \nIn October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[189] \nElection to the presidency\nOn November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton, though, after elector defections on both sides, the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[190] Trump, the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote, received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[191] He also was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.[192] Trump's victory was a political upset.[193] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states.[194] \nTrump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, states which had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.[195] \nWomen's March in Washington on January 21, 2017 \nTrump's election victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities.[196][197] On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.[198] \nPresidency (2017–2021)\nEarly actions\nTrump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts \nTrump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders, which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act (\"Obamacare\"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, advancement of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[199] \nTrump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.[200][201] \nConflicts of interest\nTrump's presidency was marked by significant public concern about conflict of interest stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses.[202] Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., and Chief Finance Officer Allen Weisselberg and claimed they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses.[203][204][205] Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in a blind trust or equivalent arrangement \"to cleanly sever himself from his business interests\".[206] Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[205][207] \nAs his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts.[208] Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate.[206][209] Though he said he would eschew \"new foreign deals\", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[205][207] In January 2024, Democratic members of the US House Committee on Oversight and Accountability released a report that detailed over $7.8 million in payments from foreign governments to Trump-owned businesses.[210][211] \nTrump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[212] One case was dismissed in lower court.[213] Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.[214] \nDuring Trump's term in office, he visited a Trump Organization property on 428 days, one visit for every 3.4 days of his presidency.[215] In September 2020, The Washington Post reported that Trump's properties had charged the government over $1.1 million since the beginning of his presidency. Government officials and Secret Service employees were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties.[216] \nDomestic policy\nEconomy\nTrump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[217] which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[218] \nIn December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 passed by Congress without Democratic votes.[relevant?] It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025,[importance?] and set the penalty associated with the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate to $0.[219][220] The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[221] \nDespite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[222] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.[223] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[224] \nTrump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[217][225] \nClimate change, environment, and energy\nTrump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[226][227][228][229] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[230] He withdrew from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[231] \nTrump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.[232][233] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[234][235] Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.[236] \nDeregulation\nIn 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies \"identify\" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.[237] He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[238][239] labor,[240][239] and the environment,[241][239] among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[242] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[243] often \"after requests by the regulated industries\".[244] The Institute for Policy Integrity found that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[245] \nHealth care\nDuring his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.[246] In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.[247][248] Trump expressed a desire to \"let Obamacare fail\"; his administration halved the enrollment period and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[249][250] In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[251][252] Their pleading would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[251] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[253] \nIn response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.[254] \nTrump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[255] He said he supported \"traditional marriage\" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage \"settled\".[256] His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.[257] Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.[258] \nTrump has said he is opposed to gun control, although his views have shifted over time.[259] After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[260] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[261] \nTrump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[262][263] Under his administration, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.[264] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding[265][266] but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.[267] \nTrump and group of officials and advisors on the way from the White House to St. John's Church \nIn June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials controversially used less lethal weapons to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[268][269] Trump then posed with a Bible for a photo-op at the nearby St. John's Episcopal Church,[268][270][271] with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[272] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[273] \nPardons and commutations\nTrump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[274] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[275][276] In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[277] Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[275] The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[278] \nImmigration\nTrump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border to restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[279] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[280] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing \"anchor babies\".[281] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an \"invasion\" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13.[282] \nTrump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[283][284] \nFrom 2018 onward, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border[285] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the public charge rule to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.[286] Trump reduced the number of refugees admitted to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[287][288] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.[289] \nTravel ban\nFollowing the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[290] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a \"proven history of terrorism\".[291] \nOn January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.[292][293] Protests began at airports the next day,[292][293] and legal challenges resulted in nationwide preliminary injunctions.[294] A March 6 revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[295][296] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a \"credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States\".[297] \nThe temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[298] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[299] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.[300] \nFamily separation at the border\nThe Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[301][302] In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a \"zero tolerance\" policy whereby adults suspected of illegal entry were to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[303][304] The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[305][306] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[307][308][309] \nAlthough Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless \"there is a concern\" of a risk to the child.[310][311] On June 26, 2018, Judge Dana Sabraw concluded that the Trump administration had \"no system in place to keep track of\" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[312] Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[313] After the order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the ACLU contended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[302] \nTrump wall and government shutdown\nTrump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California. \nOne of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[314] By the end of his term, the U.S. had built \"40 miles [64 km] of new primary wall and 33 miles [53 km] of secondary wall\" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[315] \nIn 2018, Trump refused to sign any appropriations bill from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,[316] resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.[317][318] Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay.[319] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.[317] The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.[320] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[321] \nTo prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[322] Trump also declared a national emergency on the southern border, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[322] Trump vetoed a joint resolution to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a veto override.[323] Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction efforts[324][325] and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[326][327] were unsuccessful. \nForeign policy\nTrump with the other G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019 \nTrump described himself as a \"nationalist\"[328] and his foreign policy as \"America First\".[329] He praised and supported populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.[330] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency.[329][331] Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[332] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.[333][334] \nTrade\nTrump withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[335] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[336] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[337] While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[338] Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the trade deficit skyrocketed under Trump.[339] Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[340] \nRussia\nVladimir Putin and Trump shaking hands at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019 \nThe Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. against Russian entities after Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea.[341][342] Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance,[343] and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.[344] \nTrump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin[345][346] but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[347][348] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[349][350][351] Trump did not discuss alleged Russian bounties offered to Taliban fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.[352] \nChina\nTrump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping at the G20 Buenos Aires summit, December 2018 \nTrump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[353] He launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a failure,[354][355][356] sanctioned Huawei for alleged ties to Iran,[357] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[358] and classified China as a currency manipulator.[359] Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,[360] which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[361] After initially praising China for its handling of COVID-19,[362] he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.[363] \nTrump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[364] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur minority.[365] \nNorth Korea\nTrump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at the Singapore summit, June 2018 \nIn 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[366] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with \"fire and fury like the world has never seen\".[367][368] In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's \"complete denuclearization\", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong Un.[367][369] After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[370][371] In March 2019, Trump lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea against the advice of his Treasury Department.[372] \nTrump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.[373] However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,[374] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[375] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[376][377] \nAfghanistan\nU.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meeting with Taliban delegation in Qatar in September 2020 \nU.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[378] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[379] In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a peace agreement with the Taliban, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months \"contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies\" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by the Afghan government.[380][381][382] By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[382] \nIsrael\nTrump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[383] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel[384] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights,[385] leading to international condemnation including from the UN General Assembly, European Union, and Arab League.[386][387] In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of agreements, named Abraham Accords, between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to normalize their foreign relations.[388] \nSaudi Arabia\nTrump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia \nTrump actively supported the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[389] In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[390][391] Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two Patriot batteries, and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[392] \nSyria\nTrump and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the White House in May 2017 \nTrump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[393][394] In December 2018, Trump declared \"we have won against ISIS\", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[395][396] The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump's decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[397] In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds.[398] Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354–60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for \"abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe\".[399][400] \nIran\nIn May 2018, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions on Iran's nuclear program.[401][402] In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to use a section of the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.[403] Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[404] \nOn January 1, 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant Iranian and Iranian-backed operation over the preceding two decades.[405][406] One week later, Iran retaliated with ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially denied Purple Hearts and the benefits accorded to its recipients.[407][404] \nPersonnel\nThe Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[408] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[409] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[410] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[411] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[411] Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.[412] Some later returned in different posts.[413] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[414] \nTrump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[415] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.[416] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[417] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[415] \nOn May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[418] At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[419] In March and April, Trump asked Comey to \"lift the cloud impairing his ability to act\" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[419][420] \nTrump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[421] Health and Human Services secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[421][412] Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[422][423] \nTrump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[424] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[425] \nJudiciary\nTrump and his third Supreme Court nominee, Amy Coney Barrett \nTrump appointed 226 Article III judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[426] His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[427][428][429] In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned \"automatically\" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[430][431][432] \nTrump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[433][434][435] \nCOVID-19 pandemic\nInitial response\nThe first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[436] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.[437] Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[438][439] Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[440] In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was \"very much under control\", and would soon be over.[441] On March 19, 2020, Trump privately told Bob Woodward that he was deliberately \"playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic\".[442][443] \nBy mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the pandemic.[444] On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[445] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a pandemic,[446] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[447] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak \"horrible\" but \"a temporary moment\" and saying there was no financial crisis.[448] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[449] Trump claimed that \"anybody that wants a test can get a test\", despite test availability being severely limited.[450] \nOn April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[451] In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[452] \nWhite House Coronavirus Task Force\nTrump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020. \nTrump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.[453] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[454] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[455] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[454][456] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[457] His repeated use of \"Chinese virus\" and \"China virus\" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[458][459][460] \nBy early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[461] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[462] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[463][464] \nIn early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would \"indefinitely\" continue.[465] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[466] \nWorld Health Organization\nPrior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[467] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[467] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of \"severely mismanaging\" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,[467][468][469] and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[467] These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[467][470][471] In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.[468][469] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as \"short-sighted\", \"senseless\", and \"dangerous\".[468][469] \nPressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures\nIn April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[472][473] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[474] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.[475] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[476] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[477] Trump often refused to mask at public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[478] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[479] By June, Trump had said masks were a \"double-edged sword\"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[479] Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[478][479] \nIn June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases \"makes us look bad\".[480][481] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be \"quickly identified and tested\" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[482][483] In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, \"do not necessarily need a test\". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[484][485] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[485] \nDespite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are \"totally harmless\".[486][487] He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[488] \nPolitical pressure on health agencies\nTrump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[484] such as approving unproven treatments[489][490] or speeding up vaccine approvals.[490] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[491][492] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a \"deep state\" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[493] \nOutbreak at the White House\nTrump boards Marine One for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020 \nOn October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19, part of a White House outbreak.[494] Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[495][496] During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[495] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[496] \nEffects on the 2020 presidential campaign\nBy July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[497] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[498] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[497] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[499] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was \"rounding the turn\" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[500] A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[501] \nInvestigations\nAfter he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[502] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[503] \nIn April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[504] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[505] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[506][507] Trump's attorneys appealed.[508] In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[509] \nRussian election interference\nIn January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with \"high confidence\" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[510][511] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress, \"[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts.\"[512] \nMany suspicious[513] links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies were discovered and the relationships between Russians and \"team Trump\", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[514][515][516][517] Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[518][519] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[520] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[521] \nTrump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[522] \nFBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations\nIn July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed Crossfire Hurricane, into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[523] After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.[524] Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[525] but Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[526][527] \nMueller investigation\nIn May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ), ordering him to \"examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign\". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters \"in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference\".[526] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[528] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[529] Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[530] \nIn March 2019, Mueller gave his final report to Attorney General William Barr,[531] which Barr purported to summarize in a letter to Congress. A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[532][533][534] Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[535] \nA redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[536] Despite \"numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign\", the report found that the prevailing evidence \"did not establish\" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[537][538] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[538] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[539][540][541][542] \nThe report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but \"did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct\".[543][544] Investigators decided they could not \"apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes\" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[545] and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[546] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, \"may apply the obstruction laws\".[545] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[547][548] \nSeveral Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort[549] and Flynn.[550][551] Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[552] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone \"was prosecuted for covering up for the president\".[553] \nFirst impeachment\nMembers of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755), December 18, 2019 \nIn August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter.[554] The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[555] \nHouse Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[556] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[557][558] On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[554][559] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[560] In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[561] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[562] \nOn December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.[563] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.[564] \nImpeachment trial in the Senate\nTrump displaying the headline \"Trump acquitted\" \nDuring the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[565] \nTrump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[566] They argued that the impeachment was \"constitutionally and legally invalid\" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[566] \nOn January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[567] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[568] \nTrump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[569] Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[570] \n2020 presidential campaign\nBreaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[571] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[572] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.[573] \nIn his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[574] By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[575] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[576] \nTrump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[577] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[578][579] and shifted to appeals to racism.[580] \n2020 presidential election\nStarting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[581][582] When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[583] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a peaceful transition of power.[584][585] \nBiden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[586][587] and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump's 232.[588] \nFalse claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition\nAt 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[589] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that \"this election is far from over\" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[590] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[591][592] Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.[593] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[594] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[595] \nTrump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[596] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[597][598] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the \"apparent winner\" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[599] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[600][601] \nThe Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[588] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[602] Republican state and federal legislators,[603] the Justice Department,[604] and Vice President Pence,[605] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to \"find\" votes and announce a \"recalculated\" result.[603] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[606] \nTrump did not attend Biden's inauguration.[607] \nConcern about a possible coup attempt or military action\nIn December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[608] \nWhen Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.[609][610] Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.[611][612] \nJanuary 6 Capitol attack\nOn January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at the Ellipse, Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to \"take back our country\" by marching to the Capitol to \"fight like hell\".[613][614] Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[615] During the violence, Trump posted messages on Twitter without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6 p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should \"go home with love & in peace\", calling them \"great patriots\" and repeating that the election was stolen.[616] After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.[617] According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[618][619] \nIn March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a song to benefit the prisoners, and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.[620] \nSecond impeachment\nSpeaker of the House Nancy Pelosi signing the second impeachment of Trump \nOn January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[621] The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[622] Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[623] \nOn February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[624][625] Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[626] \nPost-presidency (2021–present)\nAt the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club and established an office as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.[59][627][628] Trump is entitled to live there legally as a club employee.[629][630] \nTrump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the \"big lie\" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[631][632] The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.[632][633] As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[634] \nUnlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom supported his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[635][636][637] \nBusiness activities\nIn February 2021, Trump registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing \"social networking services\" to U.S. customers.[638][639] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.[640] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.[641] As of March 2023, Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[642][643] \nInvestigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits\nTrump is the only U.S. president or former president to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[644] He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[645][646] \nFBI investigations\nClassified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago \nWhen Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[647] The Justice Department began an investigation[648] and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[647] Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,[647] one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[649] \nOn August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act,[650][651] reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[652] The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[653] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as \"top secret\" and one as \"top secret/SCI\", the highest level of classification.[650][651] \nOn November 18, 2022, U.S. attorney general Merrick Garland appointed federal prosecutor Jack Smith as a special counsel to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack.[654][655] \nCriminal referral by the House January 6 Committee\nOn December 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[656] \nFederal and state criminal indictments\nIn June 2023, following a special counsel investigation, a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of \"willfully retaining national defense information\" under the Espionage Act, one count of making false statements, and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[657] He pleaded not guilty.[658] A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[659] The judge assigned to the case, Aileen Cannon, was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a past civil case, some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[660] She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.[661] On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[662] \nOn August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to defraud the U.S., obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and deprive voters of the civil right to have their votes counted, and obstructing an official proceeding.[663] Trump pleaded not guilty.[664] \nIn August 2023, a Fulton County, Georgia, grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[665][666] Trump surrendered, was processed at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[667] He pleaded not guilty.[668] On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.[669] \nIn July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years.[670] In January 2023, the organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was sentenced to five months in jail and five years of probation for tax fraud after a plea deal.[671] In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on all counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with the scheme.[672][673] In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million.[673] Trump was not personally charged in that case.[673] \nCriminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case\nDuring the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), publisher of the National Enquirer,[674] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[675] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.[676] Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[677][678] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[679] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[680][681] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[682] but in 2021, the New York State Attorney General's Office and Manhattan District Attorney's Office opened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.[683] The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[684] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[685] \nIn March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[686][687][688] The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.[689] Sentencing is set for September 18, 2024.[690] \nCivil judgments against Trump\nIn September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[691] During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[692] In an August 2022 deposition, Trump invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.[693] The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[694] In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any \"restructuring and potential dissolution\" would be the decision of the monitor.[695] \nIn May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist E. Jean Carroll in 2022 (\"Carroll II\") found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[696] Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,[697][698] writing that Carroll's accusation of \"rape\" is \"substantially true\".[699] Trump appealed both decisions.[697][700] In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 (\"Carroll I\") ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[701] \n2024 presidential campaign\nTrump rally in New Hampshire, January 2024 \nOn November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election and set up a fundraising account.[702][703] In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's leadership PAC. Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[704][705] \nIn December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court restored his name to the ballot in a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforce Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.[706] \nDuring the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[708][709][710] He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,[711][712] and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[713][714][715][716] \nOn July 13, 2024, Trump was cut on the ear by gunfire in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvania.[717][718] The campaign declined to disclose medical or hospital records.[719] \nTwo days later, the 2024 Republican National Convention nominated Trump as their presidential candidate, with U.S. senator JD Vance as his running mate.[720] \nPublic image\nScholarly assessment and public approval surveys\nIn the C-SPAN \"Presidential Historians Survey 2021\",[721] historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[722][723] The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked Trump 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[724] In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the American Political Science Association ranked Trump the worst president in American history.[725][726] \nTrump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[727] Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[728] Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[727][729] \nIn Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[730][731] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[732] \nA Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[733] approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.[734] By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.[735] \nFalse or misleading statements\nFact-checkers from The Washington Post,[736] the Toronto Star,[737] and CNN[738] compiled data on \"false or misleading claims\" (orange background), and \"false claims\" (violet foreground), respectively. \nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[739][154] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[739][740][741] His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[740] \nTrump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[736] Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.[742] \nSome of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the \"biggest inaugural crowd ever\".[743][744] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[745][746] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[747][748] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the \"spread of radical Islamic terror\", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[749] Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[750] \nUntil 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[751][752][753] \nIn 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[754][755] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[756][757] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[439][754] \nPromotion of conspiracy theories\nBefore and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton body count conspiracy theory, the conspiracy theory movement QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, alleged foul-play in the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed,[758][759][760][761][762] and linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer.[763] In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[760] \nDuring and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[764] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and \"finding\" suitcases full of Biden votes.[765][766] \nIncitement of violence\nResearch suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[767][768] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[769][770] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[771][772] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[773] \nTrump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.[774] Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[775] In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[776] \nAfter years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[777] In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms \"totally silence\" conservatives and that he would \"strongly regulate, or close them down\".[778] In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.[779] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[780][781] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[782] Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[783] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[784] Elon Musk, after acquiring Twitter, reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[785][786] Meta Platforms' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,[787] although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an \"enemy of the people.\"[788] \nRelationship with the press\nTrump talking to the press, March 2017 \nTrump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a \"love-hate\" relationship with the press.[789] In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151] The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created \"must-see TV.\"[790] \nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the \"fake news media\" and \"the enemy of the people\".[791][792] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media \"so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you\".[793] \nAs president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[794] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[795] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[795] \nTrump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[796] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[797][798] All the suits were dismissed.[799][800][801] \nRacial views\nMany of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[802][803][804] In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[805][806] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[807][808] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[809] \nIn 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[50] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[810] \nIn 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist \"birther\" conspiracy theory, alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[811][812] In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the \"long-form\" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him \"very popular\".[813][814] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[815] In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[816] \nAccording to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made \"explicitly racist appeals to whites\" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[817] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were \"bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists\".[818][819] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[820] \nAnswering questions about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville \nTrump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning \"this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides\" and stating that there were \"very fine people on both sides\", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[821][822][823][824] \nIn a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as \"shithole countries\".[825] His remarks were condemned as racist.[826][827] \nIn July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should \"go back\" to the countries they \"came from\".[828] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his \"racist comments\".[829] White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[830] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[831] \nMisogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct\nTrump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[832][833] He has made lewd comments about women[834][835] and has disparaged women's physical appearances and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[833][836][837] At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[838][839][840] Trump has denied the allegations.[840] \nIn October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 \"hot mic\" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that \"when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy.\"[841] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[842] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[843] \nPopular culture\nTrump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of hip hop songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[844] \nHonors and awards\nDonald Trump has been granted thiry-six awards and accolades, both domestic [845] and international.[846] Three honorary degrees were later revoked,[847][848][849] and a public square named after him was renamed.[850] \nNotes\n^ Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress and (in most states) all electors vote for the winner of their state's popular vote. \nReferences\n^ \"Certificate of Birth\". Department of Health – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018 – via ABC News. \n^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 33. \n^ Schwartzman, Paul; Miller, Michael E. (June 22, 2016). \"Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lot like candidate Donald Trump\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2024. \n^ Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). \"Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018. \n^ Jump up to: a b Barron, James (September 5, 2016). \"Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved October 8, 2016. \n^ McCann, Allison (July 14, 2016). \"Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump\". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved October 7, 2021. \n^ \"Trump to be honored for working with youths\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 25, 1995. \n^ \"Saakashvili, Trump Unveil Tower Project, Praise Each Other\". Civil Georgia. April 22, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2018. \n^ \"Donald Trump: Robert Gordon University strips honorary degree\". BBC. December 9, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023. \n^ Chappell, Bill. \"Lehigh University Revokes President Trump's Honorary Degree\". npr.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021. \n^ \"A Message from the Board of Trustees\". wagner.edu. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. \n^ Deutsch, Matan (November 1, 2023). \"The famous Petah Tikva square changes its name [Hebrew]\". petahtikva.mynet.co.il. Retrieved August 25, 2024. \nWorks cited\nBlair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.\nKranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.\nO'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1-946025-26-5.\n \nExternal links",
+ "markdown": "# Donald Trump\n\nDonald Trump\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg)\n\nOfficial portrait, 2017\n\n45th [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\")\n\n**In office** \nJanuary 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021\n\n[Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\")\n\n[Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence \"Mike Pence\")\n\nPreceded by\n\n[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\")\n\nSucceeded by\n\n[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")\n\nPersonal details\n\nBorn\n\nDonald John Trump\n\n \nJune 14, 1946 (age 78) \n[Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens \"Queens\"), New York City, U.S.\n\nPolitical party\n\n[Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Republican Party (United States)\") (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)\n\nOther political \naffiliations\n\n* [Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America \"Reform Party of the United States of America\") (1999–2001)\n* [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Democratic Party (United States)\") (2001–2009)\n* [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") (2011–2012)\n\nSpouses\n\n[Ivana Zelníčková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Zeln%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 \"Ivana Zelníčková\")\n\n\n\n\n\n(m. ; div.\n\n)\n\n[Marla Maples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Maples \"Marla Maples\")\n\n\n\n\n\n(m.\n\n; div.\n\n)\n\n[Melania Knauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Knauss \"Melania Knauss\")\n\n\n\n(m.\n\n)\n\nChildren\n\n* [Donald Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. \"Donald Trump Jr.\")\n* [Ivanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump \"Ivanka Trump\")\n* [Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump \"Eric Trump\")\n* [Tiffany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Trump \"Tiffany Trump\")\n* [Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Trump \"Barron Trump\")\n\nRelatives\n\n[Family of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump \"Family of Donald Trump\")\n\n[Alma mater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater \"Alma mater\")\n\n[University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") ([BS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\"))\n\nOccupation\n\n* [Politician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump \"Political career of Donald Trump\")\n* [businessman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump \"Business career of Donald Trump\")\n* [media personality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump \"Media career of Donald Trump\")\n\nAwards\n\n[Full list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump \"List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump\")\n\nSignature\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_\\(Presidential_signature\\).svg \"Donald Trump's signature\")\n\nWebsite\n\n* [Campaign website](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/)\n* [Presidential library](https://www.trumplibrary.gov/)\n* [White House archives](https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_speaks_on_declaration_of_Covid-19_as_a_Global_Pandemic_by_the_World_Health_Organization.ogg \"Play audio\")Duration: 5 minutes and 3 seconds.\n\nDonald Trump speaks on the declaration of [COVID-19 as a global pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\"). \nRecorded March 11, 2020\n\n**Donald John Trump** (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") from 2017 to 2021.\n\nTrump received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") in 1968. His father made him president of the family real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it [the Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization \"The Trump Organization\") and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late 1990s, he launched side ventures, mostly licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series _[The Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_\\(American_TV_series\\) \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")_. He and his businesses have been plaintiffs or defendants in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.\n\nTrump won the [2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\") as the [Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Republican Party (United States)\") nominee against [Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Democratic Party (United States)\") candidate [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") while losing the popular vote.[\\[a\\]](#cite_note-electoral-college-1) The [Mueller special counsel investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation \"Mueller special counsel investigation\") determined that [Russia interfered in the 2016 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections \"Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections\") to favor Trump. During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the only U.S. president without prior military or government experience. Trump [promoted conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump \"List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump\") and made [many false and misleading statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump \"False or misleading statements by Donald Trump\") during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic.\n\nAs president, Trump [ordered a travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 \"Executive Order 13769\") on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented [a family separation policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy \"Trump administration family separation policy\"). He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act \"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act\") of 2017, which cut taxes and eliminated the [individual health insurance mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_mandate \"Health insurance mandate\") penalty of the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"). He appointed [Neil Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch \"Neil Gorsuch\"), [Brett Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh \"Brett Kavanaugh\"), and [Amy Coney Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett \"Amy Coney Barrett\") to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\"), ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and [spread misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States \"COVID-19 misinformation by the United States\") about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed [Trans-Pacific Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership \"Trans-Pacific Partnership\") trade agreement, the [Paris Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement \"Paris Agreement\") on climate change, and the [Iran nuclear deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\"). He met with North Korean leader [Kim Jong Un](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un \"Kim Jong Un\") three times but made no progress on denuclearization.\n\nTrump is the only U.S. president to have been [impeached](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment \"Impeachment\") twice, [in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"First impeachment of Donald Trump\") for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after he pressured Ukraine to investigate [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\"), and [in 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment of Donald Trump\") for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in both cases. Trump lost the [2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\") to Biden but refused to concede. He falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud and [attempted to overturn the results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"). On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the [U.S. Capitol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Capitol \"U.S. Capitol\"), which [many of them attacked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack \"January 6 United States Capitol attack\"). Scholars and historians [rank Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States \"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\") as one of the worst presidents in American history.\n\nSince leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is their candidate again in the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election \"2024 United States presidential election\"), having chosen as his running mate U.S. Senator [JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance \"JD Vance\") of [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"). In May 2024, a jury in New York [found Trump guilty on 34 felony counts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York \"Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York\") of falsifying business records related to a [hush money payment to Stormy Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal \"Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal\") in an attempt to influence the 2016 election, making him the first former U.S. president to be convicted of a crime. He has been indicted in three other jurisdictions on 54 other felony counts related to his [mishandling of classified documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents \"FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents\") and for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liable [for sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, defamation in 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump \"E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump\"), and [financial fraud in 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_business_fraud_lawsuit_against_the_Trump_Organization \"New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization\").\n\n## Personal life\n\n### Early life\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg)\n\nTrump at the [New York Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Military_Academy \"New York Military Academy\"), 1964\n\nTrump was born on June 14, 1946, at [Jamaica Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Hospital_Medical_Center \"Jamaica Hospital Medical Center\") in [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens \"Queens\"), New York City,[\\[1\\]](#cite_note-2) the fourth child of [Fred Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump \"Fred Trump\") and [Mary Anne MacLeod Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump \"Mary Anne MacLeod Trump\"). He grew up with older siblings [Maryanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry \"Maryanne Trump Barry\"), [Fred Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr. \"Fred Trump Jr.\"), and Elizabeth and younger brother [Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trump \"Robert Trump\") in the [Jamaica Estates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Estates,_Queens \"Jamaica Estates, Queens\") neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private [Kew-Forest School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew-Forest_School \"Kew-Forest School\") from kindergarten through seventh grade.[\\[2\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-3)[\\[3\\]](#cite_note-4)[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-5) He went to Sunday school and was [confirmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation \"Confirmation\") in 1959 at the [First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_in_Jamaica \"First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica\"), Queens.[\\[5\\]](#cite_note-BarronNYT-6)[\\[6\\]](#cite_note-inactive-7) At age 13, he entered the [New York Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Military_Academy \"New York Military Academy\"), a private boarding school.[\\[7\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA38_38]-8) In 1964, he enrolled at [Fordham University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University \"Fordham University\"). Two years later, he transferred to the [Wharton School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School \"Wharton School\") of the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\"), graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[\\[8\\]](#cite_note-9)[\\[9\\]](#cite_note-10) In 2015, Trump's lawyer threatened Trump's colleges, his high school, and the [College Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board \"College Board\") with legal action if they released his academic records.[\\[10\\]](#cite_note-11)\n\nWhile in college, Trump obtained four student [draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States \"Conscription in the United States\") deferments during the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").[\\[11\\]](#cite_note-12) In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[\\[12\\]](#cite_note-13) In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,[\\[13\\]](#cite_note-14) and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F, unfit for military service, due to [bone spurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_spurs \"Bone spurs\"), permanently disqualifying him.[\\[14\\]](#cite_note-15)\n\n### Family\n\nIn 1977, Trump married Czech model [Ivana Zelníčková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Zeln%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 \"Ivana Zelníčková\").[\\[15\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2015300-16) They had three children: [Donald Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. \"Donald Trump Jr.\") (born 1977), [Ivanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump \"Ivanka Trump\") (1981), and [Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump \"Eric Trump\") (1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress [Marla Maples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Maples \"Marla Maples\").[\\[16\\]](#cite_note-17) Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, [Tiffany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Trump \"Tiffany Trump\") (born 1993), who was raised by Maples in California.[\\[17\\]](#cite_note-18) In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model [Melania Knauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Knauss \"Melania Knauss\").[\\[18\\]](#cite_note-19) They have one son, [Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Trump \"Barron Trump\") (born 2006).[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-20)\n\n### Religion\n\nIn the 1970s, Trump's parents joined the [Marble Collegiate Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Collegiate_Church \"Marble Collegiate Church\"), part of the [Reformed Church in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America \"Reformed Church in America\").[\\[5\\]](#cite_note-BarronNYT-6)[\\[20\\]](#cite_note-WaPo.March.18.17-21) In 2015, he said he was a [Presbyterian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_\\(USA\\) \"Presbyterian Church (USA)\") and attended Marble Collegiate Church; the church said he was not an active member.[\\[6\\]](#cite_note-inactive-7) In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist [Paula White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_White \"Paula White\"), to the White House [Office of Public Liaison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison \"Office of Public Liaison\").[\\[21\\]](#cite_note-22) In 2020, he said he identified as a [non-denominational Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Christian \"Non-denominational Christian\").[\\[22\\]](#cite_note-23)\n\n### Health habits\n\nTrump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[\\[23\\]](#cite_note-24)[\\[24\\]](#cite_note-25) He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[\\[25\\]](#cite_note-26)[\\[26\\]](#cite_note-27) He has called golfing his \"primary form of exercise\" but usually does not walk the course.[\\[27\\]](#cite_note-28) He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is \"like a battery, with a finite amount of energy\", which is depleted by exercise.[\\[28\\]](#cite_note-29)[\\[29\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991133-30) In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, [Harold Bornstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bornstein \"Harold Bornstein\"), stating that Trump would \"be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency\".[\\[30\\]](#cite_note-dictation-31) In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.[\\[30\\]](#cite_note-dictation-31)[\\[31\\]](#cite_note-32)\n\n### Wealth\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg)\n\nTrump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King [Fahd of Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Fahd of Saudi Arabia\") in 1985, with U.S. president [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and First Lady [Nancy Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan \"Nancy Reagan\")\n\nIn 1982, Trump made the initial _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_ list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33) His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[\\[33\\]](#cite_note-34) After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the [FEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission \"Federal Election Commission\") in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[\\[34\\]](#cite_note-disclosure-35) _Forbes_ estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[\\[35\\]](#cite_note-36) In their 2024 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).[\\[36\\]](#cite_note-37)\n\nJournalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named \"[John Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barron_\\(pseudonym\\) \"John Barron (pseudonym)\")\". Greenberg said that Trump, just to get a higher ranking on the [_Forbes_ 400](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400 \"Forbes 400\") list of wealthy Americans, identified himself as \"Barron\", and then falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father's business. Greenberg also wrote that _Forbes_ had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[\\[37\\]](#cite_note-38)\n\nTrump has often said he began his career with \"a small loan of a million dollars\" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[\\[38\\]](#cite_note-39) He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[\\[39\\]](#cite_note-40)[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41) In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the [New York State Department of Taxation and Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Taxation_and_Finance \"New York State Department of Taxation and Finance\") started an investigation.[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41) His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[\\[41\\]](#cite_note-42)[\\[42\\]](#cite_note-43) _Forbes_ estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[\\[43\\]](#cite_note-44)\n\nContrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, [Trump's tax returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump \"Tax returns of Donald Trump\") from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-Buettner-190508-45)[\\[45\\]](#cite_note-46)[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33)\n\nIn 2020, _The New York Times_ obtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in _[The Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_\\(American_TV_series\\) \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")_ and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in [tax credits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower \"Trump Tower\") (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[\\[46\\]](#cite_note-47)\n\nAs of October 2021, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.[\\[47\\]](#cite_note-48) In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including [Bank of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China \"Bank of China\"), [Deutsche Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank \"Deutsche Bank\"), and [UBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS \"UBS\"), and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-49)\n\n## Business career\n\n### Real estate\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_with_model_of_Television_City.jpg)\n\nTrump in 1985 with a model of one of his aborted Manhattan development projects[\\[49\\]](#cite_note-50)\n\nStarting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[\\[50\\]](#cite_note-Mahler-51)[\\[51\\]](#cite_note-Rich_NYMag-52) In 1971, his father made him president of the company and he began using the [Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Organization \"Trump Organization\") as an [umbrella brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_brand \"Umbrella brand\").[\\[52\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduJifCgAAQBAJpgPA250_250]-53) Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for [Chapter 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11 \"Chapter 11\") bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the [Plaza Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Hotel \"Plaza Hotel\") in Manhattan, the casinos in [Atlantic City, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\"), and the [Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Hotels_%26_Casino_Resorts \"Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts\") company.[\\[53\\]](#cite_note-54)\n\n#### Manhattan and Chicago developments\n\nTrump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict [Commodore Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hyatt_New_York \"Grand Hyatt New York\"), adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[\\[54\\]](#cite_note-55) The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly with [Hyatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt \"Hyatt\"), guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[\\[51\\]](#cite_note-Rich_NYMag-52)[\\[55\\]](#cite_note-56) The hotel reopened in 1980 as the [Grand Hyatt Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hyatt_New_York \"Grand Hyatt New York\"),[\\[56\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA84_84]-57) and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower \"Trump Tower\"), a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[\\[57\\]](#cite_note-58) The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's [PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee \"Political action committee\") and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[\\[58\\]](#cite_note-59)[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-moved-60)\n\nIn 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[\\[60\\]](#cite_note-61) The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[\\[61\\]](#cite_note-62) In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a \"vast and humiliating restructuring\" that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.[\\[62\\]](#cite_note-plaza-63)[\\[63\\]](#cite_note-64) The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they \"all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead.\"[\\[62\\]](#cite_note-plaza-63)\n\nIn 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at [40 Wall Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_Wall_Street \"40 Wall Street\"), later rebranded as the Trump Building.[\\[64\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLqf0CwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]-65) In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the [Lincoln Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Square,_Manhattan \"Lincoln Square, Manhattan\") neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, [Riverside South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_South,_Manhattan \"Riverside South, Manhattan\").[\\[65\\]](#cite_note-66)\n\nTrump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use [Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_\\(Chicago\\) \"Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)\") which opened in 2008. In 2024, the [New York Times and ProPublica reported](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_\\(Chicago\\)#Tax_deductions \"Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)\") that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether Trump had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building Trump had declared tto be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[\\[66\\]](#cite_note-67)[\\[67\\]](#cite_note-68)\n\n#### Atlantic City casinos\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_Taj_Mahal,_2007.jpg)\n\nEntrance of the [Trump Taj Mahal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Taj_Mahal \"Trump Taj Mahal\") in [Atlantic City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City \"Atlantic City\")\n\nIn 1984, Trump opened [Harrah's at Trump Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrah%27s_at_Trump_Plaza \"Harrah's at Trump Plaza\"), a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the [Holiday Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Corporation \"Holiday Corporation\").[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-fall-69) It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[\\[69\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA128_128]-70) In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it [Trump Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Atlantic_City \"Golden Nugget Atlantic City\").[\\[70\\]](#cite_note-71) Both casinos filed for [Chapter 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11 \"Chapter 11\") bankruptcy protection in 1992.[\\[71\\]](#cite_note-72)\n\nTrump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the [Trump Taj Mahal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hotel_%26_Casino_Atlantic_City \"Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City\"). It was financed with $675 million in [junk bonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_bonds \"Junk bonds\") and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[\\[72\\]](#cite_note-73)[\\[73\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA135_135]-74) Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[\\[74\\]](#cite_note-75) To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the [Trump Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Shuttle \"Trump Shuttle\") airline; his megayacht, the _[Trump Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Princess \"Trump Princess\")_, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[\\[75\\]](#cite_note-76)\n\nIn 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[\\[76\\]](#cite_note-77) THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-fall-69) He remained chairman until 2009.[\\[77\\]](#cite_note-78)\n\n#### Clubs\n\nIn 1985, Trump acquired the [Mar-a-Lago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago \"Mar-a-Lago\") estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[\\[78\\]](#cite_note-79) In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[\\[79\\]](#cite_note-80) Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-moved-60) The Trump Organization began [building and buying golf courses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf \"Donald Trump and golf\") in 1999.[\\[80\\]](#cite_note-CNN-81) It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[\\[80\\]](#cite_note-CNN-81)[\\[81\\]](#cite_note-82)\n\n### Licensing of the Trump brand\n\nThe Trump name has been [licensed for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization#Related_ventures_and_investments \"The Trump Organization\") consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[\\[82\\]](#cite_note-neckties-83)[\\[83\\]](#cite_note-84) According to _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[\\[84\\]](#cite_note-85) By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[\\[82\\]](#cite_note-neckties-83)\n\n### Side ventures\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Doug_Flutie_at_a_press_conference_in_the_Trump_Tower.jpg)\n\nTrump and New Jersey Generals quarterback [Doug Flutie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Flutie \"Doug Flutie\") at a 1985 press conference in Trump Tower\n\nIn September 1983, Trump purchased the [New Jersey Generals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Generals \"New Jersey Generals\"), a team in the [United States Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Football_League \"United States Football League\"). After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[\\[85\\]](#cite_note-86)[\\[86\\]](#cite_note-87)\n\nTrump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the [Atlantic City Convention Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Convention_Hall \"Atlantic City Convention Hall\").[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-fall-69)[\\[87\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991137–143-88) In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the [Tour de Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Trump \"Tour de Trump\") cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the [Tour de France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France \"Tour de France\") or the [Giro d'Italia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia \"Giro d'Italia\").[\\[88\\]](#cite_note-89)\n\nFrom 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-Buettner-190508-45) leading some observers to think he was engaged in [greenmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenmail \"Greenmail\").[\\[89\\]](#cite_note-90) _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_ found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but \"lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously\".[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-Buettner-190508-45)\n\nIn 1988, Trump purchased the [Eastern Air Lines Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Shuttle \"Eastern Air Lines Shuttle\"), financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33) in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline [Trump Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Shuttle \"Trump Shuttle\") and operated it until 1992.[\\[90\\]](#cite_note-TA-91) Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[\\[91\\]](#cite_note-92)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_star_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.JPG)\n\nTrump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame\n\nIn 1992, Trump, his siblings [Maryanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry \"Maryanne Trump Barry\"), Elizabeth, and [Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trump \"Robert Trump\"), and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41)[\\[92\\]](#cite_note-93) The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-Tax_Schemes-41)\n\nFrom 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the [Miss Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe \"Miss Universe\") pageants, including [Miss USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA \"Miss USA\") and [Miss Teen USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA \"Miss Teen USA\").[\\[93\\]](#cite_note-pageantsaleWME-94)[\\[94\\]](#cite_note-95) Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[\\[95\\]](#cite_note-96)[\\[96\\]](#cite_note-97) In 2007, Trump received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\") for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[\\[97\\]](#cite_note-98) NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.[\\[98\\]](#cite_note-99)\n\n#### Trump University\n\nIn 2004, Trump co-founded [Trump University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_University \"Trump University\"), a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000.[\\[99\\]](#cite_note-100) After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of \"university\" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[\\[100\\]](#cite_note-101)\n\nIn 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[\\[101\\]](#cite_note-102) Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[\\[102\\]](#cite_note-103)[\\[103\\]](#cite_note-104)[\\[104\\]](#cite_note-105) Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[\\[105\\]](#cite_note-106)\n\n### Foundation\n\nThe Donald J. Trump Foundation was a [private foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_foundation_\\(United_States\\) \"Private foundation (United States)\") established in 1988.[\\[106\\]](#cite_note-107)[\\[107\\]](#cite_note-108) From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[\\[108\\]](#cite_note-retool-109) which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from [Vince McMahon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon \"Vince McMahon\").[\\[109\\]](#cite_note-110) The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[\\[110\\]](#cite_note-111) and charities that held events at Trump properties.[\\[108\\]](#cite_note-retool-109)\n\nIn 2016, _The Washington Post_ reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible [tax evasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion \"Tax evasion\").[\\[111\\]](#cite_note-112) Also in 2016, the New York attorney general determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[\\[112\\]](#cite_note-113) Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[\\[113\\]](#cite_note-114)\n\nIn June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[\\[114\\]](#cite_note-115) In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[\\[115\\]](#cite_note-116) In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[\\[116\\]](#cite_note-117)[\\[117\\]](#cite_note-118)\n\n### Legal affairs and bankruptcies\n\n[Roy Cohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn \"Roy Cohn\") was Trump's [fixer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_\\(person\\) \"Fixer (person)\"), lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[\\[118\\]](#cite_note-Mahler2016Cohn-119) According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[\\[118\\]](#cite_note-Mahler2016Cohn-119) In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-inflation-US-33) over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.[\\[119\\]](#cite_note-120) In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the [New York Urban League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League \"National Urban League\") with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.[\\[120\\]](#cite_note-121) Cohn introduced political consultant [Roger Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stone \"Roger Stone\") to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[\\[121\\]](#cite_note-122)\n\nAccording to a review of state and federal court files conducted by _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_ in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[\\[122\\]](#cite_note-123) While Trump has not filed for [personal bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_bankruptcy \"Personal bankruptcy\"), his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for [Chapter 11 bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy \"Chapter 11 bankruptcy\") protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[\\[123\\]](#cite_note-TW-124) They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[\\[123\\]](#cite_note-TW-124)\n\nDuring the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[\\[124\\]](#cite_note-125) After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[\\[125\\]](#cite_note-126) After the [January 6 Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_Capitol_attack \"January 6 Capitol attack\"), the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.[\\[126\\]](#cite_note-127)\n\n### Books\n\nUsing [ghostwriters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriters \"Ghostwriters\"), Trump has produced 19 books under his name.[\\[127\\]](#cite_note-128) His first book, _[The Art of the Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Deal \"The Art of the Deal\")_ (1987), was a [_New York Times_ Best Seller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\"). While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by [Tony Schwartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Schwartz_\\(author\\) \"Tony Schwartz (author)\"). According to _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_, the book made Trump famous as an \"emblem of the successful tycoon\".[\\[128\\]](#cite_note-JM-129)\n\n### Film and television\n\nTrump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[\\[129\\]](#cite_note-130)\n\nStarting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated _[Howard Stern Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stern_Show \"Howard Stern Show\")_.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA166_166]-131) He also had his own short-form talk radio program called _[Trumped!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumped! \"Trumped!\")_ (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[\\[131\\]](#cite_note-132)[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-133) From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on _[Fox & Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_%26_Friends \"Fox & Friends\")_.[\\[133\\]](#cite_note-134)[\\[134\\]](#cite_note-135)\n\nFrom 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows _The Apprentice_ and _[The Celebrity Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celebrity_Apprentice \"The Celebrity Apprentice\")_. Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the [catchphrase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchphrase \"Catchphrase\") \"You're fired.\" The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[\\[135\\]](#cite_note-136)[\\[136\\]](#cite_note-137) With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.[\\[137\\]](#cite_note-138)\n\nIn February 2021, Trump, who had been a member of [SAG-AFTRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAG-AFTRA \"SAG-AFTRA\") since 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[\\[138\\]](#cite_note-139) Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.[\\[139\\]](#cite_note-140)\n\n## Political career\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Bill_Clinton.jpg)\n\nTrump and President [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), June 2000\n\nTrump registered as a Republican in 1987;[\\[140\\]](#cite_note-reg-141) a member of the [Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York \"Independence Party of New York\"), the New York state affiliate of the [Reform Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America \"Reform Party of the United States of America\"), in 1999;[\\[141\\]](#cite_note-142) a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[\\[140\\]](#cite_note-reg-141)\n\nIn 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[\\[142\\]](#cite_note-hint-143) expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[\\[143\\]](#cite_note-144) In 1988, he approached [Lee Atwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Atwater \"Lee Atwater\"), asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\")'s running mate. Bush found the request \"strange and unbelievable\".[\\[144\\]](#cite_note-145)\n\n### Presidential campaigns (2000–2016)\n\nTrump [ran in the California and Michigan primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign \"Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign\") for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the [2000 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election \"2000 United States presidential election\") but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[\\[145\\]](#cite_note-146)[\\[146\\]](#cite_note-147)[\\[147\\]](#cite_note-148)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_speaking_at_CPAC_2011_by_Mark_Taylor.jpg)\n\nTrump speaking at [CPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference \"Conservative Political Action Conference\") 2011\n\nIn 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in [the 2012 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election \"2012 United States presidential election\"), making his first speaking appearance at the [Conservative Political Action Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference \"Conservative Political Action Conference\") (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[\\[148\\]](#cite_note-McA-149)[\\[149\\]](#cite_note-150) In May 2011, he announced he would not run.[\\[148\\]](#cite_note-McA-149) Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[\\[150\\]](#cite_note-151)\n\n#### 2016 presidential campaign\n\nTrump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of [free media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_media \"Earned media\"), elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[\\[151\\]](#cite_note-Cillizza-160614-152) He adopted the phrase \"truthful hyperbole\", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[\\[128\\]](#cite_note-JM-129)[\\[152\\]](#cite_note-153) His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[\\[153\\]](#cite_note-154) and a record number were false.[\\[154\\]](#cite_note-whoppers-155)[\\[155\\]](#cite_note-156)[\\[156\\]](#cite_note-157) Trump said he disdained [political correctness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness \"Political correctness\") and frequently made claims of [media bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias \"Media bias\").[\\[157\\]](#cite_note-Walsh-160724-158)[\\[158\\]](#cite_note-159)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore_5.jpg)\n\nTrump campaigning in Arizona, March 2016\n\nTrump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[\\[159\\]](#cite_note-160)[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-161) [His campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign \"Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign\") was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[\\[161\\]](#cite_note-162) He became the front-runner in March 2016[\\[162\\]](#cite_note-163) and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[\\[163\\]](#cite_note-164)\n\n[Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") led Trump in [national polling averages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016 \"Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016\") throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[\\[164\\]](#cite_note-165)[\\[165\\]](#cite_note-166) In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor [Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence \"Mike Pence\") as his running mate,[\\[166\\]](#cite_note-167) and the two were officially nominated at the [2016 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention \"2016 Republican National Convention\").[\\[167\\]](#cite_note-168) Trump and Clinton faced off in [three presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates \"2016 United States presidential debates\") in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[\\[168\\]](#cite_note-169)\n\n##### Campaign rhetoric and political positions\n\nTrump's political positions and rhetoric were [right-wing populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism \"Right-wing populism\").[\\[169\\]](#cite_note-170)[\\[170\\]](#cite_note-171)[\\[171\\]](#cite_note-172) _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_ described them as \"eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory\", quoting a health-care policy expert at the [American Enterprise Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute \"American Enterprise Institute\") as saying that his political positions were a \"random assortment of whatever plays publicly\".[\\[172\\]](#cite_note-173) [NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\") counted \"141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues\" during his campaign.[\\[173\\]](#cite_note-174)\n\nTrump described NATO as \"obsolete\"[\\[174\\]](#cite_note-175)[\\[175\\]](#cite_note-176) and espoused views that were described as [non-interventionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interventionism \"Non-interventionism\") and protectionist.[\\[176\\]](#cite_note-177) His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating [U.S.–China relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations \"China–United States relations\") and free trade agreements such as [NAFTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA \"NAFTA\"), strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building [a new wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_wall \"Trump wall\") along the [U.S.–Mexico border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico_border \"U.S.–Mexico border\"). Other campaign positions included pursuing [energy independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_independence \"Energy independence\") while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing [services for veterans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs#Veterans_Benefits_Administration \"United States Department of Veterans Affairs\"), repealing and replacing the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), abolishing [Common Core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core \"Common Core\") education standards, [investing in infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development \"Infrastructure-based development\"), simplifying the [tax code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code \"Internal Revenue Code\") while reducing taxes, and imposing [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff \"Tariff\") on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[\\[177\\]](#cite_note-178)\n\nTrump helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[\\[178\\]](#cite_note-179) In August 2016, Trump hired [Steve Bannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bannon \"Steve Bannon\"), the executive chairman of _[Breitbart News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitbart_News \"Breitbart News\")_—described by Bannon as \"the platform for the alt-right\"—as his campaign CEO.[\\[179\\]](#cite_note-180) The [alt-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right \"Alt-right\") movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its [opposition to multiculturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_multiculturalism \"Opposition to multiculturalism\") and [immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration \"Opposition to immigration\").[\\[180\\]](#cite_note-181)[\\[181\\]](#cite_note-182)[\\[182\\]](#cite_note-183)\n\n##### Financial disclosures\n\nTrump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[\\[34\\]](#cite_note-disclosure-35)[\\[183\\]](#cite_note-184) Trump did not release [his tax returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_tax_returns \"Donald Trump's tax returns\"), contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[\\[184\\]](#cite_note-185)[\\[185\\]](#cite_note-186) He said his tax returns were being [audited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_audit \"Income tax audit\"), and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[\\[186\\]](#cite_note-187) After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the [Manhattan district attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney \"New York County District Attorney\") for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\"), in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[\\[187\\]](#cite_note-188)[\\[188\\]](#cite_note-189)\n\nIn October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from _The New York Times_. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[\\[189\\]](#cite_note-190)\n\n##### Election to the presidency\n\nOn November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged [electoral votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_\\(United_States\\) \"Electoral College (United States)\") versus 232 for Clinton, though, after elector [defections on both sides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016 \"Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016\"), the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[\\[190\\]](#cite_note-191) Trump, the fifth person to be elected president [while losing the popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote \"List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote\"), received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[\\[191\\]](#cite_note-192) He also was the only president who [neither served in the military nor held any government office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience \"List of presidents of the United States by previous experience\") prior to becoming president.[\\[192\\]](#cite_note-193) Trump's victory was a [political upset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_upset \"Political upset\").[\\[193\\]](#cite_note-194) Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a [nationwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election \"Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election\")—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the [competitive states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election \"Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election\").[\\[194\\]](#cite_note-195)\n\nTrump won 30 states, including [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"), [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), and [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), states which had been considered a [blue wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wall_\\(U.S._politics\\) \"Blue wall (U.S. politics)\") of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia \"District of Columbia\"). Trump's victory marked the return of an [undivided](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States \"Divided government in the United States\") Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\").[\\[195\\]](#cite_note-196)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_March_on_Washington_\\(32593123745\\).jpg)\n\n[Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March \"2017 Women's March\") in Washington on January 21, 2017\n\nTrump's election victory sparked [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#After_the_election \"Protests against Donald Trump\") in major U.S. cities.[\\[196\\]](#cite_note-197)[\\[197\\]](#cite_note-198) On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the [Women's Marches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March \"2017 Women's March\").[\\[198\\]](#cite_note-199)\n\n## Presidency (2017–2021)\n\n### Early actions\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg)\n\nTrump is [sworn in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump \"Inauguration of Donald Trump\") as president by Chief Justice [John Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts \"John Roberts\")\n\n[Trump was inaugurated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump \"Inauguration of Donald Trump\") on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed [six executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump#Executive_orders \"List of executive actions by Donald Trump\"), which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act (\"Obamacare\"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the [Mexico City policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_policy \"Mexico City policy\"), advancement of the [Keystone XL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline \"Keystone Pipeline\") and [Dakota Access Pipeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline \"Dakota Access Pipeline\") construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[\\[199\\]](#cite_note-200)\n\nTrump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law [Jared Kushner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Kushner \"Jared Kushner\") became his [assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_to_the_President \"Assistant to the President\") and [senior advisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States \"Senior Advisor to the President of the United States\"), respectively.[\\[200\\]](#cite_note-201)[\\[201\\]](#cite_note-202)\n\n### Conflicts of interest\n\nTrump's presidency was marked by significant public concern about [conflict of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest \"Conflict of interest\") stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses.[\\[202\\]](#cite_note-203) Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a [revocable trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocable_trust \"Revocable trust\") run by his sons, [Eric Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump \"Eric Trump\") and [Donald Trump Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. \"Donald Trump Jr.\"), and Chief Finance Officer [Allen Weisselberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Weisselberg \"Allen Weisselberg\") and claimed they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses.[\\[203\\]](#cite_note-204)[\\[204\\]](#cite_note-205)[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-BBC041817-206) Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in a [blind trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_trust \"Blind trust\") or equivalent arrangement \"to cleanly sever himself from his business interests\".[\\[206\\]](#cite_note-YourishBuchanan-207) Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-BBC041817-206)[\\[207\\]](#cite_note-Venook-208)\n\nAs his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts.[\\[208\\]](#cite_note-209) Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate.[\\[206\\]](#cite_note-YourishBuchanan-207)[\\[209\\]](#cite_note-210) Though he said he would eschew \"new foreign deals\", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-BBC041817-206)[\\[207\\]](#cite_note-Venook-208) In January 2024, Democratic members of the [US House Committee on Oversight and Accountability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Accountability \"United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability\") released a report that detailed over $7.8 million in payments from foreign governments to Trump-owned businesses.[\\[210\\]](#cite_note-211)[\\[211\\]](#cite_note-212)\n\nTrump was sued for violating the [Domestic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Emoluments_Clause \"Domestic Emoluments Clause\") and [Foreign Emoluments Clauses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause \"Foreign Emoluments Clause\") of the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution \"U.S. Constitution\"), marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[\\[212\\]](#cite_note-CRSRpt-213) One case was dismissed in lower court.[\\[213\\]](#cite_note-214) Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.[\\[214\\]](#cite_note-215)\n\nDuring Trump's term in office, he visited a Trump Organization property on 428 days, one visit for every 3.4 days of his presidency.[\\[215\\]](#cite_note-216) In September 2020, _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_ reported that Trump's properties had charged the government over $1.1 million since the beginning of his presidency. Government officials and [Secret Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\") employees were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties.[\\[216\\]](#cite_note-217)\n\n### Domestic policy\n\n#### Economy\n\nTrump took office at the height of the longest [economic expansion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_expansion \"Economic expansion\") in American history,[\\[217\\]](#cite_note-VanDam-218) which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") began.[\\[218\\]](#cite_note-219)\n\nIn December 2017, Trump signed the [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017 \"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017\") passed by Congress without Democratic votes.\\[_[relevant?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic \"Wikipedia:Writing better articles\")_\\] It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025,\\[_[importance?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content \"Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not\")_\\] and set the penalty associated with the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\")'s individual mandate to $0.[\\[219\\]](#cite_note-220)[\\[220\\]](#cite_note-221) The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[\\[221\\]](#cite_note-222)\n\nDespite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[\\[222\\]](#cite_note-223) Under Trump, the [U.S. national debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_debt \"U.S. national debt\") increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S. [debt-to-GDP ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio \"Debt-to-GDP ratio\") hit a post-World War II high.[\\[223\\]](#cite_note-224) Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[\\[224\\]](#cite_note-225)\n\nTrump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[\\[217\\]](#cite_note-VanDam-218)[\\[225\\]](#cite_note-226)\n\n#### Climate change, environment, and energy\n\nTrump rejects the [scientific consensus on climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change \"Scientific consensus on climate change\").[\\[226\\]](#cite_note-227)[\\[227\\]](#cite_note-228)[\\[228\\]](#cite_note-229)[\\[229\\]](#cite_note-230) He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[\\[230\\]](#cite_note-231) He [withdrew from the Paris Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_the_United_States_from_the_Paris_Agreement \"Withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement\"), making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[\\[231\\]](#cite_note-232)\n\nTrump aimed to boost the production and exports of [fossil fuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\").[\\[232\\]](#cite_note-233)[\\[233\\]](#cite_note-234) Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[\\[234\\]](#cite_note-235)[\\[235\\]](#cite_note-Subramaniam-236) Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed [greenhouse gas emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions \"Greenhouse gas emissions\"), air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing [drilling in the Arctic Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy \"Arctic Refuge drilling controversy\").[\\[236\\]](#cite_note-237)\n\n#### Deregulation\n\nIn 2017, Trump signed [Executive Order 13771](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13771 \"Executive Order 13771\"), which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies \"identify\" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.[\\[237\\]](#cite_note-238) He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[\\[238\\]](#cite_note-239)[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-midnight-240) labor,[\\[240\\]](#cite_note-241)[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-midnight-240) and the environment,[\\[241\\]](#cite_note-242)[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-midnight-240) among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[\\[242\\]](#cite_note-243) During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[\\[243\\]](#cite_note-244) often \"after requests by the regulated industries\".[\\[244\\]](#cite_note-245) The [Institute for Policy Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Policy_Integrity \"Institute for Policy Integrity\") found that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[\\[245\\]](#cite_note-246)\n\n#### Health care\n\nDuring his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\").[\\[246\\]](#cite_note-247) In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.[\\[247\\]](#cite_note-248)[\\[248\\]](#cite_note-249) Trump expressed a desire to \"let Obamacare fail\"; his administration halved the [enrollment period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_enrollment \"Annual enrollment\") and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[\\[249\\]](#cite_note-250)[\\[250\\]](#cite_note-251) In June 2018, the Trump administration [joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_v._Texas \"California v. Texas\") that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[\\[251\\]](#cite_note-StolbergACA-252)[\\[252\\]](#cite_note-253) Their pleading would have eliminated [health insurance coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States \"Health insurance coverage in the United States\") for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[\\[251\\]](#cite_note-StolbergACA-252) During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[\\[253\\]](#cite_note-254)\n\nIn response to the [opioid epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States \"Opioid epidemic in the United States\"), Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.[\\[254\\]](#cite_note-255)\n\nTrump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[\\[255\\]](#cite_note-256) He said he supported \"traditional marriage\" but considered the [nationwide legality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States \"Same-sex marriage in the United States\") of [same-sex marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\") \"settled\".[\\[256\\]](#cite_note-257) His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against [discrimination of LGBT people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBT_people \"Discrimination against LGBT people\").[\\[257\\]](#cite_note-258) Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for [transgender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender \"Transgender\") patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to [gender identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity \"Gender identity\") and sexual orientation.[\\[258\\]](#cite_note-259)\n\nTrump has said he is [opposed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States \"Gun politics in the United States\") to [gun control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control \"Gun control\"), although his views have shifted over time.[\\[259\\]](#cite_note-260) After several [mass shootings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States \"Mass shootings in the United States\") during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[\\[260\\]](#cite_note-261) His administration took an [anti-marijuana position](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration \"Cannabis policy of the Donald Trump administration\"), revoking [Obama-era policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum \"Cole Memorandum\") that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[\\[261\\]](#cite_note-262)\n\nTrump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[\\[262\\]](#cite_note-263)[\\[263\\]](#cite_note-264) Under his administration, the [federal government executed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_federal_government \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\") 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.[\\[264\\]](#cite_note-265) In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as [waterboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboarding \"Waterboarding\")[\\[265\\]](#cite_note-266)[\\[266\\]](#cite_note-267) but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary [James Mattis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mattis \"James Mattis\").[\\[267\\]](#cite_note-268)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Visits_St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_\\(49964153176\\).jpg)\n\nTrump and group of officials and advisors on the way from the White House to St. John's Church\n\nIn June 2020, during the [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests \"George Floyd protests\"), federal law-enforcement officials controversially used [less lethal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_lethal \"Less lethal\") weapons to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from [Lafayette Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C. \"Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.\"), outside the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House \"White House\").[\\[268\\]](#cite_note-wb-269)[\\[269\\]](#cite_note-bumpline-270) Trump then posed with a Bible for [a photo-op](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo-op_at_St._John%27s_Church \"Donald Trump photo-op at St. John's Church\") at the nearby [St. John's Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square \"St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square\"),[\\[268\\]](#cite_note-wb-269)[\\[270\\]](#cite_note-271)[\\[271\\]](#cite_note-272) with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[\\[272\\]](#cite_note-273) Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[\\[273\\]](#cite_note-274)\n\n### Pardons and commutations\n\nTrump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") and [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\").[\\[274\\]](#cite_note-275) Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's [Office of the Pardon Attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Pardon_Attorney \"Office of the Pardon Attorney\"); the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[\\[275\\]](#cite_note-road-276)[\\[276\\]](#cite_note-OloDaw-277) In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[\\[277\\]](#cite_note-278) Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[\\[275\\]](#cite_note-road-276) The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[\\[278\\]](#cite_note-279)\n\n### Immigration\n\nTrump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the campaign. He promised to build [a wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_wall \"Trump wall\") on the [Mexico–U.S. border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93U.S._border \"Mexico–U.S. border\") to restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[\\[279\\]](#cite_note-280) He pledged to deport millions of [illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States \"Illegal immigrant population of the United States\"),[\\[280\\]](#cite_note-281) and criticized [birthright citizenship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States \"Birthright citizenship in the United States\") for incentivizing \"[anchor babies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_babies \"Anchor babies\")\".[\\[281\\]](#cite_note-282) As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an \"invasion\" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang [MS-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-13 \"MS-13\").[\\[282\\]](#cite_note-283)\n\nTrump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[\\[283\\]](#cite_note-284)[\\[284\\]](#cite_note-285)\n\nFrom 2018 onward, Trump [deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot \"Operation Faithful Patriot\")[\\[285\\]](#cite_note-286) to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the [public charge rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_charge_rule \"Public charge rule\") to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.[\\[286\\]](#cite_note-287) Trump reduced the number of [refugees admitted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Refugee_Admissions_Program \"United States Refugee Admissions Program\") to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[\\[287\\]](#cite_note-288)[\\[288\\]](#cite_note-289) Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.[\\[289\\]](#cite_note-290)\n\n#### Travel ban\n\nFollowing the [2015 San Bernardino attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack \"2015 San Bernardino attack\"), Trump proposed to ban [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims \"Muslims\") foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[\\[290\\]](#cite_note-291) He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a \"proven history of terrorism\".[\\[291\\]](#cite_note-292)\n\nOn January 27, 2017, Trump signed [Executive Order 13769](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769 \"Executive Order 13769\"), which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.[\\[292\\]](#cite_note-frontline-293)[\\[293\\]](#cite_note-airport-294) [Protests began at airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 \"Protests against Executive Order 13769\") the next day,[\\[292\\]](#cite_note-frontline-293)[\\[293\\]](#cite_note-airport-294) and [legal challenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban \"Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban\") resulted in [nationwide preliminary injunctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_injunctions \"National injunctions\").[\\[294\\]](#cite_note-295) A March 6 [revised order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780 \"Executive Order 13780\"), which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[\\[295\\]](#cite_note-296)[\\[296\\]](#cite_note-297) In a [decision in June 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%27l_Refugee_Assistance_Project_v._Trump \"Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump\"), the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a \"credible claim of a _bona fide_ relationship with a person or entity in the United States\".[\\[297\\]](#cite_note-298)\n\nThe temporary order was replaced by [Presidential Proclamation 9645](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Proclamation_9645 \"Presidential Proclamation 9645\") on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[\\[298\\]](#cite_note-299) After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[\\[299\\]](#cite_note-300) and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.[\\[300\\]](#cite_note-301)\n\n#### Family separation at the border\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ursula_\\(detention_center\\)_1.png)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ursula_\\(detention_center\\)_2.jpg)\n\nThe Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[\\[301\\]](#cite_note-302)[\\[302\\]](#cite_note-Spagat-303) In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a \"[zero tolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy \"Trump administration family separation policy\")\" policy whereby adults suspected of [illegal entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_entry \"Illegal entry\") were to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[\\[303\\]](#cite_note-304)[\\[304\\]](#cite_note-305) The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[\\[305\\]](#cite_note-Domonoske-306)[\\[306\\]](#cite_note-307) Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[\\[307\\]](#cite_note-308)[\\[308\\]](#cite_note-309)[\\[309\\]](#cite_note-310)\n\nAlthough Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless \"there is a concern\" of a risk to the child.[\\[310\\]](#cite_note-311)[\\[311\\]](#cite_note-312) On June 26, 2018, Judge [Dana Sabraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Sabraw \"Dana Sabraw\") concluded that the Trump administration had \"no system in place to keep track of\" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[\\[312\\]](#cite_note-313) Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[\\[313\\]](#cite_note-314) After the order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the [ACLU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU \"ACLU\") contended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[\\[302\\]](#cite_note-Spagat-303)\n\n#### Trump wall and government shutdown\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg)\n\nTrump examines border wall prototypes in [Otay Mesa, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otay_Mesa,_California \"Otay Mesa, California\").\n\nOne of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[\\[314\\]](#cite_note-timm-315) By the end of his term, the U.S. had built \"40 miles \\[64 km\\] of new primary wall and 33 miles \\[53 km\\] of secondary wall\" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[\\[315\\]](#cite_note-316)\n\nIn 2018, Trump refused to sign any [appropriations bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriations_bill \"Appropriations bill\") from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,[\\[316\\]](#cite_note-317) resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the [longest U.S. government shutdown in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_funding_gaps \"List of United States federal funding gaps\").[\\[317\\]](#cite_note-Gambino-318)[\\[318\\]](#cite_note-319) Around 800,000 government employees were [furloughed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough \"Furlough\") or worked without pay.[\\[319\\]](#cite_note-320) Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.[\\[317\\]](#cite_note-Gambino-318) The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the [Congressional Budget Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office \"Congressional Budget Office\").[\\[320\\]](#cite_note-321) About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[\\[321\\]](#cite_note-322)\n\nTo prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[\\[322\\]](#cite_note-Wilkie-323) Trump also declared a [national emergency on the southern border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States \"National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States\"), intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[\\[322\\]](#cite_note-Wilkie-323) Trump [vetoed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States#In_federal_government \"Veto power in the United States\") a [joint resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_resolution \"Joint resolution\") to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a [veto override](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_override \"Veto override\").[\\[323\\]](#cite_note-324) Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the [Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\")'s drug interdiction efforts[\\[324\\]](#cite_note-325)[\\[325\\]](#cite_note-326) and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[\\[326\\]](#cite_note-327)[\\[327\\]](#cite_note-328) were unsuccessful.\n\n### Foreign policy\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:-G7Biarritz_\\(48616362963\\).jpg)\n\nTrump with the other [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven \"Group of Seven\") leaders at the [45th summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit \"45th G7 summit\") in France, 2019\n\nTrump described himself as a \"nationalist\"[\\[328\\]](#cite_note-329) and his foreign policy as \"[America First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_\\(policy\\) \"America First (policy)\")\".[\\[329\\]](#cite_note-Bennhold-330) He praised and supported [populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism \"Populism\"), [neo-nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-nationalism \"Neo-nationalism\"), and authoritarian governments.[\\[330\\]](#cite_note-331) Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency.[\\[329\\]](#cite_note-Bennhold-330)[\\[331\\]](#cite_note-332) Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[\\[332\\]](#cite_note-333) He criticized [NATO allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO \"Member states of NATO\") and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should [withdraw from NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_NATO#United_States \"Withdrawal from NATO\").[\\[333\\]](#cite_note-334)[\\[334\\]](#cite_note-335)\n\n#### Trade\n\nTrump withdrew the U.S. from the [Trans-Pacific Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership \"Trans-Pacific Partnership\") (TPP) negotiations,[\\[335\\]](#cite_note-336) imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[\\[336\\]](#cite_note-337) and launched a [trade war with China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war \"China–United States trade war\") by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[\\[337\\]](#cite_note-338) While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the [U.S. Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury \"U.S. Treasury\"), they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[\\[338\\]](#cite_note-339) Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large [trade deficits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficits \"Trade deficits\"), the trade deficit skyrocketed under Trump.[\\[339\\]](#cite_note-Palmer_2021-340) Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the [United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-Mexico-Canada_Agreement \"United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement\") (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[\\[340\\]](#cite_note-341)\n\n#### Russia\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_at_the_G20_\\(48144047611\\).jpg)\n\n[Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") and Trump shaking hands at the [G20 Osaka summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit \"2019 G20 Osaka summit\"), June 2019\n\nThe Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. against Russian entities after Russia's [2014 annexation of Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_annexation_of_Crimea \"2014 annexation of Crimea\").[\\[341\\]](#cite_note-342)[\\[342\\]](#cite_note-343) Trump withdrew the U.S. from the [Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty \"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty\"), citing alleged Russian non-compliance,[\\[343\\]](#cite_note-344) and supported a potential return of Russia to the [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7 \"G7\").[\\[344\\]](#cite_note-G8-345)\n\nTrump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\")[\\[345\\]](#cite_note-346)[\\[346\\]](#cite_note-347) but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[\\[347\\]](#cite_note-348)[\\[348\\]](#cite_note-349) After he met Putin at the [Helsinki Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit \"2018 Russia–United States summit\") in 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of [Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_presidential_election \"Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election\"), rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[\\[349\\]](#cite_note-350)[\\[350\\]](#cite_note-351)[\\[351\\]](#cite_note-352) Trump did not discuss alleged [Russian bounties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_bounty_program \"Russian bounty program\") offered to [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.[\\[352\\]](#cite_note-353)\n\n#### China\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_and_Xi_Jinping_meets_at_2018_G20_Summit.jpg)\n\nTrump and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") at the [G20 Buenos Aires summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit \"2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit\"), December 2018\n\nTrump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[\\[353\\]](#cite_note-354) He [launched a trade war against China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war \"China–United States trade war\") that was widely characterized as a failure,[\\[354\\]](#cite_note-355)[\\[355\\]](#cite_note-356)[\\[356\\]](#cite_note-357) sanctioned [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei \"Huawei\") for alleged ties to Iran,[\\[357\\]](#cite_note-358) significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[\\[358\\]](#cite_note-359) and classified China as a [currency manipulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_manipulator \"Currency manipulator\").[\\[359\\]](#cite_note-360) Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\"),[\\[360\\]](#cite_note-361) which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[\\[361\\]](#cite_note-362) After initially praising China for [its handling of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 \"Chinese government response to COVID-19\"),[\\[362\\]](#cite_note-363) he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.[\\[363\\]](#cite_note-364)\n\nTrump said he resisted punishing China for [its human rights abuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China \"Human rights in China\") against ethnic minorities in the [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang \"Xinjiang\") region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[\\[364\\]](#cite_note-365) In July 2020, [the Trump administration imposed sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions \"United States sanctions\") and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass [detention camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps \"Xinjiang re-education camps\") holding more than a million of the country's [Uyghur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs \"Uyghurs\") minority.[\\[365\\]](#cite_note-366)\n\n#### North Korea\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_and_Trump_shaking_hands_at_the_red_carpet_during_the_DPRK%E2%80%93USA_Singapore_Summit.jpg)\n\nTrump and North Korean leader [Kim Jong Un](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un \"Kim Jong Un\") at the [Singapore summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit \"2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit\"), June 2018\n\nIn 2017, when [North Korea's nuclear weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%27s_nuclear_weapons \"North Korea's nuclear weapons\") were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[\\[366\\]](#cite_note-367) Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with \"fire and fury like the world has never seen\".[\\[367\\]](#cite_note-Windrem-368)[\\[368\\]](#cite_note-369) In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's \"complete denuclearization\", and engaged in [name-calling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name-calling \"Name-calling\") with leader [Kim Jong Un](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un \"Kim Jong Un\").[\\[367\\]](#cite_note-Windrem-368)[\\[369\\]](#cite_note-370) After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[\\[370\\]](#cite_note-371)[\\[371\\]](#cite_note-372) In March 2019, Trump lifted some U.S. [sanctions against North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea \"Sanctions against North Korea\") against the advice of his Treasury Department.[\\[372\\]](#cite_note-373)\n\nTrump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times: [in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit \"2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit\") in 2018, [in Hanoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit \"2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit\") in 2019, and [in the Korean Demilitarized Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit \"2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit\") in 2019.[\\[373\\]](#cite_note-374) However, no [denuclearization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denuclearization \"Denuclearization\") agreement was reached,[\\[374\\]](#cite_note-375) and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[\\[375\\]](#cite_note-376) While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[\\[376\\]](#cite_note-377)[\\[377\\]](#cite_note-378)\n\n#### Afghanistan\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_the_Taliban_Delegation_\\(50333305012\\).jpg)\n\nU.S. Secretary of State [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo \"Mike Pompeo\") meeting with Taliban delegation in [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar \"Qatar\") in September 2020\n\nU.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[\\[378\\]](#cite_note-379) reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[\\[379\\]](#cite_note-380) In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a [peace agreement with the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal \"United States–Taliban deal\"), which called for the [withdrawal of foreign troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan \"2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan\") in 14 months \"contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies\" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") imprisoned by the Afghan government.[\\[380\\]](#cite_note-381)[\\[381\\]](#cite_note-382)[\\[382\\]](#cite_note-5,000-383) By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[\\[382\\]](#cite_note-5,000-383)\n\n#### Israel\n\nTrump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\").[\\[383\\]](#cite_note-384) Under Trump, the U.S. [recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel \"United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel\")[\\[384\\]](#cite_note-385) and [Israeli sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel \"United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel\") over the [Golan Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights \"Golan Heights\"),[\\[385\\]](#cite_note-386) leading to international condemnation including from the [UN General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\"), [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), and [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League \"Arab League\").[\\[386\\]](#cite_note-387)[\\[387\\]](#cite_note-388) In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of agreements, named [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords \"Abraham Accords\"), between Israel and the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") and [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain \"Bahrain\") to normalize their foreign relations.[\\[388\\]](#cite_note-389)\n\n#### Saudi Arabia\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi,_King_Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Melania_Trump,_and_Donald_Trump,_May_2017.jpg)\n\nTrump, King [Salman of Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Salman of Saudi Arabia\"), and Egyptian president [Abdel Fattah el-Sisi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi \"Abdel Fattah el-Sisi\") at the [2017 Riyadh summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit \"2017 Riyadh summit\") in Saudi Arabia\n\nTrump actively supported the [Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen \"Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen\") against the [Houthis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis \"Houthis\") and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\").[\\[389\\]](#cite_note-390) In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[\\[390\\]](#cite_note-391)[\\[391\\]](#cite_note-392) Following the [2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack \"Abqaiq–Khurais attack\"), which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two [Patriot batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot \"MIM-104 Patriot\"), and a [Terminal High Altitude Area Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense \"Terminal High Altitude Area Defense\") system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[\\[392\\]](#cite_note-393)\n\n#### Syria\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_President_Erdo%C4%9Fan_joint_statement_in_the_Roosevelt_Room,_May_16,_2017.jpg)\n\nTrump and Turkish president [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\") at the White House in May 2017\n\nTrump ordered [missile strikes in April 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike \"2017 Shayrat missile strike\") and [April 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria \"April 2018 missile strikes against Syria\") against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the [Khan Shaykhun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack \"Khan Shaykhun chemical attack\") and [Douma chemical attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack \"Douma chemical attack\"), respectively.[\\[393\\]](#cite_note-394)[\\[394\\]](#cite_note-395) In December 2018, Trump declared \"we have won against ISIS\", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[\\[395\\]](#cite_note-396)[\\[396\\]](#cite_note-397) The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump's decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s [Kurdish allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\") who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[\\[397\\]](#cite_note-398) In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\"), [U.S. troops in northern Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war \"US intervention in the Syrian civil war\") were withdrawn from the area and Turkey [invaded northern Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria \"2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria\"), attacking and [displacing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_displacement \"Forced displacement\") American-allied [Kurds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria \"Kurds in Syria\").[\\[398\\]](#cite_note-399) Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354–60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for \"abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe\".[\\[399\\]](#cite_note-400)[\\[400\\]](#cite_note-401)\n\n#### Iran\n\nIn May 2018, Trump [withdrew the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\") from the [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\"), the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions on [Iran's nuclear program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran \"Nuclear program of Iran\").[\\[401\\]](#cite_note-AP180508-402)[\\[402\\]](#cite_note-403) In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to use a section of the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.[\\[403\\]](#cite_note-404) Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[\\[404\\]](#cite_note-close-405)\n\nOn January 1, 2020, Trump ordered [a U.S. airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani \"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani\") that killed Iranian general [Qasem Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani \"Qasem Soleimani\"), who had planned nearly every significant Iranian and [Iranian-backed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_\\(2014%E2%80%93present\\) \"Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)\") operation over the preceding two decades.[\\[405\\]](#cite_note-406)[\\[406\\]](#cite_note-407) One week later, Iran retaliated with [ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani \"Operation Martyr Soleimani\") in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially denied [Purple Hearts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart \"Purple Heart\") and the benefits accorded to its recipients.[\\[407\\]](#cite_note-408)[\\[404\\]](#cite_note-close-405)\n\n### Personnel\n\nThe Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[\\[408\\]](#cite_note-409) As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[\\[409\\]](#cite_note-410) and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[\\[410\\]](#cite_note-411) Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[\\[411\\]](#cite_note-Keith-412) Notable early departures included National Security Advisor [Michael Flynn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Flynn \"Michael Flynn\") (after just 25 days), and Press Secretary [Sean Spicer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Spicer \"Sean Spicer\").[\\[411\\]](#cite_note-Keith-412) Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, [Hope Hicks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Hicks \"Hope Hicks\"), [John McEntee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEntee_\\(political_aide\\) \"John McEntee (political aide)\"), and [Keith Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Schiller \"Keith Schiller\") quit or were forced out.[\\[412\\]](#cite_note-Brookings-413) Some later returned in different posts.[\\[413\\]](#cite_note-414) Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[\\[414\\]](#cite_note-415)\n\nTrump had four [White House chiefs of staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_chiefs_of_staff \"White House chiefs of staff\"), marginalizing or pushing out several.[\\[415\\]](#cite_note-Keither-416) [Reince Priebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reince_Priebus \"Reince Priebus\") was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general [John F. Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kelly \"John F. Kelly\").[\\[416\\]](#cite_note-417) Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[\\[417\\]](#cite_note-418) Kelly was succeeded by [Mick Mulvaney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney \"Mick Mulvaney\") as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by [Mark Meadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows \"Mark Meadows\").[\\[415\\]](#cite_note-Keither-416)\n\nOn May 9, 2017, Trump [dismissed FBI director James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey \"Dismissal of James Comey\"). While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about [Hillary Clinton's emails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy#October_2016_%E2%80%93_Additional_investigation \"Hillary Clinton email controversy\"), Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[\\[418\\]](#cite_note-419) At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[\\[419\\]](#cite_note-cloud-420) In March and April, Trump asked Comey to \"lift the cloud impairing his ability to act\" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[\\[419\\]](#cite_note-cloud-420)[\\[420\\]](#cite_note-421)\n\nTrump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[\\[421\\]](#cite_note-538_Cabinet-422) Health and Human Services secretary [Tom Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Price_\\(American_politician\\) \"Tom Price (American politician)\") was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[\\[421\\]](#cite_note-538_Cabinet-422)[\\[412\\]](#cite_note-Brookings-413) Environmental Protection Agency administrator [Scott Pruitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruitt \"Scott Pruitt\") resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior [Ryan Zinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Zinke \"Ryan Zinke\") in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[\\[422\\]](#cite_note-423)[\\[423\\]](#cite_note-424)\n\nTrump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[\\[424\\]](#cite_note-425) By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[\\[425\\]](#cite_note-426)\n\n### Judiciary\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Nominates_Judge_Amy_Coney_Barrett_for_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court_\\(50397882607\\).jpg)\n\nTrump and his third Supreme Court nominee, [Amy Coney Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett \"Amy Coney Barrett\")\n\nTrump appointed 226 [Article III judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge \"United States federal judge\"), including 54 to the [courts of appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals \"United States courts of appeals\") and [three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates \"Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates\") to the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\"): [Neil Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch \"Neil Gorsuch\"), [Brett Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh \"Brett Kavanaugh\"), and [Amy Coney Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett \"Amy Coney Barrett\").[\\[426\\]](#cite_note-427) His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[\\[427\\]](#cite_note-428)[\\[428\\]](#cite_note-429)[\\[429\\]](#cite_note-430) In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that _Roe v. Wade_ would be overturned \"automatically\" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when _Roe_ was overturned in _[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization \"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\")_; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[\\[430\\]](#cite_note-431)[\\[431\\]](#cite_note-432)[\\[432\\]](#cite_note-433)\n\nTrump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the [judicial independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence \"Judicial independence\") and public confidence in the judiciary.[\\[433\\]](#cite_note-434)[\\[434\\]](#cite_note-435)[\\[435\\]](#cite_note-436)\n\n### COVID-19 pandemic\n\n#### Initial response\n\nThe first confirmed case of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[\\[436\\]](#cite_note-437) The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by [Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"United States Secretary of Health and Human Services\") [Alex Azar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar \"Alex Azar\") on January 31, 2020.[\\[437\\]](#cite_note-438) Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[\\[438\\]](#cite_note-439)[\\[439\\]](#cite_note-NYT_4_11_20-440) Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[\\[440\\]](#cite_note-441) In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than [influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza \"Influenza\"), was \"very much under control\", and would soon be over.[\\[441\\]](#cite_note-442) On March 19, 2020, Trump privately told [Bob Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodward \"Bob Woodward\") that he was deliberately \"playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic\".[\\[442\\]](#cite_note-443)[\\[443\\]](#cite_note-444)\n\nBy mid-March, most global financial markets had [severely contracted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash \"2020 stock market crash\") in response to the pandemic.[\\[444\\]](#cite_note-445) On March 6, Trump signed the [Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Preparedness_and_Response_Supplemental_Appropriations_Act \"Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act\"), which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[\\[445\\]](#cite_note-446) On March 11, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic \"Pandemic\"),[\\[446\\]](#cite_note-WHOpandemic2-447) and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[\\[447\\]](#cite_note-448) That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak \"horrible\" but \"a temporary moment\" and saying there was no financial crisis.[\\[448\\]](#cite_note-449) On March 13, he declared a [national emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency \"State of emergency\"), freeing up federal resources.[\\[449\\]](#cite_note-450) Trump claimed that \"anybody that wants a test can get a test\", despite test availability being severely limited.[\\[450\\]](#cite_note-451)\n\nOn April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[\\[451\\]](#cite_note-452) In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[\\[452\\]](#cite_note-453)\n\n#### White House Coronavirus Task Force\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_House_Press_Briefing_\\(49666120807\\).jpg)\n\nTrump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") on March 15, 2020.\n\nTrump established the [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") on January 29, 2020.[\\[453\\]](#cite_note-454) Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[\\[454\\]](#cite_note-Karni-455) sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[\\[455\\]](#cite_note-456) Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[\\[454\\]](#cite_note-Karni-455)[\\[456\\]](#cite_note-457) On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[\\[457\\]](#cite_note-458) His repeated use of \"Chinese virus\" and \"China virus\" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[\\[458\\]](#cite_note-459)[\\[459\\]](#cite_note-460)[\\[460\\]](#cite_note-461)\n\nBy early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[\\[461\\]](#cite_note-462) The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[\\[462\\]](#cite_note-463) the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[\\[463\\]](#cite_note-464)[\\[464\\]](#cite_note-465)\n\nIn early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would \"indefinitely\" continue.[\\[465\\]](#cite_note-466) By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[\\[466\\]](#cite_note-467)\n\n#### World Health Organization\n\nPrior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468) His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468) In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of \"severely mismanaging\" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468)[\\[468\\]](#cite_note-CNN_WHO-469)[\\[469\\]](#cite_note-BBC_WHO-470) and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468) These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[\\[467\\]](#cite_note-Politico_WHO-468)[\\[470\\]](#cite_note-471)[\\[471\\]](#cite_note-472) In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.[\\[468\\]](#cite_note-CNN_WHO-469)[\\[469\\]](#cite_note-BBC_WHO-470) The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as \"short-sighted\", \"senseless\", and \"dangerous\".[\\[468\\]](#cite_note-CNN_WHO-469)[\\[469\\]](#cite_note-BBC_WHO-470)\n\n#### Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures\n\nIn April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized [anti-lockdown protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_in_the_United_States_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests in the United States over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[\\[472\\]](#cite_note-473)[\\[473\\]](#cite_note-474) Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[\\[474\\]](#cite_note-475) even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.[\\[475\\]](#cite_note-476) In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\\(U.S._state\\) \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") Governor [Brian Kemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kemp \"Brian Kemp\")'s plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[\\[476\\]](#cite_note-477) Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[\\[477\\]](#cite_note-478) Trump often refused to [mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") at public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[\\[478\\]](#cite_note-99days-479) and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[\\[479\\]](#cite_note-WAPost_Mask-480) By June, Trump had said masks were a \"double-edged sword\"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[\\[479\\]](#cite_note-WAPost_Mask-480) Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[\\[478\\]](#cite_note-99days-479)[\\[479\\]](#cite_note-WAPost_Mask-480)\n\nIn June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases \"makes us look bad\".[\\[480\\]](#cite_note-481)[\\[481\\]](#cite_note-482) The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be \"quickly identified and tested\" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[\\[482\\]](#cite_note-483)[\\[483\\]](#cite_note-484) In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, \"do not necessarily need a test\". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[\\[484\\]](#cite_note-CNN-testing-pressure-485)[\\[485\\]](#cite_note-Gumbrecht-486) The day after this [political interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies \"Trump administration political interference with science agencies\") was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[\\[485\\]](#cite_note-Gumbrecht-486)\n\nDespite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are \"totally harmless\".[\\[486\\]](#cite_note-487)[\\[487\\]](#cite_note-488) He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[\\[488\\]](#cite_note-489)\n\n#### Political pressure on health agencies\n\nTrump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[\\[484\\]](#cite_note-CNN-testing-pressure-485) such as approving unproven treatments[\\[489\\]](#cite_note-490)[\\[490\\]](#cite_note-pressed-491) or speeding up vaccine approvals.[\\[490\\]](#cite_note-pressed-491) Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[\\[491\\]](#cite_note-492)[\\[492\\]](#cite_note-493) Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a \"[deep state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_state \"Deep state\")\" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[\\[493\\]](#cite_note-494)\n\n#### Outbreak at the White House\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Boards_Marine_One_\\(50436803733\\).jpg)\n\nTrump boards [Marine One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_One \"Marine One\") for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020\n\nOn October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\"), part of a White House outbreak.[\\[494\\]](#cite_note-495) Later that day [Trump was hospitalized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_COVID-19_infection \"Donald Trump's COVID-19 infection\") at [Walter Reed National Military Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center \"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center\"), reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[\\[495\\]](#cite_note-downplay-496)[\\[496\\]](#cite_note-sicker-497) During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[\\[495\\]](#cite_note-downplay-496) In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[\\[496\\]](#cite_note-sicker-497)\n\n#### Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign\n\nBy July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[\\[497\\]](#cite_note-Election_NBCNews-498) Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[\\[498\\]](#cite_note-499) Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[\\[497\\]](#cite_note-Election_NBCNews-498) and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an [Ipsos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos \"Ipsos\")/[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\") poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[\\[499\\]](#cite_note-500) In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was \"rounding the turn\" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[\\[500\\]](#cite_note-501) A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[\\[501\\]](#cite_note-502)\n\n### Investigations\n\nAfter he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his [private businesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization \"The Trump Organization\"), personal taxes, and [charitable foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation \"Donald J. Trump Foundation\").[\\[502\\]](#cite_note-503) There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[\\[503\\]](#cite_note-504)\n\nIn April 2019, the [House Oversight Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Oversight_Committee \"House Oversight Committee\") issued [subpoenas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena \"Subpoena\") seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and [Capital One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One \"Capital One\"), and his accounting firm, [Mazars USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazars_USA \"Mazars USA\"). Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair [Elijah Cummings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Cummings \"Elijah Cummings\") to prevent the disclosures.[\\[504\\]](#cite_note-505) In May, [DC District Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia \"United States District Court for the District of Columbia\") judge [Amit Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Mehta \"Amit Mehta\") ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[\\[505\\]](#cite_note-506) and judge [Edgardo Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Ramos \"Edgardo Ramos\") of the [Southern District Court of New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York \"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\") ruled that the banks must also comply.[\\[506\\]](#cite_note-507)[\\[507\\]](#cite_note-508) Trump's attorneys appealed.[\\[508\\]](#cite_note-509) In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[\\[509\\]](#cite_note-510)\n\n#### Russian election interference\n\nIn January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA \"CIA\"), the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI \"FBI\"), and the [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA \"NSA\"), represented by the [Director of National Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence \"Director of National Intelligence\")—jointly stated with \"[high confidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_confidence#Levels_of_analytic_confidence_in_national_security_reports \"Analytic confidence\")\" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[\\[510\\]](#cite_note-511)[\\[511\\]](#cite_note-512) In March 2017, FBI Director [James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Comey \"James Comey\") told Congress, \"\\[T\\]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts.\"[\\[512\\]](#cite_note-513)\n\nMany suspicious[\\[513\\]](#cite_note-514) [links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials_and_spies \"Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies\") were discovered and the relationships between Russians and \"team Trump\", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[\\[514\\]](#cite_note-515)[\\[515\\]](#cite_note-516)[\\[516\\]](#cite_note-517)[\\[517\\]](#cite_note-518) Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[\\[518\\]](#cite_note-519)[\\[519\\]](#cite_note-520) On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador [Sergey Kislyak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Kislyak \"Sergey Kislyak\") about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[\\[520\\]](#cite_note-521) Trump told Kislyak and [Sergei Lavrov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov \"Sergei Lavrov\") in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[\\[521\\]](#cite_note-522)\n\nTrump and his allies promoted [a conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal \"Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal\") that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to [frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameup \"Frameup\") Ukraine.[\\[522\\]](#cite_note-523)\n\n#### FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations\n\nIn July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed [Crossfire Hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_\\(FBI_investigation\\) \"Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)\"), into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[\\[523\\]](#cite_note-524) After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and [business dealings with Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia \"Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia\").[\\[524\\]](#cite_note-525) Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[\\[525\\]](#cite_note-526) but Deputy Attorney General [Rod Rosenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein \"Rod Rosenstein\") ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the [Robert Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mueller \"Robert Mueller\")'s special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[\\[526\\]](#cite_note-never-527)[\\[527\\]](#cite_note-528)\n\n#### Mueller investigation\n\nIn May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller [special counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_counsel \"Special counsel\") for the [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") (DOJ), ordering him to \"examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign\". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters \"in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference\".[\\[526\\]](#cite_note-never-527) The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's [dismissal of James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey \"Dismissal of James Comey\") as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[\\[528\\]](#cite_note-529) and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar \"Qatar\"), Israel, and China.[\\[529\\]](#cite_note-530) Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[\\[530\\]](#cite_note-531)\n\nIn March 2019, Mueller gave [his final report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_report \"Mueller report\") to Attorney General [William Barr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barr \"William Barr\"),[\\[531\\]](#cite_note-532) which Barr purported to summarize [in a letter to Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_letter \"Barr letter\"). A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[\\[532\\]](#cite_note-533)[\\[533\\]](#cite_note-534)[\\[534\\]](#cite_note-535) Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[\\[535\\]](#cite_note-536)\n\nA redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[\\[536\\]](#cite_note-537) Despite \"numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign\", the report found that the prevailing evidence \"did not establish\" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[\\[537\\]](#cite_note-538)[\\[538\\]](#cite_note-takeaways-539) The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[\\[538\\]](#cite_note-takeaways-539) and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[\\[539\\]](#cite_note-540)[\\[540\\]](#cite_note-541)[\\[541\\]](#cite_note-542)[\\[542\\]](#cite_note-543)\n\nThe report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but \"did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct\".[\\[543\\]](#cite_note-544)[\\[544\\]](#cite_note-545) Investigators decided they could not \"apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes\" as an [Office of Legal Counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel \"Office of Legal Counsel\") opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[\\[545\\]](#cite_note-LM-546) and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[\\[546\\]](#cite_note-547) The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, \"may apply the obstruction laws\".[\\[545\\]](#cite_note-LM-546) The House of Representatives subsequently launched an [impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump \"Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump\") following the [Trump–Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal \"Trump–Ukraine scandal\"), but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[\\[547\\]](#cite_note-548)[\\[548\\]](#cite_note-549)\n\nSeveral Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort[\\[549\\]](#cite_note-550) and Flynn.[\\[550\\]](#cite_note-551)[\\[551\\]](#cite_note-552) Trump's former attorney [Michael Cohen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cohen_\\(lawyer\\) \"Michael Cohen (lawyer)\") pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build [a Trump Tower in Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_Moscow \"Trump Tower Moscow\"). Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[\\[552\\]](#cite_note-553) In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone \"was prosecuted for covering up for the president\".[\\[553\\]](#cite_note-554)\n\n### First impeachment\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_Votes_to_Adopt_the_Articles_of_Impeachment_Against_Donald_Trump.jpg)\n\nMembers of House of Representatives vote on two [articles of impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment \"Articles of impeachment\") ([H.Res. 755](https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/755)), December 18, 2019\n\nIn August 2019, a [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_protection_in_the_United_States \"Whistleblower protection in the United States\") filed a complaint with the [Inspector General of the Intelligence Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Intelligence_Community \"Inspector General of the Intelligence Community\") about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine [Volodymyr Zelenskyy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy \"Volodymyr Zelenskyy\"), during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son [Hunter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden \"Hunter Biden\").[\\[554\\]](#cite_note-undermine-555) The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney [Rudy Giuliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani \"Rudy Giuliani\") that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[\\[555\\]](#cite_note-abuse-556)\n\nHouse Speaker [Nancy Pelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi \"Nancy Pelosi\") initiated [a formal impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump \"Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump\") on September 24.[\\[556\\]](#cite_note-557) Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[\\[557\\]](#cite_note-558)[\\[558\\]](#cite_note-559) On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[\\[554\\]](#cite_note-undermine-555)[\\[559\\]](#cite_note-560) The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[\\[560\\]](#cite_note-561) In October, [William B. Taylor Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Taylor_Jr. \"William B. Taylor Jr.\"), the [chargé d'affaires for Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Ukraine \"List of ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine\"), testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[\\[561\\]](#cite_note-562) He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[\\[562\\]](#cite_note-563)\n\nOn December 13, the [House Judiciary Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee \"House Judiciary Committee\") voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for [abuse of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_power \"Abuse of power\") and one for [obstruction of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_Congress \"Obstruction of Congress\").[\\[563\\]](#cite_note-564) After debate, the House of Representatives [impeached](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States \"Impeachment in the United States\") Trump on both articles on December 18.[\\[564\\]](#cite_note-565)\n\n#### Impeachment trial in the Senate\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_\\(49498772251\\).jpg)\n\nTrump displaying the headline \"Trump acquitted\"\n\nDuring the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[\\[565\\]](#cite_note-566)\n\nTrump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[\\[566\\]](#cite_note-brazen-567) They argued that the impeachment was \"constitutionally and legally invalid\" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[\\[566\\]](#cite_note-brazen-567)\n\nOn January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[\\[567\\]](#cite_note-568) The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[\\[568\\]](#cite_note-569)\n\nTrump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[\\[569\\]](#cite_note-570) Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[\\[570\\]](#cite_note-571)\n\n### 2020 presidential campaign\n\nBreaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[\\[571\\]](#cite_note-572) He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[\\[572\\]](#cite_note-573) and officially became the [Republican nominee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries \"2020 Republican Party presidential primaries\") in August 2020.[\\[573\\]](#cite_note-574)\n\nIn his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[\\[574\\]](#cite_note-575) By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[\\[575\\]](#cite_note-576) The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[\\[576\\]](#cite_note-577)\n\nTrump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[\\[577\\]](#cite_note-578) Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[\\[578\\]](#cite_note-579)[\\[579\\]](#cite_note-580) and shifted to appeals to racism.[\\[580\\]](#cite_note-581)\n\n### 2020 presidential election\n\nStarting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[\\[581\\]](#cite_note-582)[\\[582\\]](#cite_note-583) When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[\\[583\\]](#cite_note-584) He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a [peaceful transition of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power \"Peaceful transition of power\").[\\[584\\]](#cite_note-585)[\\[585\\]](#cite_note-586)\n\nBiden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[\\[586\\]](#cite_note-vote1-587)[\\[587\\]](#cite_note-vote2-588) and 306 [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College \"United States Electoral College\") votes to Trump's 232.[\\[588\\]](#cite_note-formalize-589)\n\n#### False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition\n\nAt 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[\\[589\\]](#cite_note-590) After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that \"this election is far from over\" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[\\[590\\]](#cite_note-591) Trump and his allies filed many [legal challenges to the results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election\"), which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the [state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_\\(United_States\\) \"State court (United States)\") and [federal courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_courts \"United States federal courts\"), including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[\\[591\\]](#cite_note-592)[\\[592\\]](#cite_note-593) Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.[\\[593\\]](#cite_note-594) After [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity_and_Infrastructure_Security_Agency \"Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency\") director [Chris Krebs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Krebs \"Chris Krebs\") contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[\\[594\\]](#cite_note-BBC_election-595) On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear [a case from the Texas attorney general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania \"Texas v. Pennsylvania\") that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[\\[595\\]](#cite_note-596)\n\nTrump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[\\[596\\]](#cite_note-597) He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in [Biden's presidential transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden \"Presidential transition of Joe Biden\").[\\[597\\]](#cite_note-598)[\\[598\\]](#cite_note-599) After three weeks, the administrator of the [General Services Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration \"General Services Administration\") declared Biden the \"apparent winner\" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[\\[599\\]](#cite_note-600) Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[\\[600\\]](#cite_note-601)[\\[601\\]](#cite_note-602)\n\nThe Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[\\[588\\]](#cite_note-formalize-589) From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to [overturn the results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"), personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[\\[602\\]](#cite_note-603) Republican state and federal legislators,[\\[603\\]](#cite_note-pressure-604) the Justice Department,[\\[604\\]](#cite_note-605) and Vice President Pence,[\\[605\\]](#cite_note-606) urging various actions such as [replacing presidential electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot \"Trump fake electors plot\"), or a request for Georgia officials to \"find\" votes and announce a \"recalculated\" result.[\\[603\\]](#cite_note-pressure-604) On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[\\[606\\]](#cite_note-607)\n\nTrump did not attend Biden's inauguration.[\\[607\\]](#cite_note-608)\n\n#### Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action\n\nIn December 2020, _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_ reported [the Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared [martial law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law \"Martial law\"). The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[\\[608\\]](#cite_note-609)\n\nWhen Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [Mark Milley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Milley \"Mark Milley\") and CIA director [Gina Haspel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Haspel \"Gina Haspel\") became concerned about the threat of a possible [coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-coup \"Self-coup\") attempt or military action against China or Iran.[\\[609\\]](#cite_note-610)[\\[610\\]](#cite_note-611) Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director [Paul Nakasone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nakasone \"Paul Nakasone\") to monitor developments closely.[\\[611\\]](#cite_note-612)[\\[612\\]](#cite_note-613)\n\n#### January 6 Capitol attack\n\nOn January 6, 2021, while [congressional certification of the presidential election results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count \"2021 United States Electoral College vote count\") was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at [the Ellipse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellipse \"The Ellipse\"), Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to \"take back our country\" by marching to the Capitol to \"fight like hell\".[\\[613\\]](#cite_note-614)[\\[614\\]](#cite_note-615) Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[\\[615\\]](#cite_note-616) During the violence, Trump posted messages on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6 p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should \"go home with love & in peace\", calling them \"great patriots\" and repeating that the election was stolen.[\\[616\\]](#cite_note-617) After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.[\\[617\\]](#cite_note-618) According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[\\[618\\]](#cite_note-619)[\\[619\\]](#cite_note-620)\n\nIn March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a [song to benefit the prisoners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_for_All_\\(song\\) \"Justice for All (song)\"), and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.[\\[620\\]](#cite_note-621)\n\n#### Second impeachment\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelosi_Signing_Second_Trump_Impeachment.png)\n\nSpeaker of the House [Nancy Pelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi \"Nancy Pelosi\") signing the second impeachment of Trump\n\nOn January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with [incitement of insurrection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitement_of_insurrection \"Incitement of insurrection\") against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[\\[621\\]](#cite_note-622) The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[\\[622\\]](#cite_note-SecondImpeachment-623) Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[\\[623\\]](#cite_note-624)\n\nOn February 13, following a [five-day Senate trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump\"), Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[\\[624\\]](#cite_note-625)[\\[625\\]](#cite_note-626) Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[\\[626\\]](#cite_note-627)\n\n## Post-presidency (2021–present)\n\nAt the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club and established an office as provided for by the [Former Presidents Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act \"Former Presidents Act\").[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-moved-60)[\\[627\\]](#cite_note-628)[\\[628\\]](#cite_note-629) Trump is [entitled to live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago#Use_as_a_Trump_residence \"Mar-a-Lago\") there legally as a club employee.[\\[629\\]](#cite_note-630)[\\[630\\]](#cite_note-631)\n\n[Trump's false claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie#Donald_Trump's_false_claims_of_a_stolen_election \"Big lie\") concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the \"[big lie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie \"Big lie\")\" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[\\[631\\]](#cite_note-632)[\\[632\\]](#cite_note-key-633) The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the [imposition of new voting restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election \"Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election\") in its favor.[\\[632\\]](#cite_note-key-633)[\\[633\\]](#cite_note-634) As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[\\[634\\]](#cite_note-635)\n\nUnlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern [party boss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_boss \"Party boss\"). He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the [2022 midterm elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections \"2022 United States elections\") he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, [most of whom supported](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections#Democracy \"2022 United States elections\") his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[\\[635\\]](#cite_note-636)[\\[636\\]](#cite_note-637)[\\[637\\]](#cite_note-lat-638)\n\n### Business activities\n\nIn February 2021, Trump registered a new company, [Trump Media & Technology Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group \"Trump Media & Technology Group\") (TMTG), for providing \"social networking services\" to U.S. customers.[\\[638\\]](#cite_note-639)[\\[639\\]](#cite_note-640) In March 2024, TMTG merged with [special-purpose acquisition company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company \"Special-purpose acquisition company\") [Digital World Acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_World_Acquisition_Corp. \"Digital World Acquisition Corp.\") and became a [public company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company \"Public company\").[\\[640\\]](#cite_note-641) In February 2022, TMTG launched [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social \"Truth Social\"), a social media platform.[\\[641\\]](#cite_note-642) As of March 2023, Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[\\[642\\]](#cite_note-643)[\\[643\\]](#cite_note-644)\n\n### Investigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits\n\nTrump is [the only U.S. president or former president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_firsts \"List of United States presidential firsts\") to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[\\[644\\]](#cite_note-645) He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[\\[645\\]](#cite_note-646)[\\[646\\]](#cite_note-647)\n\n#### FBI investigations\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classified_intelligence_material_found_during_search_of_Mar-a-Lago.jpg)\n\nClassified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago\n\nWhen Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the [National Archives and Records Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration \"National Archives and Records Administration\") (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[\\[647\\]](#cite_note-cnn-tl-648) The Justice Department began an investigation[\\[648\\]](#cite_note-649) and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[\\[647\\]](#cite_note-cnn-tl-648) Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,[\\[647\\]](#cite_note-cnn-tl-648) one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[\\[649\\]](#cite_note-650)\n\nOn August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the [Presidential Records Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Records_Act \"Presidential Records Act\"),[\\[650\\]](#cite_note-bddj0812-651)[\\[651\\]](#cite_note-NYT-20220812-652) reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[\\[652\\]](#cite_note-nuclear-653) The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[\\[653\\]](#cite_note-654) The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as \"top secret\" and one as \"top secret/SCI\", the highest level of classification.[\\[650\\]](#cite_note-bddj0812-651)[\\[651\\]](#cite_note-NYT-20220812-652)\n\nOn November 18, 2022, U.S. attorney general [Merrick Garland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland \"Merrick Garland\") appointed federal prosecutor [Jack Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Smith_\\(lawyer\\) \"Jack Smith (lawyer)\") as a [special counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_counsel \"Special counsel\") to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and [examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election \"United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election\").[\\[654\\]](#cite_note-655)[\\[655\\]](#cite_note-656)\n\n#### Criminal referral by the House January 6 Committee\n\nOn December 19, 2022, the [United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack \"United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack\") recommended criminal charges against Trump for [obstructing an official proceeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructing_an_official_proceeding \"Obstructing an official proceeding\"), conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[\\[656\\]](#cite_note-657)\n\n#### Federal and state criminal indictments\n\nIn June 2023, following a [special counsel investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation \"Smith special counsel investigation\"), a [federal grand jury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_grand_jury \"Federal grand jury\") in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of \"willfully retaining national defense information\" under the [Espionage Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act \"Espionage Act\"), one count of [making false statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_false_statements \"Making false statements\"), and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[\\[657\\]](#cite_note-658) He pleaded not guilty.[\\[658\\]](#cite_note-659) A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[\\[659\\]](#cite_note-660) The judge assigned to the case, [Aileen Cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileen_Cannon \"Aileen Cannon\"), was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a [past civil case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_\\(2022\\) \"Trump v. United States (2022)\"), some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[\\[660\\]](#cite_note-661) She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.[\\[661\\]](#cite_note-662) On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[\\[662\\]](#cite_note-663)\n\nOn August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to [defraud the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_against_the_United_States \"Conspiracy against the United States\"), obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and [deprive voters of the civil right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_against_rights \"Conspiracy against rights\") to have their votes counted, and [obstructing an official proceeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructing_an_official_proceeding \"Obstructing an official proceeding\").[\\[663\\]](#cite_note-664) Trump pleaded not guilty.[\\[664\\]](#cite_note-665)\n\nIn August 2023, a [Fulton County, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia \"Fulton County, Georgia\"), grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[\\[665\\]](#cite_note-666)[\\[666\\]](#cite_note-667) Trump surrendered, [was processed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump \"Mug shot of Donald Trump\") at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[\\[667\\]](#cite_note-668) He pleaded not guilty.[\\[668\\]](#cite_note-669) On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.[\\[669\\]](#cite_note-670)\n\nIn July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years.[\\[670\\]](#cite_note-671) In January 2023, the organization's chief financial officer, [Allen Weisselberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Weisselberg \"Allen Weisselberg\"), was sentenced to five months in jail and five years of probation for tax fraud after a plea deal.[\\[671\\]](#cite_note-672) In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on all counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with the scheme.[\\[672\\]](#cite_note-673)[\\[673\\]](#cite_note-Chadha-674) In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million.[\\[673\\]](#cite_note-Chadha-674) Trump was not personally charged in that case.[\\[673\\]](#cite_note-Chadha-674)\n\n#### Criminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case\n\nDuring the 2016 presidential election campaign, [American Media, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Media,_Inc. \"American Media, Inc.\") (AMI), publisher of the _[National Enquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Enquirer \"National Enquirer\")_,[\\[674\\]](#cite_note-675) and a company set up by Cohen paid _[Playboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")_ model [Karen McDougal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_McDougal \"Karen McDougal\") and adult film actress [Stormy Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels \"Stormy Daniels\") for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[\\[675\\]](#cite_note-676) Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.[\\[676\\]](#cite_note-677) Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[\\[677\\]](#cite_note-678)[\\[678\\]](#cite_note-679) Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[\\[679\\]](#cite_note-680) Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[\\[680\\]](#cite_note-681)[\\[681\\]](#cite_note-682) Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[\\[682\\]](#cite_note-683) but in 2021, the [New York State Attorney General's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York \"Attorney General of New York\") and [Manhattan District Attorney's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney \"New York County District Attorney\") opened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.[\\[683\\]](#cite_note-684) The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[\\[684\\]](#cite_note-685) and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[\\[685\\]](#cite_note-686)\n\nIn March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of [falsifying business records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifying_business_records \"Falsifying business records\") to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[\\[686\\]](#cite_note-687)[\\[687\\]](#cite_note-688)[\\[688\\]](#cite_note-689) The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.[\\[689\\]](#cite_note-690) Sentencing is set for September 18, 2024.[\\[690\\]](#cite_note-691)\n\n#### Civil judgments against Trump\n\nIn September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[\\[691\\]](#cite_note-692) During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[\\[692\\]](#cite_note-693) In an August 2022 [deposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_\\(law\\) \"Deposition (law)\"), Trump invoked his [Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incrimination_clause \"Self-incrimination clause\") more than 400 times.[\\[693\\]](#cite_note-694) The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[\\[694\\]](#cite_note-695) In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any \"restructuring and potential dissolution\" would be the decision of the monitor.[\\[695\\]](#cite_note-696)\n\nIn May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist [E. Jean Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll \"E. Jean Carroll\") in 2022 (\"Carroll II\") found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[\\[696\\]](#cite_note-697) Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,[\\[697\\]](#cite_note-bid-698)[\\[698\\]](#cite_note-699) writing that Carroll's accusation of \"rape\" is \"substantially true\".[\\[699\\]](#cite_note-Reiss_Gregorian_8/7/2023-700) Trump appealed both decisions.[\\[697\\]](#cite_note-bid-698)[\\[700\\]](#cite_note-701) In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 (\"Carroll I\") ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[\\[701\\]](#cite_note-702)\n\n### 2024 presidential campaign\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_rally_SNHU_Arena_downtown_Manchester_NH_January_2024_09.jpg)\n\nTrump rally in New Hampshire, January 2024\n\nOn November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election \"2024 United States presidential election\") and set up a fundraising account.[\\[702\\]](#cite_note-703)[\\[703\\]](#cite_note-704) In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's [leadership PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee#Leadership_PACs \"Political action committee\"). Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[\\[704\\]](#cite_note-705)[\\[705\\]](#cite_note-706)\n\nIn December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court [restored his name to the ballot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson \"Trump v. Anderson\") in a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforce [Section 3 of the 14th Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:_Disqualification_from_office_for_insurrection_or_rebellion \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"), which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.[\\[706\\]](#cite_note-707)\n\nDuring the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[\\[708\\]](#cite_note-709)[\\[709\\]](#cite_note-710)[\\[710\\]](#cite_note-711) He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,[\\[711\\]](#cite_note-712)[\\[712\\]](#cite_note-713) and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[\\[713\\]](#cite_note-714)[\\[714\\]](#cite_note-715)[\\[715\\]](#cite_note-716)[\\[716\\]](#cite_note-717)\n\nOn July 13, 2024, Trump was cut on the ear by gunfire [in an assassination attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump \"Attempted assassination of Donald Trump\") at a campaign rally in [Butler Township, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania \"Butler Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania\").[\\[717\\]](#cite_note-718)[\\[718\\]](#cite_note-719) The campaign declined to disclose medical or hospital records.[\\[719\\]](#cite_note-720)\n\nTwo days later, the [2024 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention \"2024 Republican National Convention\") nominated Trump as their presidential candidate, with U.S. senator [JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance \"JD Vance\") as his running mate.[\\[720\\]](#cite_note-721)\n\n## Public image\n\n### Scholarly assessment and public approval surveys\n\nIn the [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") \"Presidential Historians Survey 2021\",[\\[721\\]](#cite_note-722) historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[\\[722\\]](#cite_note-723)[\\[723\\]](#cite_note-724) The [Siena College Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute \"Siena College Research Institute\")'s 2022 survey [ranked Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#2022_Siena_College \"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\") 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[\\[724\\]](#cite_note-scri_22-725) In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the [American Political Science Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association \"American Political Science Association\") ranked Trump the worst president in American history.[\\[725\\]](#cite_note-726)[\\[726\\]](#cite_note-727)\n\nTrump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[\\[727\\]](#cite_note-Jones-728) Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[\\[728\\]](#cite_note-729) Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[\\[727\\]](#cite_note-Jones-728)[\\[729\\]](#cite_note-730)\n\nIn [Gallup's annual poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll \"Gallup's most admired man and woman poll\") asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[\\[730\\]](#cite_note-731)[\\[731\\]](#cite_note-732) Since [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\") started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[\\[732\\]](#cite_note-733)\n\nA Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[\\[733\\]](#cite_note-734) approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the [George W. Bush presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush \"Presidency of George W. Bush\").[\\[734\\]](#cite_note-735) By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation [Pew Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research \"Pew Research\") poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than Russia's [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") and China's [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\").[\\[735\\]](#cite_note-736)\n\n### False or misleading statements\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png)\n\n[Fact-checkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checkers \"Fact-checkers\") from _The Washington Post_,[\\[736\\]](#cite_note-database-737) the _Toronto Star_,[\\[737\\]](#cite_note-738) and CNN[\\[738\\]](#cite_note-739) compiled data on \"false or misleading claims\" (orange background), and \"false claims\" (violet foreground), respectively.\n\nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[\\[739\\]](#cite_note-finnegan-740)[\\[154\\]](#cite_note-whoppers-155) to an extent unprecedented in [American politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politics \"American politics\").[\\[739\\]](#cite_note-finnegan-740)[\\[740\\]](#cite_note-glasser-741)[\\[741\\]](#cite_note-Konnikova-742) His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[\\[740\\]](#cite_note-glasser-741)\n\nTrump's false and misleading statements were documented by [fact-checkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checker \"Fact-checker\"), including at _The Washington Post_, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[\\[736\\]](#cite_note-database-737) Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.[\\[742\\]](#cite_note-TermUntruth-743)\n\nSome of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the \"[biggest inaugural crowd ever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump#Crowd_size \"Inauguration of Donald Trump\")\".[\\[743\\]](#cite_note-744)[\\[744\\]](#cite_note-745) Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[\\[745\\]](#cite_note-746)[\\[746\\]](#cite_note-747) causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and [panic-buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic-buying \"Panic-buying\") in Africa and South Asia.[\\[747\\]](#cite_note-748)[\\[748\\]](#cite_note-749) Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in [England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales \"England and Wales\") to the \"spread of radical Islamic terror\", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[\\[749\\]](#cite_note-750) Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[\\[750\\]](#cite_note-751)\n\nUntil 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[\\[751\\]](#cite_note-752)[\\[752\\]](#cite_note-DBauder-753)[\\[753\\]](#cite_note-754)\n\nIn 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[\\[754\\]](#cite_note-USAT-Disinfo-755)[\\[755\\]](#cite_note-756) His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[\\[756\\]](#cite_note-757)[\\[757\\]](#cite_note-758) while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[\\[439\\]](#cite_note-NYT_4_11_20-440)[\\[754\\]](#cite_note-USAT-Disinfo-755)\n\n### Promotion of conspiracy theories\n\nBefore and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including [Obama birtherism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories#Donald_Trump \"Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories\"), the [Clinton body count conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory \"Clinton body count conspiracy theory\"), the conspiracy theory movement [QAnon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon \"QAnon\"), the [Global warming hoax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_conspiracy_theory \"Global warming conspiracy theory\") theory, [Trump Tower wiretapping allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations \"Trump Tower wiretapping allegations\"), a [John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories \"John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories\") involving [Rafael Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Cruz \"Rafael Cruz\"), alleged foul-play in the death of Justice [Antonin Scalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia \"Antonin Scalia\"), [alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal \"Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal\"), that [Osama bin Laden was alive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories \"Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories\") and Obama and Biden had members of [Navy SEAL Team 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_SEAL_Team_6 \"Navy SEAL Team 6\") killed,[\\[758\\]](#cite_note-759)[\\[759\\]](#cite_note-760)[\\[760\\]](#cite_note-Haberman2016-761)[\\[761\\]](#cite_note-762)[\\[762\\]](#cite_note-763) and linking talk show host [Joe Scarborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Scarborough \"Joe Scarborough\") to the death of a staffer.[\\[763\\]](#cite_note-764) In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[\\[760\\]](#cite_note-Haberman2016-761)\n\nDuring and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[\\[764\\]](#cite_note-765) voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and \"finding\" suitcases full of Biden votes.[\\[765\\]](#cite_note-766)[\\[766\\]](#cite_note-767)\n\n### Incitement of violence\n\nResearch suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[\\[767\\]](#cite_note-768)[\\[768\\]](#cite_note-769) During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[\\[769\\]](#cite_note-770)[\\[770\\]](#cite_note-771) Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[\\[771\\]](#cite_note-772)[\\[772\\]](#cite_note-773) A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[\\[773\\]](#cite_note-774)\n\nTrump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.[\\[774\\]](#cite_note-775) Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[\\[775\\]](#cite_note-gone-776) In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[\\[776\\]](#cite_note-777)\n\nAfter years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[\\[777\\]](#cite_note-778) In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms \"totally silence\" conservatives and that he would \"strongly regulate, or close them down\".[\\[778\\]](#cite_note-779) In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"), [Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\"), Twitter and other platforms.[\\[779\\]](#cite_note-780) The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[\\[780\\]](#cite_note-781)[\\[781\\]](#cite_note-782) and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[\\[782\\]](#cite_note-783) Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[\\[783\\]](#cite_note-784) In February 2022, he launched social media platform [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social \"Truth Social\") where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[\\[784\\]](#cite_note-785) [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk \"Elon Musk\"), after [acquiring Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk \"Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk\"), reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[\\[785\\]](#cite_note-786)[\\[786\\]](#cite_note-787) [Meta Platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\")' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,[\\[787\\]](#cite_note-788) although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an \"[enemy of the people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people \"Enemy of the people\").\"[\\[788\\]](#cite_note-789)\n\n### Relationship with the press\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump%27s_First_100_Days-_45_\\(33573172373\\).jpg)\n\nTrump talking to the press, March 2017\n\nTrump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a \"love-hate\" relationship with the press.[\\[789\\]](#cite_note-790) In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[\\[151\\]](#cite_note-Cillizza-160614-152) _The New York Times_ writer [Amy Chozick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Chozick \"Amy Chozick\") wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created \"must-see TV.\"[\\[790\\]](#cite_note-791)\n\nAs a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the \"fake news media\" and \"the [enemy of the people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people \"Enemy of the people\")\".[\\[791\\]](#cite_note-792)[\\[792\\]](#cite_note-793) In 2018, journalist [Lesley Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Stahl \"Lesley Stahl\") recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media \"so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you\".[\\[793\\]](#cite_note-794)\n\nAs president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[\\[794\\]](#cite_note-795) His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[\\[795\\]](#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-796) The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[\\[795\\]](#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-796)\n\nTrump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[\\[796\\]](#cite_note-Atlantic_Press-797) In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued _The New York Times_, _The Washington Post_, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[\\[797\\]](#cite_note-798)[\\[798\\]](#cite_note-799) All the suits were dismissed.[\\[799\\]](#cite_note-800)[\\[800\\]](#cite_note-801)[\\[801\\]](#cite_note-802)\n\n### Racial views\n\nMany of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[\\[802\\]](#cite_note-803)[\\[803\\]](#cite_note-804)[\\[804\\]](#cite_note-805) In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[\\[805\\]](#cite_note-806)[\\[806\\]](#cite_note-807) Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[\\[807\\]](#cite_note-808)[\\[808\\]](#cite_note-809) Racist and [Islamophobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobic \"Islamophobic\") attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[\\[809\\]](#cite_note-810)\n\nIn 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged [housing discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_discrimination \"Housing discrimination\") against black renters.[\\[50\\]](#cite_note-Mahler-51) He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 [Central Park jogger case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_jogger_case \"Central Park jogger case\"), even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[\\[810\\]](#cite_note-811)\n\nIn 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist [\"birther\" conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories \"Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories\"), alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[\\[811\\]](#cite_note-812)[\\[812\\]](#cite_note-813) In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the \"long-form\" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him \"very popular\".[\\[813\\]](#cite_note-814)[\\[814\\]](#cite_note-815) In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[\\[815\\]](#cite_note-816) In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[\\[816\\]](#cite_note-817)\n\nAccording to an analysis in _[Political Science Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly \"Political Science Quarterly\")_, Trump made \"explicitly racist appeals to whites\" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[\\[817\\]](#cite_note-818) In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were \"bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists\".[\\[818\\]](#cite_note-819)[\\[819\\]](#cite_note-820) His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding [Trump University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_University \"Trump University\") were also criticized as racist.[\\[820\\]](#cite_note-821)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Gives_a_Statement_on_the_Infrastructure_Discussion.webm \"Play video\")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Gives_a_Statement_on_the_Infrastructure_Discussion.webm)\n\nAnswering questions about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville\n\nTrump's comments on the 2017 [Unite the Right rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally \"Unite the Right rally\"), condemning \"this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides\" and stating that there were \"very fine people on both sides\", were widely criticized as implying a [moral equivalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_equivalence \"Moral equivalence\") between the [white supremacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist \"White supremacist\") demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[\\[821\\]](#cite_note-822)[\\[822\\]](#cite_note-823)[\\[823\\]](#cite_note-824)[\\[824\\]](#cite_note-KruzelCharlottesville-825)\n\nIn a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as \"shithole countries\".[\\[825\\]](#cite_note-826) His remarks were condemned as racist.[\\[826\\]](#cite_note-Weaver-2018-827)[\\[827\\]](#cite_note-828)\n\nIn July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should \"[go back](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_back_where_you_came_from \"Go back where you came from\")\" to the countries they \"came from\".[\\[828\\]](#cite_note-829) Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his \"racist comments\".[\\[829\\]](#cite_note-830) [White nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalist \"White nationalist\") publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[\\[830\\]](#cite_note-831) Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[\\[831\\]](#cite_note-832)\n\n### Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct\n\nTrump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[\\[832\\]](#cite_note-clock-833)[\\[833\\]](#cite_note-demeans-834) He has made lewd comments about women[\\[834\\]](#cite_note-835)[\\[835\\]](#cite_note-836) and has disparaged women's physical appearances and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[\\[833\\]](#cite_note-demeans-834)[\\[836\\]](#cite_note-mysTC-837)[\\[837\\]](#cite_note-838) At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[\\[838\\]](#cite_note-839)[\\[839\\]](#cite_note-840)[\\[840\\]](#cite_note-no26-841) Trump has denied the allegations.[\\[840\\]](#cite_note-no26-841)\n\nIn October 2016, two days before the [second presidential debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates#Second_presidential_debate_\\(Washington_University_in_St._Louis\\) \"2016 United States presidential debates\"), a 2005 \"[hot mic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_mic \"Hot mic\")\" recording surfaced in which [Trump was heard bragging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape \"Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape\") about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that \"when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the [pussy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy#Female_genitalia \"Pussy\").\"[\\[841\\]](#cite_note-842) The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[\\[842\\]](#cite_note-843) and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[\\[843\\]](#cite_note-844)\n\n### Popular culture\n\nTrump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of [hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[\\[844\\]](#cite_note-845)\n\n## Honors and awards\n\nDonald Trump has been granted thiry-six awards and accolades, both domestic [\\[845\\]](#cite_note-846) and international.[\\[846\\]](#cite_note-847) Three honorary degrees were later revoked,[\\[847\\]](#cite_note-848)[\\[848\\]](#cite_note-849)[\\[849\\]](#cite_note-850) and a public square named after him was renamed.[\\[850\\]](#cite_note-851)\n\n## Notes\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-electoral-college_1-0 \"Jump up\")** Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College \"United States Electoral College\"). Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") and (in most states) all electors vote for the winner of their state's popular vote.\n\n## References\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-2 \"Jump up\")** [\"Certificate of Birth\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168). _[Department of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene \"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene\") – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics_. Archived from [the original](https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168) on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018 – via [ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\").\n2. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA33_33]_3-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [33](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33).\n3. **[^](#cite_ref-4 \"Jump up\")** Schwartzman, Paul; Miller, Michael E. (June 22, 2016). [\"Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lot like candidate Donald Trump\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/young-donald-trump-military-school/2016/06/22/f0b3b164-317c-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2024.\n4. **[^](#cite_ref-5 \"Jump up\")** Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). [\"Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2018.\n5. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BarronNYT_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BarronNYT_6-1) [Barron, James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barron_\\(journalist\\) \"James Barron (journalist)\") (September 5, 2016). [\"Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/nyregion/donald-trump-marble-collegiate-church-norman-vincent-peale.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 13, 2016.\n6. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-inactive_7-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-inactive_7-1) [Scott, Eugene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Scott_\\(journalist\\) \"Eugene Scott (journalist)\") (August 28, 2015). [\"Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'\"](https://cnn.com/2015/08/28/politics/donald-trump-church-member/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n7. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA38_38]_8-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [38](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38).\n8. **[^](#cite_ref-9 \"Jump up\")** [\"Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees\"](https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/commencement-program-1968.pdf) (PDF). _[University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\")_. May 20, 1968. pp. 19–21. Retrieved March 31, 2023.\n9. **[^](#cite_ref-10 \"Jump up\")** Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). [\"Even in college, Donald Trump was brash\"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/08/28/donald-trump-was-bombastic-even-wharton-business-school/3FO0j1uS5X6S8156yH3YhL/story.html). _[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_. Retrieved May 28, 2018.\n10. **[^](#cite_ref-11 \"Jump up\")** Ashford, Grace (February 27, 2019). [\"Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/us/politics/trump-school-grades.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 9, 2019.\n11. **[^](#cite_ref-12 \"Jump up\")** Montopoli, Brian (April 29, 2011). [\"Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved July 17, 2015.\n12. **[^](#cite_ref-13 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger\"](https://www.archives.gov/foia/donald-trump-selective-service-draft-card.html). _[National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration \"National Archives and Records Administration\")_. March 14, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019. – via [Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_\\(United_States\\) \"Freedom of Information Act (United States)\")\n13. **[^](#cite_ref-14 \"Jump up\")** [Whitlock, Craig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Whitlock \"Craig Whitlock\") (July 21, 2015). [\"Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-linger-about-trumps-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-war/2015/07/21/257677bc-2fdd-11e5-8353-1215475949f4_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 2, 2017.\n14. **[^](#cite_ref-15 \"Jump up\")** Eder, Steve; [Philipps, Dave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Philipps \"David Philipps\") (August 1, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2016.\n15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2015300_16-0 \"Jump up\")** [Blair 2015](#CITEREFBlair2015), p. 300.\n16. **[^](#cite_ref-17 \"Jump up\")** Baron, James (December 12, 1990). [\"Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 5, 2023.\n17. **[^](#cite_ref-18 \"Jump up\")** Hafner, Josh (July 19, 2016). [\"Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump\"](https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/07/19/who-is-tiffany-trump/87321708/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2022.\n18. **[^](#cite_ref-19 \"Jump up\")** [Brown, Tina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Brown \"Tina Brown\") (January 27, 2005). [\"Donald Trump, Settling Down\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40186-2005Jan26.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2017.\n19. **[^](#cite_ref-20 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump Fast Facts\"](https://cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. July 2, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n20. **[^](#cite_ref-WaPo.March.18.17_21-0 \"Jump up\")** Schwartzman, Paul (January 21, 2016). [\"How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n21. **[^](#cite_ref-22 \"Jump up\")** [Peters, Jeremy W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_W._Peters \"Jeremy W. Peters\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (October 31, 2019). [\"Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/paula-white-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n22. **[^](#cite_ref-23 \"Jump up\")** Jenkins, Jack; Mwaura, Maina (October 23, 2020). [\"Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'\"](https://religionnews.com/2020/10/23/exclusive-trump-confirmed-a-presbyterian-now-identifies-as-non-denominational-christian/). _[Religion News Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_News_Service \"Religion News Service\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n23. **[^](#cite_ref-24 \"Jump up\")** Nagourney, Adam (October 30, 2020). [\"In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/trump-biden-alcohol.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n24. **[^](#cite_ref-25 \"Jump up\")** Parker, Ashley; Rucker, Philip (October 2, 2018). [\"Kavanaugh likes beer — but Trump is a teetotaler: 'He doesn't like drinkers.'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaugh-likes-beer--but-trump-is-a-teetotaler-he-doesnt-like-drinkers/2018/10/02/783f585c-c674-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n25. **[^](#cite_ref-26 \"Jump up\")** Dangerfield, Katie (January 17, 2018). [\"Donald Trump sleeps 4-5 hours each night; he's not the only famous 'short sleeper'\"](https://globalnews.ca/news/3970379/donald-trump-sleep-hours-night/). _[Global News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News \"Global News\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n26. **[^](#cite_ref-27 \"Jump up\")** Almond, Douglas; Du, Xinming (December 2020). [\"Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance\"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518119). _[Economics Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_Letters \"Economics Letters\")_. **197**. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2020.109590). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0165-1765](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-1765). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [7518119](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518119). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [33012904](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012904).\n27. **[^](#cite_ref-28 \"Jump up\")** Ballengee, Ryan (July 14, 2018). [\"Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry\"](https://thegolfnewsnet.com/golfnewsnetteam/2018/07/14/donald-trump-exercise-golf-cart-turnberry-110166/). _Golf News Net_. Retrieved July 4, 2019.\n28. **[^](#cite_ref-29 \"Jump up\")** Rettner, Rachael (May 14, 2017). [\"Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-thinks-that-exercising-too-much-uses-up-the-bodys-finite-energy/2017/05/12/bb0b9bda-365d-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n29. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991133_30-0 \"Jump up\")** [O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991](#CITEREFO'DonnellRutherford1991), p. 133.\n30. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-dictation_31-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-dictation_31-1) Marquardt, Alex; Crook, Lawrence III (May 1, 2018). [\"Exclusive: Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter\"](https://cnn.com/2018/05/01/politics/harold-bornstein-trump-letter/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved May 20, 2018.\n31. **[^](#cite_ref-32 \"Jump up\")** Schecter, Anna (May 1, 2018). [\"Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-doc-says-trump-bodyguard-lawyer-raided-his-office-took-n870351). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 6, 2019.\n32. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-inflation-US_33-3) 1634–1699: [McCusker, J. J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker \"John J. McCusker\") (1997). [_How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda_](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf) (PDF). [American Antiquarian Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society \"American Antiquarian Society\"). 1700–1799: [McCusker, J. J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker \"John J. McCusker\") (1992). [_How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States_](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf) (PDF). [American Antiquarian Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society \"American Antiquarian Society\"). 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. [\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\"](https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-). Retrieved February 29, 2024.\n33. **[^](#cite_ref-34 \"Jump up\")** [O'Brien, Timothy L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_L._O%27Brien \"Timothy L. O'Brien\") (October 23, 2005). [\"What's He Really Worth?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 25, 2016.\n34. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-disclosure_35-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-disclosure_35-1) Diamond, Jeremy; Frates, Chris (July 22, 2015). [\"Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released\"](https://cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/donald-trump-personal-financial-disclosure/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n35. **[^](#cite_ref-36 \"Jump up\")** Walsh, John (October 3, 2018). [\"Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-forbes-wealthiest-people-in-the-us-list-2018-10). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n36. **[^](#cite_ref-37 \"Jump up\")** [\"Profile Donald Trump\"](https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.\n37. **[^](#cite_ref-38 \"Jump up\")** Greenberg, Jonathan (April 20, 2018). [\"Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n38. **[^](#cite_ref-39 \"Jump up\")** Stump, Scott (October 26, 2015). [\"Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved November 13, 2016.\n39. **[^](#cite_ref-40 \"Jump up\")** [Barstow, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barstow \"David Barstow\"); [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\"); Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). [\"11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-wealth-fred-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2018.\n40. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Tax_Schemes_41-3) [Barstow, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barstow \"David Barstow\"); [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\"); Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). [\"Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2018.\n41. **[^](#cite_ref-42 \"Jump up\")** [\"From the Tower to the White House\"](https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white). _[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")_. February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.\n42. **[^](#cite_ref-43 \"Jump up\")** Swanson, Ana (February 29, 2016). [\"The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n43. **[^](#cite_ref-44 \"Jump up\")** Alexander, Dan; Peterson-Whithorn, Chase (October 2, 2018). [\"How Trump Is Trying—And Failing—To Get Rich Off His Presidency\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2018/10/02/how-trump-is-tryingand-failingto-get-rich-off-his-presidency/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n44. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Buettner-190508_45-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Buettner-190508_45-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Buettner-190508_45-2) Buettner, Russ; [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\") (May 7, 2019). [\"Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/07/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2019.\n45. **[^](#cite_ref-46 \"Jump up\")** [Friedersdorf, Conor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf \"Conor Friedersdorf\") (May 8, 2019). [\"The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/trump-taxes/588967/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2019.\n46. **[^](#cite_ref-47 \"Jump up\")** Buettner, Russ; [Craig, Susanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Craig \"Susanne Craig\"); McIntire, Mike (September 27, 2020). [\"Long-concealed Records Show Trump's Chronic Losses And Years Of Tax Avoidance\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/27/us/donald-trump-taxes.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 28, 2020.\n47. **[^](#cite_ref-48 \"Jump up\")** Alexander, Dan (October 7, 2021). [\"Trump's Debt Now Totals An Estimated $1.3 Billion\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2021/10/07/trumps-debt-now-totals-an-estimated-13-billion/?sh=67fa55564575). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n48. **[^](#cite_ref-49 \"Jump up\")** Alexander, Dan (October 16, 2020). [\"Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2020/10/16/donald-trump-has-at-least-1-billion-in-debt-more-than-twice-the-amount-he-suggested/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved October 17, 2020.\n49. **[^](#cite_ref-50 \"Jump up\")** Handy, Bruce (April 1, 2019). [\"Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved July 28, 2024.\n50. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Mahler_51-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Mahler_51-1) Mahler, Jonathan; Eder, Steve (August 27, 2016). [\"'No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/28/us/politics/donald-trump-housing-race.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n51. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Rich_NYMag_52-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Rich_NYMag_52-1) [Rich, Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rich \"Frank Rich\") (April 30, 2018). [\"The Original Donald Trump\"](https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html). _[New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\\(magazine\\) \"New York (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n52. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduJifCgAAQBAJpgPA250_250]_53-0 \"Jump up\")** [Blair 2015](#CITEREFBlair2015), p. [250](https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250).\n53. **[^](#cite_ref-54 \"Jump up\")** Qiu, Linda (June 21, 2016). [\"Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times\"](https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n54. **[^](#cite_ref-55 \"Jump up\")** Nevius, James (April 3, 2019). [\"The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project\"](https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel). _[Curbed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curbed \"Curbed\")_.\n55. **[^](#cite_ref-56 \"Jump up\")** [Kessler, Glenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Kessler_\\(journalist\\) \"Glenn Kessler (journalist)\") (March 3, 2016). [\"Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n56. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA84_84]_57-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [84](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84).\n57. **[^](#cite_ref-58 \"Jump up\")** [Geist, William E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Geist \"Bill Geist\") (April 8, 1984). [\"The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n58. **[^](#cite_ref-59 \"Jump up\")** Jacobs, Shayna; Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan; Dawsey, Josh (September 3, 2021). [\"Trump Tower's key tenants have fallen behind on rent and moved out. But Trump has one reliable customer: His own PAC\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-tower-pac-rent-campaign-finance/2021/09/02/dfeae19e-0b2f-11ec-9781-07796ffb56fe_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 15, 2022.\n59. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-moved_60-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-moved_60-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-moved_60-2) [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (October 31, 2019). [\"Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 24, 2020.\n60. **[^](#cite_ref-61 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump Revises Plaza Loan\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. November 4, 1992. Retrieved May 23, 2023.\n61. **[^](#cite_ref-62 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"). December 12, 1992. Retrieved May 24, 2023.\n62. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-plaza_63-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-plaza_63-1) [Segal, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Segal_\\(reporter\\) \"David Segal (reporter)\") (January 16, 2016). [\"What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 3, 2022.\n63. **[^](#cite_ref-64 \"Jump up\")** [Stout, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stout \"David Stout\"); Gilpin, Kenneth N. (April 12, 1995). [\"Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 18, 2019.\n64. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLqf0CwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]_65-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [298](https://books.google.com/books?id=Lqf0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298).\n65. **[^](#cite_ref-66 \"Jump up\")** Bagli, Charles V. (June 1, 2005). [\"Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/01/nyregion/trump-group-selling-west-side-parcel-for-18-billion.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 17, 2016.\n66. **[^](#cite_ref-67 \"Jump up\")** Buettner, Russ; Kiel, Paul (May 11, 2024). [\"Trump May Owe $100 Million From Double-Dip Tax Breaks, Audit Shows\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/11/us/trump-taxes-audit-chicago.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2024.\n67. **[^](#cite_ref-68 \"Jump up\")** Kiel, Paul; Buettner, Russ (May 11, 2024). [\"IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million\"](https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2024.\n68. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-fall_69-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-fall_69-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-fall_69-2) McQuade, Dan (August 16, 2015). [\"The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire\"](https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/). _[Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_\\(magazine\\) \"Philadelphia (magazine)\")_. Retrieved March 21, 2016.\n69. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA128_128]_70-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [128](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128).\n70. **[^](#cite_ref-71 \"Jump up\")** Saxon, Wolfgang (April 28, 1986). [\"Trump Buys Hilton's Hotel in Atlantic City\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/28/nyregion/trump-buys-hilton-s-hotel-in-atlantic-city.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n71. **[^](#cite_ref-72 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's Castle and Plaza file for bankruptcy\"](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/09/Trumps-Castle-and-Plaza-file-for-bankruptcy/3105700117200/). _[United Press International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International \"United Press International\")_. March 9, 1992. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n72. **[^](#cite_ref-73 \"Jump up\")** Glynn, Lenny (April 8, 1990). [\"Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2016.\n73. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA135_135]_74-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [135](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135).\n74. **[^](#cite_ref-75 \"Jump up\")** [\"Company News; Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. October 5, 1991. Retrieved May 22, 2008.\n75. **[^](#cite_ref-76 \"Jump up\")** O'Connor, Claire (May 29, 2011). [\"Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2022.\n76. **[^](#cite_ref-77 \"Jump up\")** [Norris, Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Norris \"Floyd Norris\") (June 7, 1995). [\"Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/07/business/trump-plaza-casino-stock-trades-today-on-big-board.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 14, 2014.\n77. **[^](#cite_ref-78 \"Jump up\")** Tully, Shawn (March 10, 2016). [\"How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure\"](https://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/). _[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\\(magazine\\) \"Fortune (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 6, 2018.\n78. **[^](#cite_ref-79 \"Jump up\")** Peterson-Withorn, Chase (April 23, 2018). [\"Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved July 4, 2018.\n79. **[^](#cite_ref-80 \"Jump up\")** Dangremond, Sam; Kim, Leena (December 22, 2017). [\"A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle\"](https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/home-decor/a7144/mar-a-lago-history/). _[Town & Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_%26_Country_\\(magazine\\) \"Town & Country (magazine)\")_. Retrieved July 3, 2018.\n80. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-CNN_81-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CNN_81-1) Garcia, Ahiza (December 29, 2016). [\"Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know\"](https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/). _[CNN Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money \"CNN Money\")_. Retrieved January 21, 2018.\n81. **[^](#cite_ref-82 \"Jump up\")** [\"Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump\"](https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/take-a-look-at-the-golf-courses-owned-by-donald-trump/). _[Golfweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfweek \"Golfweek\")_. July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.\n82. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-neckties_83-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-neckties_83-1) Anthony, Zane; Sanders, Kathryn; [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (April 13, 2018). [\"Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whatever-happened-to-trump-ties-theyre-over-so-is-most-of-trumps-merchandising-empire/2018/04/13/2c32378a-369c-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n83. **[^](#cite_ref-84 \"Jump up\")** Martin, Jonathan (June 29, 2016). [\"Trump Institute Offered Get-Rich Schemes With Plagiarized Lessons\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/us/politics/donald-trump-institute-plagiarism.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n84. **[^](#cite_ref-85 \"Jump up\")** Williams, Aaron; Narayanswamy, Anu (January 25, 2017). [\"How Trump has made millions by selling his name\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/trump-worldwide-licensing/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 12, 2017.\n85. **[^](#cite_ref-86 \"Jump up\")** [Markazi, Arash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash_Markazi \"Arash Markazi\") (July 14, 2015). [\"5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL\"](https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience). _[ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n86. **[^](#cite_ref-87 \"Jump up\")** Morris, David Z. (September 24, 2017). [\"Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed\"](https://fortune.com/2017/09/24/donald-trump-nfl-usfl/). _[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\\(magazine\\) \"Fortune (magazine)\")_. Retrieved June 22, 2018.\n87. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991137–143_88-0 \"Jump up\")** [O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991](#CITEREFO'DonnellRutherford1991), p. 137–143.\n88. **[^](#cite_ref-89 \"Jump up\")** Hogan, Kevin (April 10, 2016). [\"The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved April 12, 2016.\n89. **[^](#cite_ref-90 \"Jump up\")** Mattingly, Phil; Jorgensen, Sarah (August 23, 2016). [\"The Gordon Gekko era: Donald Trump's lucrative and controversial time as an activist investor\"](https://cnn.com/2016/08/22/politics/donald-trump-activist-investor/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n90. **[^](#cite_ref-TA_91-0 \"Jump up\")** Peterson, Barbara (April 13, 2017). [\"The Crash of Trump Air\"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-crash-of-trump-air). _[The Daily Beast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast \"The Daily Beast\")_. Retrieved May 17, 2023.\n91. **[^](#cite_ref-92 \"Jump up\")** [\"10 Donald Trump Business Failures\"](https://time.com/4343030/donald-trump-failures/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. October 11, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2023.\n92. **[^](#cite_ref-93 \"Jump up\")** Blair, Gwenda (October 7, 2018). [\"Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/07/trump-new-york-times-tax-evasion-221082). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2020.\n93. **[^](#cite_ref-pageantsaleWME_94-0 \"Jump up\")** Koblin, John (September 14, 2015). [\"Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 9, 2016.\n94. **[^](#cite_ref-95 \"Jump up\")** Nededog, Jethro (September 14, 2015). [\"Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization after buying it 3 days ago\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved May 6, 2016.\n95. **[^](#cite_ref-96 \"Jump up\")** [Rutenberg, Jim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rutenberg \"Jim Rutenberg\") (June 22, 2002). [\"Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2016.\n96. **[^](#cite_ref-97 \"Jump up\")** [de Moraes, Lisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_de_Moraes \"Lisa de Moraes\") (June 22, 2002). [\"There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2016.\n97. **[^](#cite_ref-98 \"Jump up\")** [Zara, Christopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Zara \"Christopher Zara\") (October 26, 2016). [\"Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think\"](https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think). _[Fast Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_\\(magazine\\) \"Fast Company (magazine)\")_. Retrieved June 16, 2018.\n98. **[^](#cite_ref-99 \"Jump up\")** Puente, Maria (June 29, 2015). [\"NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/06/29/nbc-dumps-trump/29471971/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved July 28, 2015.\n99. **[^](#cite_ref-100 \"Jump up\")** [Cohan, William D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Cohan \"William D. Cohan\") (December 3, 2013). [\"Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?\"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal). _[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\\(magazine\\) \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")_. Retrieved March 6, 2016.\n100. **[^](#cite_ref-101 \"Jump up\")** [Barbaro, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barbaro \"Michael Barbaro\") (May 19, 2011). [\"New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n101. **[^](#cite_ref-102 \"Jump up\")** Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (February 27, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 27, 2016.\n102. **[^](#cite_ref-103 \"Jump up\")** McCoy, Kevin (August 26, 2013). [\"Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n103. **[^](#cite_ref-104 \"Jump up\")** [Barbaro, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barbaro \"Michael Barbaro\"); Eder, Steve (May 31, 2016). [\"Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/us/politics/donald-trump-university.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 24, 2018.\n104. **[^](#cite_ref-105 \"Jump up\")** Montanaro, Domenico (June 1, 2016). [\"Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents\"](https://www.npr.org/2016/06/01/480279246/hard-sell-the-potential-political-consequences-of-the-trump-university-documents). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2016.\n105. **[^](#cite_ref-106 \"Jump up\")** Eder, Steve (November 18, 2016). [\"Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/trump-university.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 18, 2016.\n106. **[^](#cite_ref-107 \"Jump up\")** Tigas, Mike; Wei, Sisi (May 9, 2013). [\"Nonprofit Explorer\"](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved September 9, 2016.\n107. **[^](#cite_ref-108 \"Jump up\")** [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (September 1, 2016). [\"Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n108. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-retool_109-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-retool_109-1) [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (September 10, 2016). [\"How Donald Trump retooled his charity to spend other people's money\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-donald-trump-retooled-his-charity-to-spend-other-peoples-money/2016/09/10/da8cce64-75df-11e6-8149-b8d05321db62_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2024.\n109. **[^](#cite_ref-110 \"Jump up\")** Pallotta, Frank (August 18, 2022). [\"Investigation into Vince McMahon's hush money payments reportedly turns up Trump charity donations\"](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/18/media/vince-mcmahon-donald-trump-payments/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2024.\n110. **[^](#cite_ref-111 \"Jump up\")** Solnik, Claude (September 15, 2016). [\"Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns\"](https://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/). _[Long Island Business News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Business_News \"Long Island Business News\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n111. **[^](#cite_ref-112 \"Jump up\")** [Cillizza, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cillizza \"Chris Cillizza\"); [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (September 15, 2016). [\"Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 26, 2021.\n112. **[^](#cite_ref-113 \"Jump up\")** [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\") (October 3, 2016). [\"Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 17, 2023.\n113. **[^](#cite_ref-114 \"Jump up\")** [Jacobs, Ben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jacobs_\\(journalist\\) \"Ben Jacobs (journalist)\") (December 24, 2016). [\"Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved December 25, 2016.\n114. **[^](#cite_ref-115 \"Jump up\")** Thomsen, Jacqueline (June 14, 2018). [\"Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation\"](https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/392392-five-things-to-know-about-the-lawsuit-against-the-trump-foundation). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved June 15, 2018.\n115. **[^](#cite_ref-116 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane (December 18, 2018). [\"Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/nyregion/ny-ag-underwood-trump-foundation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 9, 2019.\n116. **[^](#cite_ref-117 \"Jump up\")** Katersky, Aaron (November 7, 2019). [\"President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-foundation-ordered-pay-2m-collection-nonprofits-part/story?id=66827235). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2019.\n117. **[^](#cite_ref-118 \"Jump up\")** [\"Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50338231). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. November 8, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2020.\n118. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Mahler2016Cohn_119-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Mahler2016Cohn_119-1) Mahler, Jonathan; Flegenheimer, Matt (June 20, 2016). [\"What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 26, 2020.\n119. **[^](#cite_ref-120 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish \"Michael Kranish\"); O'Harrow, Robert Jr. (January 23, 2016). [\"Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 7, 2021.\n120. **[^](#cite_ref-121 \"Jump up\")** [Dunlap, David W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Dunlap \"David W. Dunlap\") (July 30, 2015). [\"1973: Meet Donald Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump/). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 26, 2020.\n121. **[^](#cite_ref-122 \"Jump up\")** Brenner, Marie (June 28, 2017). [\"How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America\"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship). _[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\\(magazine\\) \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 26, 2020.\n122. **[^](#cite_ref-123 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180417181428/https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Archived from [the original](https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/) on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.\n123. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-TW_124-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-TW_124-1) Winter, Tom (June 24, 2016). [\"Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved February 26, 2020.\n124. **[^](#cite_ref-125 \"Jump up\")** Flitter, Emily (July 17, 2016). [\"Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-bankruptcies-insig/art-of-the-spin-trump-bankers-question-his-portrayal-of-financial-comeback-idUSKCN0ZX0GP). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2018.\n125. **[^](#cite_ref-126 \"Jump up\")** Smith, Allan (December 8, 2017). [\"Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2018.\n126. **[^](#cite_ref-127 \"Jump up\")** Riley, Charles; Egan, Matt (January 12, 2021). [\"Deutsche Bank won't do any more business with Trump\"](https://cnn.com/2021/01/12/investing/deutsche-bank-trump/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n127. **[^](#cite_ref-128 \"Jump up\")** Buncombe, Andrew (July 4, 2018). [\"Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise\"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html). _[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n128. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-JM_129-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-JM_129-1) [Mayer, Jane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Mayer \"Jane Mayer\") (July 18, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All\"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n129. **[^](#cite_ref-130 \"Jump up\")** LaFrance, Adrienne (December 21, 2015). [\"Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_.\n130. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA166_166]_131-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kranish & Fisher 2017](#CITEREFKranishFisher2017), p. [166](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166).\n131. **[^](#cite_ref-132 \"Jump up\")** [Silverman, Stephen M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Silverman \"Stephen M. Silverman\") (April 29, 2004). [\"The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show\"](https://people.com/celebrity/the-donald-to-get-new-wife-radio-show/). _[People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_\\(magazine\\) \"People (magazine)\")_. Retrieved November 19, 2013.\n132. **[^](#cite_ref-133 \"Jump up\")** Tedeschi, Bob (February 6, 2006). [\"Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/technology/now-for-sale-online-the-art-of-the-vacation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 21, 2018.\n133. **[^](#cite_ref-134 \"Jump up\")** Montopoli, Brian (April 1, 2011). [\"Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gets-regular-fox-news-spot/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved July 7, 2018.\n134. **[^](#cite_ref-135 \"Jump up\")** Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. (September 9, 2016). [\"How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-the-conservative-media-is-taking-over-the-republican-party/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 19, 2018.\n135. **[^](#cite_ref-136 \"Jump up\")** Grynbaum, Michael M.; [Parker, Ashley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Parker \"Ashley Parker\") (July 16, 2016). [\"Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 8, 2018.\n136. **[^](#cite_ref-137 \"Jump up\")** Nussbaum, Emily (July 24, 2017). [\"The TV That Created Donald Trump\"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/07/31/the-tv-that-created-donald-trump). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n137. **[^](#cite_ref-138 \"Jump up\")** Poniewozik, James (September 28, 2020). [\"Donald Trump Was the Real Winner of 'The Apprentice'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/28/arts/television/trump-taxes-apprentice.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n138. **[^](#cite_ref-139 \"Jump up\")** Rao, Sonia (February 4, 2021). [\"Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n139. **[^](#cite_ref-140 \"Jump up\")** Harmata, Claudia (February 7, 2021). [\"Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'\"](https://people.com/tv/sag-aftra-bans-donald-trump-future-readmission/). _[People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_\\(magazine\\) \"People (magazine)\")_. Retrieved February 8, 2021.\n140. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-reg_141-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-reg_141-1) Gillin, Joshua (August 24, 2015). [\"Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'\"](https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n141. **[^](#cite_ref-142 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump Officially Joins Reform Party\"](https://cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/10/25/trump.cnn/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. October 25, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2020.\n142. **[^](#cite_ref-hint_143-0 \"Jump up\")** [Oreskes, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Oreskes \"Michael Oreskes\") (September 2, 1987). [\"Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2016.\n143. **[^](#cite_ref-144 \"Jump up\")** Butterfield, Fox (November 18, 1987). [\"Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n144. **[^](#cite_ref-145 \"Jump up\")** Meacham, Jon (2016). _Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush_. [Random House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House \"Random House\"). p. 326. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-8129-7947-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7947-3 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7947-3\").\n145. **[^](#cite_ref-146 \"Jump up\")** [Winger, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Winger \"Richard Winger\") (December 25, 2011). [\"Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries\"](https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/). _[Ballot Access News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_Access_News \"Ballot Access News\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n146. **[^](#cite_ref-147 \"Jump up\")** Clift, Eleanor (July 18, 2016). [\"The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party\"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party). _[The Daily Beast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast \"The Daily Beast\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n147. **[^](#cite_ref-148 \"Jump up\")** Nagourney, Adam (February 14, 2000). [\"Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump\"](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 26, 2020.\n148. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-McA_149-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-McA_149-1) MacAskill, Ewen (May 16, 2011). [\"Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved February 28, 2020.\n149. **[^](#cite_ref-150 \"Jump up\")** Bobic, Igor; Stein, Sam (February 22, 2017). [\"How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career\"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac_n_58adc0f4e4b03d80af7141cf). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Retrieved February 28, 2020.\n150. **[^](#cite_ref-151 \"Jump up\")** Linkins, Jason (February 11, 2011). [\"Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC\"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n151. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Cillizza-160614_152-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Cillizza-160614_152-1) [Cillizza, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cillizza \"Chris Cillizza\") (June 14, 2016). [\"This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n152. **[^](#cite_ref-153 \"Jump up\")** Flitter, Emily; Oliphant, James (August 28, 2015). [\"Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n153. **[^](#cite_ref-154 \"Jump up\")** McCammon, Sarah (August 10, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line\"](https://www.npr.org/2016/08/10/489476187/trump-s-second-amendment-comment-fit-a-pattern-of-ambiguous-speech). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n154. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-whoppers_155-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-whoppers_155-1) [\"The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2019.\n155. **[^](#cite_ref-156 \"Jump up\")** [Holan, Angie Drobnic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Drobnic_Holan \"Angie Drobnic Holan\"); Qiu, Linda (December 21, 2015). [\"2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump\"](https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n156. **[^](#cite_ref-157 \"Jump up\")** Farhi, Paul (February 26, 2016). [\"Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.)\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n157. **[^](#cite_ref-Walsh-160724_158-0 \"Jump up\")** [Walsh, Kenneth T.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_T._Walsh \"Kenneth T. Walsh\") (August 15, 2016). [\"Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'\"](https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt). _[U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n158. **[^](#cite_ref-159 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2016). [\"Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n159. **[^](#cite_ref-160 \"Jump up\")** Lerner, Adam B. (June 16, 2015). [\"The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2018.\n160. **[^](#cite_ref-161 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (May 13, 2016). [\"The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2018.\n161. **[^](#cite_ref-162 \"Jump up\")** Reeve, Elspeth (October 27, 2015). [\"How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate\"](https://newrepublic.com/article/123228/how-donald-trump-evolved-joke-almost-serious-candidate). _[The New Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic \"The New Republic\")_. Retrieved July 23, 2018.\n162. **[^](#cite_ref-163 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (March 23, 2016). [\"Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/23/why-donald-trump-is-poised-to-win-the-nomination-and-lose-the-general-election-in-one-poll/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n163. **[^](#cite_ref-164 \"Jump up\")** Nussbaum, Matthew (May 3, 2016). [\"RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee\"](https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/reince-priebus-donald-trump-is-nominee-222767). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved May 4, 2016.\n164. **[^](#cite_ref-165 \"Jump up\")** Hartig, Hannah; Lapinski, John; Psyllos, Stephanie (July 19, 2016). 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Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n170. **[^](#cite_ref-171 \"Jump up\")** Borger, Julian (October 26, 2021). [\"Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/26/republican-party-autocratic-hungary-turkey-study-trump). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n171. **[^](#cite_ref-172 \"Jump up\")** Chotiner, Isaac (July 29, 2021). [\"Redefining Populism\"](https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/redefining-populism). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2021.\n172. **[^](#cite_ref-173 \"Jump up\")** [Noah, Timothy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Noah \"Timothy Noah\") (July 26, 2015). 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[\"Pence's False claim that Trump 'hasn't broken' tax return promise\"](https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/oct/05/mike-pence/pences-false-claim-trump-hasnt-broken-tax-return-p/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved April 29, 2020.\n186. **[^](#cite_ref-187 \"Jump up\")** Isidore, Chris; Sahadi, Jeanne (February 26, 2016). [\"Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits\"](https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/26/pf/taxes/trump-tax-returns-audit/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 1, 2023.\n187. **[^](#cite_ref-188 \"Jump up\")** de Vogue, Ariane (February 22, 2021). [\"Supreme Court allows release of Trump tax returns to NY prosecutor\"](https://cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/supreme-court-trump-taxes-vance/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n188. **[^](#cite_ref-189 \"Jump up\")** Gresko, Jessica (February 22, 2021). 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Retrieved November 9, 2016.\n195. **[^](#cite_ref-196 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Amber (November 9, 2016). [\"Republicans are poised to grasp the holy grail of governance\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/republicans-are-about-to-reach-the-holy-grail-of-governance/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2021.\n196. **[^](#cite_ref-197 \"Jump up\")** Logan, Brian; Sanchez, Chris (November 10, 2016). [\"Protests against Donald Trump break out nationwide\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/anti-donald-trump-protest-united-states-2016-11). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved September 16, 2022.\n197. **[^](#cite_ref-198 \"Jump up\")** Mele, Christopher; Correal, Annie (November 9, 2016). [\"'Not Our President': Protests Spread After Donald Trump's Election\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/trump-election-protests.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n198. **[^](#cite_ref-199 \"Jump up\")** Przybyla, Heidi M.; Schouten, Fredreka (January 21, 2017). [\"At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved January 22, 2017.\n199. **[^](#cite_ref-200 \"Jump up\")** Quigley, Aidan (January 25, 2017). [\"All of Trump's executive actions so far\"](https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2017/01/all-trump-executive-actions-000288). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved January 28, 2017.\n200. **[^](#cite_ref-201 \"Jump up\")** V.V.B (March 31, 2017). [\"Ivanka Trump's new job\"](https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/03/family-affair). _[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2017.\n201. **[^](#cite_ref-202 \"Jump up\")** [Schmidt, Michael S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Schmidt \"Michael S. Schmidt\"); [Lipton, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lipton \"Eric Lipton\"); [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (January 21, 2017). [\"Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jared-kushner-justice-department.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2017.\n202. **[^](#cite_ref-203 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump's News Conference: Full Transcript and Video\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/trump-press-conference-transcript.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. January 11, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n203. **[^](#cite_ref-204 \"Jump up\")** Yuhas, Alan (March 24, 2017). [\"Eric Trump says he will keep father updated on business despite 'pact'\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/24/eric-trump-business-conflicts-of-interest). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n204. **[^](#cite_ref-205 \"Jump up\")** Geewax, Marilyn (January 20, 2018). [\"Trump Has Revealed Assumptions About Handling Presidential Wealth, Businesses\"](https://www.npr.org/2018/01/20/576871315/trump-has-revealed-assumptions-about-handling-presidential-wealth-businesses). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2021.\n205. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BBC041817_206-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BBC041817_206-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-BBC041817_206-2) [\"Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069298). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. April 18, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2021.\n206. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-YourishBuchanan_207-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-YourishBuchanan_207-1) Yourish, Karen; Buchanan, Larry (January 12, 2017). [\"It 'Falls Short in Every Respect': Ethics Experts Pan Trump's Conflicts Plan\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/12/us/politics/ethics-experts-trumps-conflicts-of-interest.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2021.\n207. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Venook_208-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Venook_208-1) Venook, Jeremy (August 9, 2017). [\"Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2021.\n208. **[^](#cite_ref-209 \"Jump up\")** Venook, Jeremy (August 9, 2017). [\"Donald Trump's Conflicts of Interest: A Crib Sheet\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n209. **[^](#cite_ref-210 \"Jump up\")** Selyukh, Alina; Sullivan, Emily; Maffei, Lucia (February 17, 2017). [\"Trump Ethics Monitor: Has The President Kept His Promises?\"](https://www.npr.org/2017/02/17/513724796/trump-ethics-monitor-has-the-president-kept-his-promises). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved January 20, 2018.\n210. **[^](#cite_ref-211 \"Jump up\")** [White House for Sale: How Princes, Prime Ministers, and Premiers Paid Off President Trump](https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2024-01-04.COA%20DEMS%20-%20Mazars%20Report.pdf) (PDF). _Democratic Staff of [House Committee on Oversight and Accountability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Accountability \"United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability\")_ (Report). January 4, 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240105152023/https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2024-01-04.COA%20DEMS%20-%20Mazars%20Report.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.\n211. **[^](#cite_ref-212 \"Jump up\")** Broadwater, Luke (January 4, 2024). [\"Trump Received Millions From Foreign Governments as President, Report Finds\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/us/politics/trump-hotels-foreign-business-report.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 6, 2024.\n212. **[^](#cite_ref-CRSRpt_213-0 \"Jump up\")** [In Focus: The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution](https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF11086.pdf) (PDF). _[Congressional Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service \"Congressional Research Service\")_ (Report). August 19, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2021.\n213. **[^](#cite_ref-214 \"Jump up\")** [LaFraniere, Sharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_LaFraniere \"Sharon LaFraniere\") (January 25, 2018). [\"Lawsuit on Trump Emoluments Violations Gains Traction in Court\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/politics/trump-emoluments-lawsuit.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 25, 2018.\n214. **[^](#cite_ref-215 \"Jump up\")** de Vogue, Ariane; Cole, Devan (January 25, 2021). [\"Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump\"](https://cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/emoluments-supreme-court-donald-trump-case/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n215. **[^](#cite_ref-216 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (January 20, 2021). [\"Trump's presidency ends where so much of it was spent: A Trump Organization property\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/20/trumps-presidency-ends-where-so-much-it-was-spent-trump-organization-property/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2022.\n216. **[^](#cite_ref-217 \"Jump up\")** Fahrenthold, David A.; Dawsey, Josh (September 17, 2020). [\"Trump's businesses charged Secret Service more than $1.1 million, including for rooms in club shuttered for pandemic\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-spending-bedminster/2020/09/17/9e11e1c2-f6a0-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210109083253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-spending-bedminster/2020/09/17/9e11e1c2-f6a0-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html) from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.\n217. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-VanDam_218-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-VanDam_218-1) Van Dam, Andrew (January 8, 2021). [\"Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2021.\n218. **[^](#cite_ref-219 \"Jump up\")** Smialek, Jeanna (June 8, 2020). [\"The U.S. Entered a Recession in February\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/business/economy/us-economy-recession-2020.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 10, 2020.\n219. **[^](#cite_ref-220 \"Jump up\")** Long, Heather (December 15, 2017). [\"The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/15/the-final-gop-tax-bill-is-complete-heres-what-is-in-it/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 31, 2021.\n220. **[^](#cite_ref-221 \"Jump up\")** Andrews, Wilson; Parlapiano, Alicia (December 15, 2017). [\"What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/15/us/politics/final-republican-tax-bill-cuts.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2017.\n221. **[^](#cite_ref-222 \"Jump up\")** Gale, William G. (February 14, 2020). [\"Did the 2017 tax cut—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—pay for itself?\"](https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/votervital/did-the-2017-tax-cut-the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-pay-for-itself/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved July 31, 2021.\n222. **[^](#cite_ref-223 \"Jump up\")** Long, Heather; Stein, Jeff (October 25, 2019). [\"The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/25/us-deficit-hit-billion-marking-nearly-percent-increase-during-trump-era/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 10, 2020.\n223. **[^](#cite_ref-224 \"Jump up\")** Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). [\"Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years\"](https://www.propublica.org/article/national-debt-trump). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n224. **[^](#cite_ref-225 \"Jump up\")** Bliss, Laura (November 16, 2020). [\"How Trump's $1 Trillion Infrastructure Pledge Added Up\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-16/what-did-all-those-infrastructure-weeks-add-up-to). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved December 29, 2021.\n225. **[^](#cite_ref-226 \"Jump up\")** Burns, Dan (January 8, 2021). [\"Trump ends his term like a growing number of Americans: out of a job\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN29D31G/). _Reuters_. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n226. **[^](#cite_ref-227 \"Jump up\")** [Parker, Ashley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Parker \"Ashley Parker\"); Davenport, Coral (May 26, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n227. **[^](#cite_ref-228 \"Jump up\")** [Samenow, Jason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Samenow \"Jason Samenow\") (March 22, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/03/22/donald-trumps-unsettling-nonsense-on-weather-and-climate). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n228. **[^](#cite_ref-229 \"Jump up\")** Lemire, Jonathan; Madhani, Aamer; Weissert, Will; Knickmeyer, Ellen (September 15, 2020). [\"Trump spurns science on climate: 'Don't think science knows'\"](https://apnews.com/article/climate-climate-change-elections-joe-biden-campaigns-bd152cd786b58e45c61bebf2457f9930). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 11, 2024.\n229. **[^](#cite_ref-230 \"Jump up\")** Plumer, Brad; Davenport, Coral (December 28, 2019). [\"Science Under Attack: How Trump Is Sidelining Researchers and Their Work\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/28/climate/trump-administration-war-on-science.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 11, 2024.\n230. **[^](#cite_ref-231 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump proposes cuts to climate and clean-energy programs\"](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-trump-is-changing-science-environment). _[National Geographic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society \"National Geographic Society\")_. May 3, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2023.\n231. **[^](#cite_ref-232 \"Jump up\")** Dennis, Brady (November 7, 2017). [\"As Syria embraces Paris climate deal, it's the United States against the world\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/11/07/as-syria-embraces-paris-climate-deal-its-the-united-states-against-the-world). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 28, 2018.\n232. **[^](#cite_ref-233 \"Jump up\")** Gardner, Timothy (December 3, 2019). [\"Senate confirms Brouillette, former Ford lobbyist, as energy secretary\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-energy-brouillette/senate-confirms-brouillette-former-ford-lobbyist-as-energy-secretary-idUSKBN1Y62E6). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved December 15, 2019.\n233. **[^](#cite_ref-234 \"Jump up\")** Brown, Matthew (September 15, 2020). [\"Trump's fossil fuel agenda gets pushback from federal judges\"](https://apnews.com/article/mt-state-wire-climate-ap-top-news-climate-change-ca-state-wire-2b44ced0e892d7e988e40a486d875b5d). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n234. **[^](#cite_ref-235 \"Jump up\")** [Lipton, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lipton \"Eric Lipton\") (October 5, 2020). [\"'The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/us/politics/trump-coal-industry.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n235. **[^](#cite_ref-Subramaniam_236-0 \"Jump up\")** Subramaniam, Tara (January 30, 2021). [\"From building the wall to bringing back coal: Some of Trump's more notable broken promises\"](https://cnn.com/2021/01/30/politics/trump-broken-promises/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n236. **[^](#cite_ref-237 \"Jump up\")** Popovich, Nadja; Albeck-Ripka, Livia; Pierre-Louis, Kendra (January 20, 2021). [\"The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/climate/trump-environment-rollbacks-list.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n237. **[^](#cite_ref-238 \"Jump up\")** Plumer, Brad (January 30, 2017). [\"Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of\"](https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved March 11, 2023.\n238. **[^](#cite_ref-239 \"Jump up\")** Thompson, Frank W. (October 9, 2020). [\"Six ways Trump has sabotaged the Affordable Care Act\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/10/09/six-ways-trump-has-sabotaged-the-affordable-care-act/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2022.\n239. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-midnight_240-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-midnight_240-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-midnight_240-2) Arnsdorf, Isaac; DePillis, Lydia; Lind, Dara; Song, Lisa; Syed, Moiz; Osei, Zipporah (November 25, 2020). [\"Tracking the Trump Administration's \"Midnight Regulations\"\"](https://projects.propublica.org/trump-midnight-regulations/). _[ProPublica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2022.\n240. **[^](#cite_ref-241 \"Jump up\")** Poydock, Margaret (September 17, 2020). [\"President Trump has attacked workers' safety, wages, and rights since Day One\"](https://www.epi.org/blog/president-trump-has-attacked-workers-safety-wages-and-rights-since-day-one/). _[Economic Policy Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute \"Economic Policy Institute\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2022.\n241. **[^](#cite_ref-242 \"Jump up\")** Baker, Cayli (December 15, 2020). [\"The Trump administration's major environmental deregulations\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/12/15/the-trump-administrations-major-environmental-deregulations/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved January 29, 2022.\n242. **[^](#cite_ref-243 \"Jump up\")** Grunwald, Michael (April 10, 2017). [\"Trump's Secret Weapon Against Obama's Legacy\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/donald-trump-obama-legacy-215009/). _[Politico Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico#Politico_Magazine \"Politico\")_. Retrieved January 29, 2022.\n243. **[^](#cite_ref-244 \"Jump up\")** Lipton, Eric; Appelbaum, Binyamin (March 5, 2017). [\"Leashes Come Off Wall Street, Gun Sellers, Polluters and More\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/us/politics/trump-deregulation-guns-wall-st-climate.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 29, 2022.\n244. **[^](#cite_ref-245 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples\"](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. March 5, 2017. 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Retrieved January 12, 2017.\n247. **[^](#cite_ref-248 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Pear, Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pear \"Robert Pear\") (January 20, 2017). [\"Trump Issues Executive Order Scaling Back Parts of Obamacare\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/us/politics/trump-executive-order-obamacare.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 23, 2017.\n248. **[^](#cite_ref-249 \"Jump up\")** Luhby, Tami (October 13, 2017). [\"What's in Trump's health care executive order?\"](https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/12/news/economy/trump-health-care-executive-order/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 14, 2017.\n249. **[^](#cite_ref-250 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Louis (July 18, 2017). [\"Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/18/trump-tweet-obamacare-repeal-failure-240664). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2017.\n250. **[^](#cite_ref-251 \"Jump up\")** Young, Jeffrey (August 31, 2017). [\"Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs\"](https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/trump-obamacare-sabotage-enrollment-cuts_us_59a87bffe4b0b5e530fd5751). _[HuffPost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2017.\n251. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-StolbergACA_252-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-StolbergACA_252-1) Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (June 26, 2020). [\"Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/politics/obamacare-trump-administration-supreme-court.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n252. **[^](#cite_ref-253 \"Jump up\")** Katkov, Mark (June 26, 2020). [\"Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883819835/obamacare-must-fall-trump-administration-tells-supreme-court). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n253. **[^](#cite_ref-254 \"Jump up\")** [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (January 22, 2020). [\"Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/politics/medicare-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 24, 2020.\n254. **[^](#cite_ref-255 \"Jump up\")** Mann, Brian (October 29, 2020). [\"Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/29/927859091/opioid-crisis-critics-say-trump-fumbled-response-to-another-deadly-epidemic). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved December 13, 2020.\n255. **[^](#cite_ref-256 \"Jump up\")** [\"Abortion: How do Trump and Biden's policies compare?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54003808). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. September 9, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2023.\n256. **[^](#cite_ref-257 \"Jump up\")** de Vogue, Ariane (November 15, 2016). [\"Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed\"](https://cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved November 30, 2016.\n257. **[^](#cite_ref-258 \"Jump up\")** O'Hara, Mary Emily (March 30, 2017). [\"LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-advocates-say-trump-s-news-executive-order-makes-them-n740301). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved July 30, 2017.\n258. **[^](#cite_ref-259 \"Jump up\")** Luthi, Susannah (August 17, 2020). [\"Judge halts Trump's rollback of transgender health protections\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/17/judge-trump-rollback-transgender-health-397332). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved November 8, 2023.\n259. **[^](#cite_ref-260 \"Jump up\")** Krieg, Gregory (June 20, 2016). [\"The times Trump changed his positions on guns\"](https://cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n260. **[^](#cite_ref-261 \"Jump up\")** [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\") (November 1, 2019). [\"Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-quietly-abandons-proposing-ideas-to-curb-gun-violence-after-saying-he-would-following-mass-shootings/2019/10/31/8bca030c-fa6e-11e9-9534-e0dbcc9f5683_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n261. **[^](#cite_ref-262 \"Jump up\")** Bures, Brendan (February 21, 2020). [\"Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position\"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/marijuana/sns-tft-trump-anti-marijuana-stance-20200221-jfdx4urbb5bhrf6ldtfpxleopi-story.html). _[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n262. **[^](#cite_ref-263 \"Jump up\")** Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2019). [\"Trump returns to the death penalty as Democrats turn against it\"](https://cnn.com/2019/07/27/politics/death-penalty-trump-democrats/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 18, 2022.\n263. **[^](#cite_ref-264 \"Jump up\")** Honderich, Holly (January 16, 2021). [\"In Trump's final days, a rush of federal executions\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55236260). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. Retrieved September 18, 2022.\n264. **[^](#cite_ref-265 \"Jump up\")** Tarm, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 15, 2021). [\"Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution\"](https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-wildlife-coronavirus-pandemic-crime-terre-haute-28e44cc5c026dc16472751bbde0ead50). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved January 30, 2022.\n265. **[^](#cite_ref-266 \"Jump up\")** McCarthy, Tom (February 7, 2016). [\"Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved February 8, 2016.\n266. **[^](#cite_ref-267 \"Jump up\")** [\"Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.\n267. **[^](#cite_ref-268 \"Jump up\")** Hassner, Ron E. (2020). \"What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?\". _[International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intelligence_and_CounterIntelligence \"International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence\")_. **33** (1): 4–42. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850607.2019.1660951).\n268. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-wb_269-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-wb_269-1) [Leonnig, Carol D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_D._Leonnig \"Carol D. Leonnig\"); Zapotosky, Matt; [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\"); Tan, Rebecca (June 2, 2020). [\"Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 3, 2020.\n269. **[^](#cite_ref-bumpline_270-0 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (June 2, 2020). [\"Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/timeline-clearing-lafayette-square/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 6, 2020.\n270. **[^](#cite_ref-271 \"Jump up\")** Gittleson, Ben; Phelps, Jordyn (June 3, 2020). [\"Police use munitions to forcibly push back peaceful protesters for Trump church visit\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/national-guard-troops-deployed-white-house-trump-calls/story?id=71004151). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved June 29, 2021.\n271. **[^](#cite_ref-272 \"Jump up\")** O'Neil, Luke (June 2, 2020). [\"What do we know about Trump's love for the Bible?\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/02/what-do-we-know-about-trumps-love-for-the-bible). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 11, 2020.\n272. **[^](#cite_ref-273 \"Jump up\")** Stableford, Dylan; Wilson, Christopher (June 3, 2020). [\"Religious leaders condemn teargassing protesters to clear street for Trump\"](https://news.yahoo.com/religious-leaders-condemn-gassing-protesters-to-clear-street-for-trump-192800782.html). _[Yahoo! 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[\"The Road to Clemency From Trump Was Closed to Most Who Sought It\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/us/politics/trump-pardons.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 23, 2023.\n276. **[^](#cite_ref-OloDaw_277-0 \"Jump up\")** Olorunnipa, Toluse; [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\") (December 24, 2020). [\"Trump wields pardon power as political weapon, rewarding loyalists and undermining prosecutors\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pardon-power-russia-probe-mueller/2020/12/24/c55000c8-45fd-11eb-b0e4-0f182923a025_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n277. **[^](#cite_ref-278 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Kevin; Jackson, David; Wagner, Dennis (January 19, 2021). [\"Donald Trump grants clemency to 144 people (not himself or family members) in final hours\"](https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/19/donald-trump-pardons-steve-bannon-white-house/4209763001/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved July 23, 2023.\n278. **[^](#cite_ref-279 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Dave (November 22, 2019). [\"Trump Clears Three Service Members in War Crimes Cases\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/trump-pardons.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 18, 2024.\n279. **[^](#cite_ref-280 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump's Mexico wall: Who is going to pay for it?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.\n280. **[^](#cite_ref-281 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border\"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807). _[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\")_. August 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.\n281. **[^](#cite_ref-282 \"Jump up\")** Oh, Inae (August 19, 2015). [\"Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional\"](https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution). _[Mother Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_\\(magazine\\) \"Mother Jones (magazine)\")_. Retrieved November 22, 2015.\n282. **[^](#cite_ref-283 \"Jump up\")** Fritze, John (August 8, 2019). [\"A USA Today analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/08/08/trump-immigrants-rhetoric-criticized-el-paso-dayton-shootings/1936742001/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved August 9, 2019.\n283. **[^](#cite_ref-284 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Kevin R. (2017). [\"Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order\"](https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/saclr57&div=21&id=&page=). _[Santa Clara Law Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Law_Review \"Santa Clara Law Review\")_. **57** (3): 611–665. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n284. **[^](#cite_ref-285 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Kevin R.; Cuison-Villazor, Rose (May 2, 2019). [\"The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity\"](https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wflr54§ion=21). _[Wake Forest Law Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_Law_Review \"Wake Forest Law Review\")_. **54** (2): 575–616. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n285. **[^](#cite_ref-286 \"Jump up\")** Mitchell, Ellen (January 29, 2019). [\"Pentagon to send a 'few thousand' more troops to southern border\"](https://thehill.com/policy/defense/427519-pentagon-to-send-a-few-thousand-more-troops-to-southern-border). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved June 4, 2020.\n286. **[^](#cite_ref-287 \"Jump up\")** Snow, Anita (February 25, 2020). [\"Crackdown on immigrants who use public benefits takes effect\"](https://apnews.com/article/e069e5a84057752a8535b1abe5d2ba6d). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved June 4, 2020.\n287. **[^](#cite_ref-288 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low\"](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/04/donald-trump-has-cut-refugee-admissions-to-america-to-a-record-low). _[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")_. November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.\n288. **[^](#cite_ref-289 \"Jump up\")** [Kanno-Youngs, Zolan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolan_Kanno-Youngs \"Zolan Kanno-Youngs\"); [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\") (October 1, 2020). [\"Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/politics/trump-refugees.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n289. **[^](#cite_ref-290 \"Jump up\")** Hesson, Ted (October 11, 2019). [\"Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/11/trump-refugee-decrease-immigration-044186). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2020.\n290. **[^](#cite_ref-291 \"Jump up\")** Pilkington, Ed (December 8, 2015). [\"Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n291. **[^](#cite_ref-292 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Jenna (June 25, 2016). [\"Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S.\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/25/trump-now-says-muslim-ban-only-applies-to-those-from-terrorism-heavy-countries/) _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n292. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-frontline_293-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-frontline_293-1) Walters, Joanna; Helmore, Edward; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (January 28, 2017). [\"US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2017.\n293. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-airport_294-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-airport_294-1) [\"Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. January 28, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021.\n294. **[^](#cite_ref-295 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Frosch, Dan (February 4, 2017). [\"Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/legal-feud-over-trump-immigration-order-turns-to-visa-revocations-1486153216). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n295. **[^](#cite_ref-296 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Dan; Rosenberg, Mica (March 15, 2017). [\"Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-court-idUSKBN16M17N). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n296. **[^](#cite_ref-297 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump signs new travel ban directive\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n297. **[^](#cite_ref-298 \"Jump up\")** Sherman, Mark (June 26, 2017). [\"Limited version of Trump's travel ban to take effect Thursday\"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-travel-ban-supreme-court-20170626-story.html). _[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")_. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). Retrieved August 5, 2017.\n298. **[^](#cite_ref-299 \"Jump up\")** Laughland, Oliver (September 25, 2017). [\"Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/25/trump-travel-ban-extended-to-blocks-on-north-korea-and-venezuela). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 13, 2017.\n299. **[^](#cite_ref-300 \"Jump up\")** Hurley, Lawrence (December 4, 2017). [\"Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-immigration/supreme-court-lets-trumps-latest-travel-ban-go-into-full-effect-idUSKBN1DY2NY). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n300. **[^](#cite_ref-301 \"Jump up\")** Wagner, Meg; Ries, Brian; Rocha, Veronica (June 26, 2018). [\"Supreme Court upholds travel ban\"](https://cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-travel-ban/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 26, 2018.\n301. **[^](#cite_ref-302 \"Jump up\")** Pearle, Lauren (February 5, 2019). [\"Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-administration-unsure-thousands-migrant-families-separated-originally/story?id=60797633). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n302. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Spagat_303-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Spagat_303-1) Spagat, Elliot (October 25, 2019). [\"Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count\"](https://apnews.com/article/c654e652a4674cf19304a4a4ff599feb). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n303. **[^](#cite_ref-304 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\") (June 16, 2018). [\"How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/16/us/politics/family-separation-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n304. **[^](#cite_ref-305 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (June 20, 2018). [\"Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/family-separation-executive-order.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n305. **[^](#cite_ref-Domonoske_306-0 \"Jump up\")** Domonoske, Camila; Gonzales, Richard (June 19, 2018). [\"What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border\"](https://www.npr.org/2018/06/19/621065383/what-we-know-family-separation-and-zero-tolerance-at-the-border). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n306. **[^](#cite_ref-307 \"Jump up\")** Epstein, Jennifer (June 18, 2018). [\"Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows\"](https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/donald-trump-s-family-separations-bedevil-gop-as-public-outrage-grows-20180618-p4zm9h.html). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020 – via [The Sydney Morning Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\").\n307. **[^](#cite_ref-308 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\") (June 15, 2018). [\"Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/us/politics/trump-immigration-separation-border.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 18, 2018.\n308. **[^](#cite_ref-309 \"Jump up\")** Sarlin, Benjy (June 15, 2018). [\"Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/despite-claims-gop-immigration-bill-would-not-end-family-separation-n883701). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 18, 2018.\n309. **[^](#cite_ref-310 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Nixon, Ron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nixon \"Ron Nixon\") (May 29, 2018). [\"Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/us/politics/trump-democrats-immigrant-families.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 29, 2020.\n310. **[^](#cite_ref-311 \"Jump up\")** Beckwith, Ryan Teague (June 20, 2018). [\"Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does\"](https://time.com/5317703/trump-family-separation-policy-executive-order/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n311. **[^](#cite_ref-312 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); Goodnough, Abby; [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (June 20, 2018). [\"Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/trump-immigration-children-executive-order.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 20, 2018.\n312. **[^](#cite_ref-313 \"Jump up\")** Hansler, Jennifer (June 27, 2018). [\"Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids\"](https://cnn.com/2018/06/27/politics/family-separation-federal-judge-personal-property-comment/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n313. **[^](#cite_ref-314 \"Jump up\")** Walters, Joanna (June 27, 2018). [\"Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/27/us-immigration-must-reunite-families-separated-at-border-federal-judge-rules). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2020.\n314. **[^](#cite_ref-timm_315-0 \"Jump up\")** Timm, Jane C. (January 13, 2021). [\"Fact check: Mexico never paid for it. But what about Trump's other border wall promises?\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/fact-check-mexico-never-paid-it-what-about-trump-s-n1253983). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2021.\n315. **[^](#cite_ref-316 \"Jump up\")** Farley, Robert (February 16, 2021). [\"Trump's Border Wall: Where Does It Stand?\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2020/12/trumps-border-wall-where-does-it-stand/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2021.\n316. **[^](#cite_ref-317 \"Jump up\")** [Davis, Julie Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Hirschfeld_Davis \"Julie Hirschfeld Davis\"); [Tackett, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tackett \"Michael Tackett\") (January 2, 2019). [\"Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n317. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Gambino_318-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Gambino_318-1) Gambino, Lauren; Walters, Joanna (January 26, 2019). [\"Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"). Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n318. **[^](#cite_ref-319 \"Jump up\")** Pramuk, Jacob (January 25, 2019). [\"Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n319. **[^](#cite_ref-320 \"Jump up\")** Fritze, John (January 24, 2019). [\"By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-has-wide-impact-numbers/2666872002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n320. **[^](#cite_ref-321 \"Jump up\")** Mui, Ylan (January 28, 2019). [\"The government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion, including a permanent $3 billion loss, Congressional Budget Office says\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n321. **[^](#cite_ref-322 \"Jump up\")** Bacon, Perry Jr. (January 25, 2019). [\"Why Trump Blinked\"](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/government-shutdown-ends/). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n322. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Wilkie_323-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Wilkie_323-1) Pramuk, Jacob; Wilkie, Christina (February 15, 2019). [\"Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n323. **[^](#cite_ref-324 \"Jump up\")** Carney, Jordain (October 17, 2019). [\"Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/466313-senate-fails-to-override-trumps-emergency-declaration-veto). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n324. **[^](#cite_ref-325 \"Jump up\")** Quinn, Melissa (December 11, 2019). [\"Supreme Court allows Trump to use military funds for border wall construction\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-allows-trump-to-use-military-funds-for-border-wall-construction/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved September 19, 2022.\n325. **[^](#cite_ref-326 \"Jump up\")** _[Trump v. Sierra Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Sierra_Club \"Trump v. Sierra Club\")_, No. 19A60, [588](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_588 \"List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 588\") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports \"United States Reports\") \\_\\_\\_ (2019)\n326. **[^](#cite_ref-327 \"Jump up\")** Allyn, Bobby (January 9, 2020). [\"Appeals Court Allows Trump To Divert $3.6 Billion In Military Funds For Border Wall\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/01/09/794969121/appeals-court-allows-trump-to-divert-3-6-billion-in-military-funds-for-border-wa). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved September 19, 2022.\n327. **[^](#cite_ref-328 \"Jump up\")** _El Paso Cty. v. Trump_, [982 F.3d 332](https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-ca5-19-51144/USCOURTS-ca5-19-51144-0) (5th Cir. December 4, 2020).\n328. **[^](#cite_ref-329 \"Jump up\")** Cummings, William (October 24, 2018). [\"'I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n329. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Bennhold_330-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Bennhold_330-1) Bennhold, Katrin (June 6, 2020). [\"Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/world/europe/germany-troop-withdrawal-america.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n330. **[^](#cite_ref-331 \"Jump up\")** Carothers, Thomas; Brown, Frances Z. (October 1, 2018). 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Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n366. **[^](#cite_ref-367 \"Jump up\")** Taylor, Adam; Meko, Tim (December 21, 2017). [\"What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/12/21/what-made-north-koreas-weapons-programs-so-much-scarier-in-2017/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 5, 2019.\n367. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Windrem_368-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Windrem_368-1) Windrem, Robert; Siemaszko, Corky; Arkin, Daniel (May 2, 2017). [\"North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-crisis-how-events-have-unfolded-under-trump-n753996). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n368. **[^](#cite_ref-369 \"Jump up\")** [Borger, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Borger \"Julian Borger\") (September 19, 2017). 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Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n371. **[^](#cite_ref-372 \"Jump up\")** [Gangel, Jamie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Gangel \"Jamie Gangel\"); Herb, Jeremy (September 9, 2020). [\"'A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/kim-jong-un-trump-letters-rage-book/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n372. **[^](#cite_ref-373 \"Jump up\")** [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\") (March 22, 2019). [\"Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/world/asia/north-korea-sanctions.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n373. **[^](#cite_ref-374 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); [Crowley, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crowley_\\(journalist\\) \"Michael Crowley (journalist)\") (June 30, 2019). [\"Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/world/asia/trump-north-korea-dmz.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n374. **[^](#cite_ref-375 \"Jump up\")** [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\"); [Sang-Hun, Choe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Sang-hun \"Choe Sang-hun\") (June 12, 2020). [\"Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/asia/korea-nuclear-trump-kim.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n375. **[^](#cite_ref-376 \"Jump up\")** Tanner, Jari; Lee, Matthew (October 5, 2019). [\"North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good'\"](https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-north-korea-vietnam-c66474b67b3e41cdad6d21ba3385ddc2). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved July 21, 2021.\n376. **[^](#cite_ref-377 \"Jump up\")** Herskovitz, Jon (December 28, 2020). [\"Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-28/four-ways-kim-jong-un-got-more-dangerous-under-trump-sanctions). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n377. **[^](#cite_ref-378 \"Jump up\")** [Warrick, Joby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joby_Warrick \"Joby Warrick\"); [Denyer, Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Denyer \"Simon Denyer\") (September 30, 2020). [\"As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-kim-north-korea-nuclear/2020/09/30/2b7305c8-032b-11eb-b7ed-141dd88560ea_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n378. **[^](#cite_ref-379 \"Jump up\")** Jaffe, Greg; [Ryan, Missy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Ryan \"Missy Ryan\") (January 21, 2018). [\"Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n379. **[^](#cite_ref-380 \"Jump up\")** [Gordon, Michael R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Gordon \"Michael R. Gordon\"); [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (August 20, 2017). [\"Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/20/world/asia/trump-afghanistan-strategy-mattis.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. 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Retrieved December 29, 2020.\n382. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-5,000_383-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-5,000_383-1) Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert (August 17, 2021). [\"Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved August 31, 2021.\n383. **[^](#cite_ref-384 \"Jump up\")** Sommer, Allison Kaplan (July 25, 2019). [\"How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon\"](https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-how-trump-and-netanyahu-became-each-other-s-most-effective-political-weapon-1.7569757). _[Haaretz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz \"Haaretz\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n384. **[^](#cite_ref-385 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Louis; Nussbaum, Matthew (December 6, 2017). [\"Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved December 6, 2017.\n385. **[^](#cite_ref-386 \"Jump up\")** Romo, Vanessa (March 25, 2019). [\"Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights\"](https://www.npr.org/2019/03/25/706588932/trump-formally-recognizes-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights?t=1617622343037). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2021.\n386. **[^](#cite_ref-387 \"Jump up\")** Gladstone, Rick; [Landler, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landler \"Mark Landler\") (December 21, 2017). [\"Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2017.\n387. **[^](#cite_ref-388 \"Jump up\")** Huet, Natalie (March 22, 2019). [\"Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights\"](https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/22/outcry-as-trump-backs-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights). _[Euronews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews \"Euronews\")_. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\"). Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n388. **[^](#cite_ref-389 \"Jump up\")** [Crowley, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crowley_\\(journalist\\) \"Michael Crowley (journalist)\") (September 15, 2020). [\"Israel, U.A.E. and Bahrain Sign Accords, With an Eager Trump Playing Host\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/15/us/politics/trump-israel-peace-emirates-bahrain.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 9, 2024.\n389. **[^](#cite_ref-390 \"Jump up\")** Phelps, Jordyn; Struyk, Ryan (May 20, 2017). [\"Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-signs-110-billion-arms-deal-saudi-arabia/story?id=47531180). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved July 6, 2018.\n390. **[^](#cite_ref-391 \"Jump up\")** Holland, Steve; Bayoumy, Yara (March 20, 2018). [\"Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-idUSKBN1GW2CA). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2021.\n391. **[^](#cite_ref-392 \"Jump up\")** Chiacu, Doina; Ali, Idrees (March 21, 2018). [\"Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-whitehouse-idUSKBN1GX1PP/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2021.\n392. **[^](#cite_ref-393 \"Jump up\")** Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (October 11, 2019). [\"U.S. says deploying more forces to Saudi Arabia to counter Iran threat\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-aramco-attacks-exclusive-idUSKBN1WQ21Z/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n393. **[^](#cite_ref-394 \"Jump up\")** [\"Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.\n394. **[^](#cite_ref-395 \"Jump up\")** Joyce, Kathleen (April 14, 2018). [\"US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime\"](https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-strikes-syria-after-suspected-chemical-attack-by-assad-regime). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved April 14, 2018.\n395. **[^](#cite_ref-396 \"Jump up\")** [Landler, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landler \"Mark Landler\"); [Cooper, Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Cooper \"Helene Cooper\"); [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\") (December 19, 2018). [\"Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/politics/trump-syria-turkey-troop-withdrawal.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 31, 2018.\n396. **[^](#cite_ref-397 \"Jump up\")** [Borger, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Borger \"Julian Borger\"); Chulov, Martin (December 20, 2018). [\"Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/19/us-troops-syria-withdrawal-trump). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved December 20, 2018.\n397. **[^](#cite_ref-398 \"Jump up\")** [Cooper, Helene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Cooper \"Helene Cooper\") (December 20, 2018). [\"Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/jim-mattis-defense-secretary-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2018.\n398. **[^](#cite_ref-399 \"Jump up\")** McKernan, Bethan; Borger, Julian; Sabbagh, Dan (October 9, 2019). [\"Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/09/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved September 28, 2021.\n399. **[^](#cite_ref-400 \"Jump up\")** O'Brien, Connor (October 16, 2019). [\"House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/house-condemns-trumps-syria-pull-out-000286). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 17, 2019.\n400. **[^](#cite_ref-401 \"Jump up\")** Edmondson, Catie (October 16, 2019). [\"In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/us/politics/house-vote-trump-syria.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 17, 2019.\n401. **[^](#cite_ref-AP180508_402-0 \"Jump up\")** Lederman, Josh; Lucey, Catherine (May 8, 2018). [\"Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord\"](https://apnews.com/article/cead755353a1455bbef08ef289448994/Trump-decides-to-exit-nuclear-accord-with-Iran). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n402. **[^](#cite_ref-403 \"Jump up\")** [Landler, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landler \"Mark Landler\") (May 8, 2018). [\"Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n403. **[^](#cite_ref-404 \"Jump up\")** Nichols, Michelle (February 18, 2021). [\"U.S. rescinds Trump White House claim that all U.N. sanctions had been reimposed on Iran\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-un-idUSKBN2AI2Y9). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved December 14, 2021.\n404. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-close_405-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-close_405-1) Hennigan, W.J. (November 24, 2021). [\"'They're Very Close.' U.S. General Says Iran Is Nearly Able to Build a Nuclear Weapon\"](https://time.com/6123380/iran-near-nuclear-weapon-capability/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved December 18, 2021.\n405. **[^](#cite_ref-406 \"Jump up\")** [Crowley, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crowley_\\(journalist\\) \"Michael Crowley (journalist)\"); Hassan, Falih; [Schmitt, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt \"Eric P. Schmitt\") (January 2, 2020). [\"U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 3, 2020.\n406. **[^](#cite_ref-407 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); [Bergman, Ronen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronen_Bergman \"Ronen Bergman\"); [Kirkpatrick, David D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Kirkpatrick \"David D. Kirkpatrick\"); Barnes, Julian E.; [Rubin, Alissa J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissa_J._Rubin \"Alissa J. Rubin\") (January 11, 2020). [\"Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/11/us/politics/iran-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 8, 2022.\n407. **[^](#cite_ref-408 \"Jump up\")** Horton, Alex; Lamothe, Dan (December 8, 2021). [\"Army awards more Purple Hearts for troops hurt in Iranian attack that Trump downplayed\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/12/08/purple-heart-iran-missile-attack/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved November 8, 2021.\n408. **[^](#cite_ref-409 \"Jump up\")** Trimble, Megan (December 28, 2017). [\"Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years\"](https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-12-28/trumps-white-house-has-highest-turnover-rate-in-40-years). _[U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n409. **[^](#cite_ref-410 \"Jump up\")** Wise, Justin (July 2, 2018). [\"AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/395222-ap-trump-admin-sets-record-for-white-house-turnover). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved July 3, 2018.\n410. **[^](#cite_ref-411 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-white-house-sets-turnover-records-analysis-shows-n888396). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.\n411. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Keith_412-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Keith_412-1) Keith, Tamara (March 7, 2018). [\"White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left\"](https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591372397/white-house-staff-turnover-was-already-record-setting-then-more-advisers-left). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n412. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Brookings_413-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Brookings_413-1) Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn; Kamarck, Elaine; Zeppos, Nicholas W. (March 16, 2018). [\"Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration\"](https://www.brookings.edu/research/tracking-turnover-in-the-trump-administration/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n413. **[^](#cite_ref-414 \"Jump up\")** Rogers, Katie; [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (April 23, 2020). [\"Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 5, 2020.\n414. **[^](#cite_ref-415 \"Jump up\")** [Cillizza, Chris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cillizza \"Chris Cillizza\") (June 19, 2020). [\"Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump\"](https://cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/trump-mulvaney-bolton-hiring/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 24, 2020.\n415. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Keither_416-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Keither_416-1) Keith, Tamara (March 6, 2020). [\"Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/03/06/766025774/mick-mulvaney-out-as-white-house-chief-of-staff). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2021.\n416. **[^](#cite_ref-417 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (July 28, 2017). [\"Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n417. **[^](#cite_ref-418 \"Jump up\")** Fritze, John; Subramanian, Courtney; Collins, Michael (September 4, 2020). [\"Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/09/04/trump-gen-john-kelly-couldnt-handle-pressure-chief-staff/5720974002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n418. **[^](#cite_ref-419 \"Jump up\")** Stanek, Becca (May 11, 2017). [\"President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing\"](https://theweek.com/speedreads/698368/president-trump-just-completely-contradicted-official-white-house-account-comey-firing). _[The Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week \"The Week\")_. Retrieved May 11, 2017.\n419. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-cloud_420-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-cloud_420-1) [Schmidt, Michael S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Schmidt \"Michael S. Schmidt\"); [Apuzzo, Matt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Apuzzo \"Matt Apuzzo\") (June 7, 2017). [\"Comey Says Trump Pressured Him to 'Lift the Cloud' of Inquiry\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 2, 2021.\n420. **[^](#cite_ref-421 \"Jump up\")** [\"Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence James B. Comey\"](https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf) (PDF). [United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence \"United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence\"). June 8, 2017. p. 7. Retrieved November 2, 2021.\n421. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-538_Cabinet_422-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-538_Cabinet_422-1) Jones-Rooy, Andrea (November 29, 2017). [\"The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet\"](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-incredibly-and-historically-unstable-first-year-of-trumps-cabinet/). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n422. **[^](#cite_ref-423 \"Jump up\")** Hersher, Rebecca; Neely, Brett (July 5, 2018). [\"Scott Pruitt Out at EPA\"](https://www.npr.org/2018/07/05/594078923/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved July 5, 2018.\n423. **[^](#cite_ref-424 \"Jump up\")** Eilperin, Juliet; Dawsey, Josh; Fears, Darryl (December 15, 2018). [\"Interior Secretary Zinke resigns amid investigations\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/interior-secretary-zinke-resigns-amid-investigations/2018/12/15/481f9104-0077-11e9-ad40-cdfd0e0dd65a_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 7, 2024.\n424. **[^](#cite_ref-425 \"Jump up\")** Keith, Tamara (October 12, 2017). [\"Trump Leaves Top Administration Positions Unfilled, Says Hollow Government By Design\"](https://www.npr.org/2017/10/12/557122200/trump-leaves-top-administration-positions-unfilled-says-hollow-government-by-des). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n425. **[^](#cite_ref-426 \"Jump up\")** [\"Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. January 8, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n426. **[^](#cite_ref-427 \"Jump up\")** Gramlich, John (January 13, 2021). [\"How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges\"](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/). _[Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2021.\n427. **[^](#cite_ref-428 \"Jump up\")** Kumar, Anita (September 26, 2020). [\"Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_.\n428. **[^](#cite_ref-429 \"Jump up\")** Farivar, Masood (December 24, 2020). [\"Trump's Lasting Legacy: Conservative Supermajority on Supreme Court\"](https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_trumps-lasting-legacy-conservative-supermajority-supreme-court/6199935.html). _[Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America \"Voice of America\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n429. **[^](#cite_ref-430 \"Jump up\")** [Biskupic, Joan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Biskupic \"Joan Biskupic\") (June 2, 2023). [\"Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences\"](https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/06/02/nine-black-robes-supreme-court). _[WBUR-FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUR-FM \"WBUR-FM\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n430. **[^](#cite_ref-431 \"Jump up\")** Quay, Grayson (June 25, 2022). [\"Trump takes credit for Dobbs decision but worries it 'won't help him in the future'\"](https://theweek.com/donald-trump/1014657/trump-takes-credit-for-dobbs-decision-but-worries-it-wont-help-him-in-the). _[The Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week \"The Week\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2023.\n431. **[^](#cite_ref-432 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Adam (June 24, 2022). [\"In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n432. **[^](#cite_ref-433 \"Jump up\")** Kapur, Sahil (May 17, 2023). [\"Trump: 'I was able to kill Roe v. Wade'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-was-able-kill-roe-v-wade-rcna84897). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n433. **[^](#cite_ref-434 \"Jump up\")** Phillip, Abby; Barnes, Robert; O'Keefe, Ed (February 8, 2017). [\"Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-nominee-gorsuch-says-trumps-attacks-on-judiciary-are-demoralizing/2017/02/08/64e03fe2-ee3f-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n434. **[^](#cite_ref-435 \"Jump up\")** [In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts](https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/his-own-words-presidents-attacks-courts). _[Brennan Center for Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice \"Brennan Center for Justice\")_ (Report). June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n435. **[^](#cite_ref-436 \"Jump up\")** Shepherd, Katie (November 8, 2019). [\"Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/08/judge-says-trump-violates-democratic-norms-judiciary-speech/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n436. **[^](#cite_ref-437 \"Jump up\")** Holshue, Michelle L.; et al. (March 5, 2020). [\"First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States\"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802). _[The New England Journal of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"The New England Journal of Medicine\")_. **382** (10): 929–936. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1056/NEJMoa2001191](https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2001191). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [7092802](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [32004427](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32004427).\n437. **[^](#cite_ref-438 \"Jump up\")** Hein, Alexandria (January 31, 2020). [\"Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US\"](https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-declared-public-health-emergency-in-us). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved October 2, 2020.\n438. **[^](#cite_ref-439 \"Jump up\")** Cloud, David S.; [Pringle, Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pringle \"Paul Pringle\"); [Stokols, Eli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Stokols \"Eli Stokols\") (April 19, 2020). [\"How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat\"](https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-19/coronavirus-outbreak-president-trump-slow-response). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved April 21, 2020.\n439. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-NYT_4_11_20_440-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NYT_4_11_20_440-1) [Lipton, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lipton \"Eric Lipton\"); [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Mazzetti, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti \"Mark Mazzetti\"); Barnes, Julian E. (April 11, 2020). [\"He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 11, 2020.\n440. **[^](#cite_ref-441 \"Jump up\")** Kelly, Caroline (March 21, 2020). [\"Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat\"](https://cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/us-intelligence-reports-trump-coronavirus/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved April 21, 2020.\n441. **[^](#cite_ref-442 \"Jump up\")** Watson, Kathryn (April 3, 2020). [\"A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2021.\n442. **[^](#cite_ref-443 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump deliberately played down virus, Woodward book says\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54094559). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.\n443. **[^](#cite_ref-444 \"Jump up\")** Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 9, 2020). [\"'Play it down': Trump admits to concealing the true threat of coronavirus in new Woodward book\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump-coronavirus). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2022.\n444. **[^](#cite_ref-445 \"Jump up\")** Partington, Richard; Wearden, Graeme (March 9, 2020). [\"Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis\"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/09/global-stock-markets-post-biggest-falls-since-2008-financial-crisis). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved March 15, 2020.\n445. **[^](#cite_ref-446 \"Jump up\")** Heeb, Gina (March 6, 2020). [\"Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak\"](https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/trump-signs-billion-emergency-funding-package-fight-coronavirus-legislation-covid19-020-3-1028972206). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n446. **[^](#cite_ref-WHOpandemic2_447-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020\"](https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020). _[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\")_. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.\n447. **[^](#cite_ref-448 \"Jump up\")** [\"Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban\"](https://www.thelocal.dk/20200312/trump-imposes-travel-ban-from-europe-over-coronavirus-outbreak). _[The Local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Local \"The Local\")_. March 12, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n448. **[^](#cite_ref-449 \"Jump up\")** [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (March 12, 2020). [\"In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-address.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2020.\n449. **[^](#cite_ref-450 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Kevin (March 13, 2020). [\"Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures\"](https://cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2020.\n450. **[^](#cite_ref-451 \"Jump up\")** Valverde, Miriam (March 12, 2020). [\"Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus\"](https://khn.org/news/donald-trumps-wrong-claim-that-anybody-can-get-tested-for-coronavirus/). _[Kaiser Health News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Health_News \"Kaiser Health News\")_. Retrieved March 18, 2020.\n451. **[^](#cite_ref-452 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know\"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-immigration-executive-order-200423185402661.html). _[Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English \"Al Jazeera English\")_. April 23, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n452. **[^](#cite_ref-453 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); Weiland, Noah; [Lipton, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lipton \"Eric Lipton\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\") (July 18, 2020). [\"Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-response-failure-leadership.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2020.\n453. **[^](#cite_ref-454 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. January 30, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n454. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Karni_455-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Karni_455-1) [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (March 23, 2020). [\"In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-briefing.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2020.\n455. **[^](#cite_ref-456 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); Rogers, Katie; [Enrich, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Enrich \"David Enrich\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (April 6, 2020). [\"Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2020.\n456. **[^](#cite_ref-457 \"Jump up\")** Berenson, Tessa (March 30, 2020). [\"'He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus\"](https://time.com/5812588/donald-trump-coronavirus-briefings-message-campaign/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2020.\n457. **[^](#cite_ref-458 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\") (March 17, 2020). [\"Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus\"](https://cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n458. **[^](#cite_ref-459 \"Jump up\")** Scott, Dylan (March 18, 2020). [\"Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous\"](https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n459. **[^](#cite_ref-460 \"Jump up\")** Georgiou, Aristos (March 19, 2020). [\"WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the 'Chinese virus'\"](https://www.newsweek.com/who-langauge-stigmatizing-coronavirus-trump-chinese-1493172). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n460. **[^](#cite_ref-461 \"Jump up\")** Beavers, Olivia (March 19, 2020). [\"US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus\"](https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/488311-us-china-relationship-worsens-over-coronavirus). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved March 19, 2020.\n461. **[^](#cite_ref-462 \"Jump up\")** Lemire, Jonathan (April 9, 2020). [\"As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame\"](https://apnews.com/article/58f1b869354970689d55ccae37c540f3). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved May 5, 2020.\n462. **[^](#cite_ref-463 \"Jump up\")** [\"Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52407177). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. April 24, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.\n463. **[^](#cite_ref-464 \"Jump up\")** Aratani, Lauren (May 5, 2020). [\"Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/05/white-house-coronavirus-taskforce-winding-down-why). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n464. **[^](#cite_ref-465 \"Jump up\")** [\"Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52563577). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. May 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n465. **[^](#cite_ref-466 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Kevin (May 6, 2020). [\"In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar\"](https://cnn.com/2020/05/06/politics/trump-task-force-vaccine/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n466. **[^](#cite_ref-467 \"Jump up\")** [Acosta, Jim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Acosta \"Jim Acosta\"); Liptak, Kevin; Westwood, Sarah (May 29, 2020). [\"As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed\"](https://cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-task-force/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n467. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-Politico_WHO_468-4) Ollstein, Alice Miranda (April 14, 2020). [\"Trump halts funding to World Health Organization\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved September 7, 2020.\n468. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-CNN_WHO_469-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CNN_WHO_469-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-CNN_WHO_469-2) Cohen, Zachary; Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie; Salama, Vivian; [Murray, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Murray_\\(journalist\\) \"Sara Murray (journalist)\") (July 7, 2020). [\"Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization\"](https://cnn.com/2020/07/07/politics/us-withdrawing-world-health-organization/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved July 19, 2020.\n469. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BBC_WHO_470-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BBC_WHO_470-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-BBC_WHO_470-2) [\"Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. July 7, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.\n470. **[^](#cite_ref-471 \"Jump up\")** [Wood, Graeme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Wood_\\(journalist\\) \"Graeme Wood (journalist)\") (April 15, 2020). [\"The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-threatens-defund-world-health-organization/610030/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved September 7, 2020.\n471. **[^](#cite_ref-472 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Amber (April 8, 2020). [\"Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/08/why-exactly-is-president-trump-lashing-out-world-health-organization/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 8, 2020.\n472. **[^](#cite_ref-473 \"Jump up\")** Wilson, Jason (April 17, 2020). [\"The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved April 18, 2020.\n473. **[^](#cite_ref-474 \"Jump up\")** Andone, Dakin (April 16, 2020). [\"Protests Are Popping Up Across the US over Stay-at-Home Restrictions\"](https://cnn.com/2020/04/16/us/protests-coronavirus-stay-home-orders/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n474. **[^](#cite_ref-475 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); Mervosh, Sarah (April 17, 2020). [\"Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 19, 2020.\n475. **[^](#cite_ref-476 \"Jump up\")** Chalfant, Morgan; Samuels, Brett (April 20, 2020). [\"Trump support for protests threatens to undermine social distancing rules\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493701-trump-support-for-protests-threatens-to-undermine-social-distancing). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n476. **[^](#cite_ref-477 \"Jump up\")** Lemire, Jonathan; Nadler, Ben (April 24, 2020). [\"Trump approved of Georgia's plan to reopen before bashing it\"](https://apnews.com/article/a031d395d414ffa655fdc65e6760d6a0). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved April 28, 2020.\n477. **[^](#cite_ref-478 \"Jump up\")** Kumar, Anita (April 18, 2020). [\"Trump's unspoken factor on reopening the economy: Politics\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/18/trump-reopening-economy-193885). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n478. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-99days_479-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-99days_479-1) Danner, Chas (July 11, 2020). [\"99 Days Later, Trump Finally Wears a Face Mask in Public\"](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/trump-finally-wears-a-face-mask-in-public-covid-19.html). _[New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\\(magazine\\) \"New York (magazine)\")_. Retrieved July 12, 2020.\n479. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-WAPost_Mask_480-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-WAPost_Mask_480-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-WAPost_Mask_480-2) Blake, Aaron (June 25, 2020). [\"Trump's dumbfounding refusal to encourage wearing masks\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/25/trumps-dumbfounding-refusal-encourage-wearing-masks/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n480. **[^](#cite_ref-481 \"Jump up\")** Higgins-Dunn, Noah (July 14, 2020). [\"Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/14/trump-says-us-would-have-half-the-number-of-coronavirus-cases-if-it-did-half-the-testing.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n481. **[^](#cite_ref-482 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (July 23, 2020). [\"Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/23/trumps-right-that-with-less-testing-we-record-fewer-cases-fact-thats-already-happening/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n482. **[^](#cite_ref-483 \"Jump up\")** Feuer, Will (August 26, 2020). [\"CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/26/cdc-quietly-revises-coronavirus-guidance-to-downplay-importance-of-testing-for-asymptomatic-people.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n483. **[^](#cite_ref-484 \"Jump up\")** [\"The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n484. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-CNN-testing-pressure_485-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-CNN-testing-pressure_485-1) Valencia, Nick; [Murray, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Murray_\\(journalist\\) \"Sara Murray (journalist)\"); Holmes, Kristen (August 26, 2020). [\"CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says\"](https://cnn.com/2020/08/26/politics/cdc-coronavirus-testing-guidance/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n485. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Gumbrecht_486-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Gumbrecht_486-1) Gumbrecht, Jamie; [Gupta, Sanjay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Gupta \"Sanjay Gupta\"); Valencia, Nick (September 18, 2020). [\"Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/18/health/covid-19-testing-guidance-cdc-hhs/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 18, 2020.\n486. **[^](#cite_ref-487 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2020). [\"President Trump, coronavirus truther\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/06/trump-throws-caution-wind-coronavirus/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 11, 2020.\n487. **[^](#cite_ref-488 \"Jump up\")** Rabin, Roni Caryn; Cameron, Chris (July 5, 2020). [\"Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n488. **[^](#cite_ref-489 \"Jump up\")** Sprunt, Barbara (July 7, 2020). [\"Trump Pledges To 'Pressure' Governors To Reopen Schools Despite Health Concerns\"](https://www.npr.org/2020/07/07/888157257/white-house-pushes-to-reopen-schools-despite-a-surge-in-coronavirus-cases). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2020.\n489. **[^](#cite_ref-490 \"Jump up\")** McGinley, Laurie; Johnson, Carolyn Y. (June 15, 2020). [\"FDA pulls emergency approval for antimalarial drugs touted by Trump as covid-19 treatment\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/15/hydroxychloroquine-authorization-revoked-coronavirus/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n490. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-pressed_491-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-pressed_491-1) [LaFraniere, Sharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_LaFraniere \"Sharon LaFraniere\"); Weiland, Noah; [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\") (September 12, 2020). [\"Trump Pressed for Plasma Therapy. Officials Worry, Is an Unvetted Vaccine Next?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-treatment-vaccine.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 13, 2020.\n491. **[^](#cite_ref-492 \"Jump up\")** Diamond, Dan (September 11, 2020). [\"Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n492. **[^](#cite_ref-493 \"Jump up\")** Sun, Lena H. (September 12, 2020). [\"Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/12/trump-control-over-cdc-reports/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n493. **[^](#cite_ref-494 \"Jump up\")** McGinley, Laurie; Johnson, Carolyn Y.; [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\") (August 22, 2020). [\"Trump without evidence accuses 'deep state' at FDA of slow-walking coronavirus vaccines and treatments\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/22/trump-without-evidence-accuses-deep-state-fda-slow-walking-coronavirus-vaccines-treatments/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n494. **[^](#cite_ref-495 \"Jump up\")** Liptak, Kevin; Klein, Betsy (October 5, 2020). [\"A timeline of Trump and those in his orbit during a week of coronavirus developments\"](https://cnn.com/2020/10/02/politics/timeline-trump-coronavirus/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2020.\n495. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-downplay_496-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-downplay_496-1) [Olorunnipa, Toluse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluse_Olorunnipa \"Toluse Olorunnipa\"); [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\") (October 5, 2020). [\"Trump returns to White House, downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-walter-reed-discharge-mask/2020/10/05/91edbe9a-071a-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 5, 2020.\n496. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-sicker_497-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-sicker_497-1) Weiland, Noah; [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Mazzetti, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti \"Mark Mazzetti\"); [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (February 11, 2021). [\"Trump Was Sicker Than Acknowledged With Covid-19\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 16, 2021.\n497. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Election_NBCNews_498-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Election_NBCNews_498-1) Edelman, Adam (July 5, 2020). [\"Warning signs flash for Trump in Wisconsin as pandemic response fuels disapproval\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/warning-signs-flash-trump-wisconsin-pandemic-response-fuels-disapproval-n1232646). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n498. **[^](#cite_ref-499 \"Jump up\")** Strauss, Daniel (September 7, 2020). [\"Biden aims to make election about Covid-19 as Trump steers focus elsewhere\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/14/joe-biden-donald-trump-coronavirus-covid-19). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved November 4, 2021.\n499. **[^](#cite_ref-500 \"Jump up\")** Karson, Kendall (September 13, 2020). [\"Deep skepticism for Trump's coronavirus response endures: POLL\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/deep-skepticism-trumps-coronavirus-response-endures-poll/story?id=72974847). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved September 14, 2020.\n500. **[^](#cite_ref-501 \"Jump up\")** Impelli, Matthew (October 26, 2020). [\"Fact Check: Is U.S. 'Rounding the Turn' On COVID, as Trump Claims?\"](https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-us-rounding-turn-covid-trump-claims-1542145). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved October 31, 2020.\n501. **[^](#cite_ref-502 \"Jump up\")** Maan, Anurag (October 31, 2020). [\"U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-record/u-s-reports-world-record-of-more-than-100000-covid-19-cases-in-single-day-idUSKBN27G07S). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved October 31, 2020.\n502. **[^](#cite_ref-503 \"Jump up\")** Woodward, Calvin; Pace, Julie (December 16, 2018). [\"Scope of investigations into Trump has shaped his presidency\"](https://apnews.com/article/6d6361fdf19846cb9eb020d9c6fbfa5a). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved December 19, 2018.\n503. **[^](#cite_ref-504 \"Jump up\")** Buchanan, Larry; Yourish, Karen (September 25, 2019). [\"Tracking 30 Investigations Related to Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2020.\n504. **[^](#cite_ref-505 \"Jump up\")** [Fahrenthold, David A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fahrenthold \"David Fahrenthold\"); Bade, Rachael; Wagner, John (April 22, 2019). [\"Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-sues-in-bid-to-block-congressional-subpoena-of-financial-records/2019/04/22/a98de3d0-6500-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 1, 2019.\n505. **[^](#cite_ref-506 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (May 20, 2019). [\"Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/us/politics/trump-financial-records.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n506. **[^](#cite_ref-507 \"Jump up\")** Merle, Renae; [Kranish, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish \"Michael Kranish\"); [Sonmez, Felicia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Sonmez \"Felicia Sonmez\") (May 22, 2019). [\"Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-rejects-trumps-request-to-halt-congressional-subpoenas-for-his-banking-records/2019/05/22/28f9b93a-7ccd-11e9-8bb7-0fc796cf2ec0_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n507. **[^](#cite_ref-508 \"Jump up\")** Flitter, Emily; McKinley, Jesse; [Enrich, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Enrich \"David Enrich\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (May 22, 2019). [\"Trump's Financial Secrets Move Closer to Disclosure\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/business/deutsche-bank-trump-subpoena.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n508. **[^](#cite_ref-509 \"Jump up\")** Hutzler, Alexandra (May 21, 2019). [\"Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court\"](https://www.newsweek.com/trump-subpoena-appeal-merrick-garland-court-1431543). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved August 24, 2021.\n509. **[^](#cite_ref-510 \"Jump up\")** Broadwater, Luke (September 17, 2022). [\"Trump's Former Accounting Firm Begins Turning Over Documents to Congress\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/17/us/politics/mazars-accounting-trump-documents.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 28, 2023.\n510. **[^](#cite_ref-511 \"Jump up\")** [Rosenberg, Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rosenberg \"Matthew Rosenberg\") (July 6, 2017). [\"Trump Misleads on Russian Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/us/politics/trump-russia-intelligence-agencies-cia-fbi-nsa.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n511. **[^](#cite_ref-512 \"Jump up\")** [Sanger, David E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger \"David E. Sanger\") (January 6, 2017). [\"Putin Ordered 'Influence Campaign' Aimed at U.S. Election, Report Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/us/politics/russia-hack-report.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2021.\n512. **[^](#cite_ref-513 \"Jump up\")** Berman, Russell (March 20, 2017). [\"It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved June 7, 2017.\n513. **[^](#cite_ref-514 \"Jump up\")** Harding, Luke (November 15, 2017). [\"How Trump walked into Putin's web\"](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/15/how-trump-walked-into-putins-web-luke). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 22, 2019.\n514. **[^](#cite_ref-515 \"Jump up\")** McCarthy, Tom (December 13, 2016). [\"Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved March 11, 2017.\n515. **[^](#cite_ref-516 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (March 3, 2017). [\"The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 11, 2017.\n516. **[^](#cite_ref-517 \"Jump up\")** Nesbit, Jeff (August 2, 2016). [\"Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia\"](https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved February 28, 2017.\n517. **[^](#cite_ref-518 \"Jump up\")** Phillips, Amber (August 19, 2016). [\"Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 14, 2017.\n518. **[^](#cite_ref-519 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (November 15, 2019). [\"We Still Don't Know What Happened Between Trump and Russia\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/we-still-dont-know-what-happened-between-trump-and-russia/602116/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n519. **[^](#cite_ref-520 \"Jump up\")** Parker, Ned; Landay, Jonathan; Strobel, Warren (May 18, 2017). [\"Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved May 19, 2017.\n520. **[^](#cite_ref-521 \"Jump up\")** [Murray, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Murray_\\(journalist\\) \"Sara Murray (journalist)\"); [Borger, Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Borger \"Gloria Borger\"); [Diamond, Jeremy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Diamond_\\(journalist\\) \"Jeremy Diamond (journalist)\") (February 14, 2017). [\"Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts\"](https://cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved March 2, 2017.\n521. **[^](#cite_ref-522 \"Jump up\")** [Harris, Shane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Harris \"Shane Harris\"); [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\"); [Nakashima, Ellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Nakashima \"Ellen Nakashima\") (September 27, 2019). [\"Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n522. **[^](#cite_ref-523 \"Jump up\")** Barnes, Julian E.; [Rosenberg, Matthew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rosenberg \"Matthew Rosenberg\") (November 22, 2019). [\"Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/us/politics/ukraine-russia-interference.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n523. **[^](#cite_ref-524 \"Jump up\")** [Apuzzo, Matt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Apuzzo \"Matt Apuzzo\"); [Goldman, Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Goldman \"Adam Goldman\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (May 16, 2018). [\"Code Name Crossfire Hurricane: The Secret Origins of the Trump Investigation\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/16/us/politics/crossfire-hurricane-trump-russia-fbi-mueller-investigation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n524. **[^](#cite_ref-525 \"Jump up\")** Dilanian, Ken (September 7, 2020). [\"FBI agent who helped launch Russia investigation says Trump was 'compromised'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/fbi-agent-who-helped-launch-russia-investigation-says-trump-was-n1239442). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n525. **[^](#cite_ref-526 \"Jump up\")** Pearson, Nick (May 17, 2018). [\"Crossfire Hurricane: Trump Russia investigation started with Alexander Downer interview\"](https://www.9news.com.au/world/crossfire-hurricane-trump-russia-investigation-started-with-alexander-downer-interview/16121e23-bdfc-4f32-9822-e4a7f841e3e4). _[Nine News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_News \"Nine News\")_. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n526. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-never_527-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-never_527-1) [Schmidt, Michael S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Schmidt \"Michael S. Schmidt\") (August 30, 2020). [\"Justice Dept. Never Fully Examined Trump's Ties to Russia, Ex-Officials Say\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n527. **[^](#cite_ref-528 \"Jump up\")** [\"Rosenstein to testify in Senate on Trump-Russia probe\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-rosenstein-idUSKBN23330H). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. May 27, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2021.\n528. **[^](#cite_ref-529 \"Jump up\")** Vitkovskaya, Julie (June 16, 2017). [\"Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 16, 2017.\n529. **[^](#cite_ref-530 \"Jump up\")** [Keating, Joshua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Keating \"Joshua Keating\") (March 8, 2018). [\"It's Not Just a \"Russia\" Investigation Anymore\"](https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/03/mueller-investigation-spreads-to-qatar-israel-uae-china-turkey.html). _[Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_\\(magazine\\) \"Slate (magazine)\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n530. **[^](#cite_ref-531 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Schmidt, Michael S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Schmidt \"Michael S. Schmidt\") (April 10, 2018). [\"Trump Sought to Fire Mueller in December\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/trump-sought-to-fire-mueller-in-december.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n531. **[^](#cite_ref-532 \"Jump up\")** Breuninger, Kevin (March 22, 2019). [\"Mueller probe ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/robert-mueller-submits-special-counsels-russia-probe-report-to-attorney-general-william-barr.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved March 22, 2019.\n532. **[^](#cite_ref-533 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 30, 2019). [\"Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/mueller-complained-that-barrs-letter-did-not-capture-context-of-trump-probe/2019/04/30/d3c8fdb6-6b7b-11e9-a66d-a82d3f3d96d5_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 30, 2019.\n533. **[^](#cite_ref-534 \"Jump up\")** Hsu, Spencer S.; Barrett, Devlin (March 5, 2020). [\"Judge cites Barr's 'misleading' statements in ordering review of Mueller report redactions\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/mueller-report-attorney-general-william-barr/2020/03/05/3fa7afce-5f2c-11ea-b29b-9db42f7803a7_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n534. **[^](#cite_ref-535 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (March 5, 2020). [\"Judge Calls Barr's Handling of Mueller Report 'Distorted' and 'Misleading'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/us/politics/mueller-report-barr-judge-walton.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n535. **[^](#cite_ref-536 \"Jump up\")** Yen, Hope; Woodward, Calvin (July 24, 2019). [\"AP FACT CHECK: Trump falsely claims Mueller exonerated him\"](https://apnews.com/article/130932b573664ea5a4d186f752bb8d50). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n536. **[^](#cite_ref-537 \"Jump up\")** [\"Main points of Mueller report\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143436/https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1). [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). January 16, 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1) on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.\n537. **[^](#cite_ref-538 \"Jump up\")** Ostriker, Rebecca; Puzzanghera, Jim; Finucane, Martin; Datar, Saurabh; Uraizee, Irfan; Garvin, Patrick (April 18, 2019). [\"What the Mueller report says about Trump and more\"](https://apps.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/graphics/2019/03/mueller-report/). _[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_. Retrieved April 22, 2019.\n538. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-takeaways_539-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-takeaways_539-1) Law, Tara (April 18, 2019). [\"Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report\"](http://time.com/5567077/mueller-report-release/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved April 22, 2019.\n539. **[^](#cite_ref-540 \"Jump up\")** Lynch, Sarah N.; Sullivan, Andy (April 18, 2018). [\"In unflattering detail, Mueller report reveals Trump actions to impede inquiry\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-idUSKCN1RU0DN). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved July 10, 2022.\n540. **[^](#cite_ref-541 \"Jump up\")** [Mazzetti, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti \"Mark Mazzetti\") (July 24, 2019). [\"Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/politics/trump-mueller-testimony.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 4, 2020.\n541. **[^](#cite_ref-542 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (May 30, 2019). [\"Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/30/trump-briefly-acknowledges-that-russia-aided-his-election-falsely-says-he-didnt-help-effort/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 5, 2020.\n542. **[^](#cite_ref-543 \"Jump up\")** Polantz, Katelyn; Kaufman, Ellie; Murray, Sara (June 19, 2020). [\"Mueller raised possibility Trump lied to him, newly unsealed report reveals\"](https://cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/mueller-report-rerelease-fewer-redactions/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 30, 2022.\n543. **[^](#cite_ref-544 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 17, 2019). [\"Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/attorney-general-to-provide-overview-of-mueller-report-at-news-conference-before-its-release/2019/04/17/8dcc9440-54b9-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 20, 2019.\n544. **[^](#cite_ref-545 \"Jump up\")** Farley, Robert; Robertson, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale; Fichera, Angelo; McDonald, Jessica (April 18, 2019). [\"What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2019/04/what-the-mueller-report-says-about-obstruction/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved April 22, 2019.\n545. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-LM_546-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-LM_546-1) Mascaro, Lisa (April 18, 2019). [\"Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress\"](https://apnews.com/article/35829a2b010248f193d1efd00c4de7e5). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved April 20, 2019.\n546. **[^](#cite_ref-547 \"Jump up\")** Segers, Grace (May 29, 2019). [\"Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, \"we would have said so\"\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved June 2, 2019.\n547. **[^](#cite_ref-548 \"Jump up\")** Cheney, Kyle; Caygle, Heather; Bresnahan, John (December 10, 2019). [\"Why Democrats sidelined Mueller in impeachment articles\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/10/democrats-sidelined-mueller-trump-impeachment-080910). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n548. **[^](#cite_ref-549 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (December 10, 2019). [\"Democrats ditch 'bribery' and Mueller in Trump impeachment articles. But is that the smart play?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/10/democrats-ditch-bribery-mueller-trump-impeachment-articles-is-that-smart-play/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n549. **[^](#cite_ref-550 \"Jump up\")** Zapotosky, Matt; Bui, Lynh; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (August 21, 2018). [\"Manafort convicted on 8 counts; mistrial declared on 10 others\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/manafort-jury-suggests-it-cannot-come-to-a-consensus-on-a-single-count/2018/08/21/a2478ac0-a559-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 21, 2018.\n550. **[^](#cite_ref-551 \"Jump up\")** Mangan, Dan (July 30, 2018). [\"Trump and Giuliani are right that 'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's probe\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/30/giuliani-is-right-collusion-isnt-a-crime-but-that-wont-help-trump.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n551. **[^](#cite_ref-552 \"Jump up\")** [\"Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser Michael Flynn\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46449950). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. December 5, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n552. **[^](#cite_ref-553 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt; [Helderman, Rosalind S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_S._Helderman \"Rosalind S. Helderman\") (November 29, 2018). [\"Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to Congress about Moscow project\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/michael-cohen-trumps-former-lawyer-pleads-guilty-to-lying-to-congress/2018/11/29/5fac986a-f3e0-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 12, 2018.\n553. **[^](#cite_ref-554 \"Jump up\")** Weiner, Rachel; Zapotosky, Matt; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (February 20, 2020). [\"Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/roger-stone-sentence-due-thursday-in-federal-court/2020/02/19/2e01bfc8-4c38-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 3, 2020.\n554. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-undermine_555-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-undermine_555-1) Bump, Philip (September 25, 2019). [\"Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n555. **[^](#cite_ref-abuse_556-0 \"Jump up\")** Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn; Shortell, David; Kupperman, Tammy; Callahan, Michael (September 26, 2019). [\"Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power\"](https://cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/whistleblower-complaint-released/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 4, 2022.\n556. **[^](#cite_ref-557 \"Jump up\")** [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (September 24, 2019). [\"Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n557. **[^](#cite_ref-558 \"Jump up\")** Forgey, Quint (September 24, 2019). [\"Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/24/donald-trump-ukraine-military-aid-1509070). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n558. **[^](#cite_ref-559 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (September 25, 2019). [\"Trump's Incriminating Conversation With the Ukrainian President\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/what-the-transcript-of-trumps-insane-call-with-the-ukrainian-president-showed/598780/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved July 7, 2021.\n559. **[^](#cite_ref-560 \"Jump up\")** Santucci, John; Mallin, Alexander; [Thomas, Pierre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Thomas_\\(journalist\\) \"Pierre Thomas (journalist)\"); Faulders, Katherine (September 25, 2019). [\"Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-trump-call-ukraine-includes-talk-giuliani-barr/story?id=65848768). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n560. **[^](#cite_ref-561 \"Jump up\")** [\"Document: Read the Whistle-Blower Complaint\"](https://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2019/09/24/whistleblower-complaint/assets/amp.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.\n561. **[^](#cite_ref-562 \"Jump up\")** [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (October 22, 2019). [\"Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/trump-impeachment-ukraine.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 22, 2019.\n562. **[^](#cite_ref-563 \"Jump up\")** [LaFraniere, Sharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_LaFraniere \"Sharon LaFraniere\") (October 22, 2019). [\"6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/politics/william-taylor-testimony.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 23, 2019.\n563. **[^](#cite_ref-564 \"Jump up\")** Siegel, Benjamin; Faulders, Katherine; Pecorin, Allison (December 13, 2019). [\"House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-judiciary-committee-set-vote-trump-impeachment-articles/story?id=67706093). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved December 13, 2019.\n564. **[^](#cite_ref-565 \"Jump up\")** Gregorian, Dareh (December 18, 2019). [\"Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved December 18, 2019.\n565. **[^](#cite_ref-566 \"Jump up\")** [Kim, Seung Min](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung_Min_Kim \"Seung Min Kim\"); Wagner, John; [Demirjian, Karoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoun_Demirjian \"Karoun Demirjian\") (January 23, 2020). [\"Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/democrats-detail-abuse-of-power-charge-against-trump-as-republicans-complain-of-repetitive-arguments/2020/01/23/3fb149b4-3e05-11ea-8872-5df698785a4e_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 27, 2020.\n566. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-brazen_567-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-brazen_567-1) [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (January 18, 2020). [\"Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/politics/house-trump-impeachment.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 30, 2020.\n567. **[^](#cite_ref-568 \"Jump up\")** Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; [Raju, Manu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Raju \"Manu Raju\"); Fox, Lauren (January 31, 2020). [\"Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails\"](https://cnn.com/2020/01/31/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-last-day/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2020.\n568. **[^](#cite_ref-569 \"Jump up\")** Bookbinder, Noah (January 9, 2020). [\"The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/09/senate-has-conducted-15-impeachment-trials-it-heard-witnesses-every-one/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 8, 2020.\n569. **[^](#cite_ref-570 \"Jump up\")** Wilkie, Christina; Breuninger, Kevin (February 5, 2020). [\"Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n570. **[^](#cite_ref-571 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\") (February 22, 2020). [\"Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/us/politics/trump-disloyalty-turnover.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n571. **[^](#cite_ref-572 \"Jump up\")** Morehouse, Lee (January 31, 2017). [\"Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210255/http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election). _[KTVK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVK \"KTVK\")_. Archived from [the original](https://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.\n572. **[^](#cite_ref-573 \"Jump up\")** Graham, David A. (February 15, 2017). [\"Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday\"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/). _[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")_. Retrieved February 19, 2017.\n573. **[^](#cite_ref-574 \"Jump up\")** [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\"); [Burns, Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Burns_\\(journalist\\) \"Alex Burns (journalist)\"); [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (August 24, 2020). [\"Nominating Trump, Republicans Rewrite His Record\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/24/us/politics/republican-convention-recap.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 25, 2020.\n574. **[^](#cite_ref-575 \"Jump up\")** Balcerzak, Ashley; Levinthal, Dave; Levine, Carrie; Kleiner, Sarah; Beachum, Lateshia (February 1, 2019). [\"Donald Trump's campaign cash machine: big, brawny and burning money\"](https://publicintegrity.org/politics/donald-trump-money-campaign-2020/). _[Center for Public Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity \"Center for Public Integrity\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n575. **[^](#cite_ref-576 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane; [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (September 7, 2020). [\"How Trump's Billion-Dollar Campaign Lost Its Cash Advantage\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/us/politics/trump-election-campaign-fundraising.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n576. **[^](#cite_ref-577 \"Jump up\")** Egkolfopoulou, Misyrlena; Allison, Bill; Korte, Gregory (September 14, 2020). [\"Trump Campaign Slashes Ad Spending in Key States in Cash Crunch\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-14/trump-campaign-slashes-ad-spending-in-key-states-in-cash-crunch). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n577. **[^](#cite_ref-578 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); Corasaniti, Nick; [Karni, Annie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Karni \"Annie Karni\") (July 21, 2020). [\"As Trump Pushes into Portland, His Campaign Ads Turn Darker\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-portland-federal-agents.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 25, 2020.\n578. **[^](#cite_ref-579 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (August 28, 2020). [\"Nearly every claim Trump made about Biden's positions was false\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/28/nearly-every-claim-trump-made-about-bidens-positions-was-false/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n579. **[^](#cite_ref-580 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\"); Subramaniam, Tara; Lybrand, Holmes (August 31, 2020). [\"Fact check: Trump makes more false claims about Biden and protests\"](https://cnn.com/2020/08/31/politics/trump-kenosha-briefing-fact-check/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n580. **[^](#cite_ref-581 \"Jump up\")** Hopkins, Dan (August 27, 2020). [\"Why Trump's Racist Appeals Might Be Less Effective In 2020 Than They Were In 2016\"](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-trumps-racist-appeals-might-be-less-effective-in-2020-than-they-were-in-2016). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. Retrieved May 28, 2021.\n581. **[^](#cite_ref-582 \"Jump up\")** Kumar, Anita (August 8, 2020). [\"Trump aides exploring executive actions to curb voting by mail\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/08/trump-wants-to-cut-mail-in-voting-the-republican-machine-is-helping-him-392428). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 15, 2020.\n582. **[^](#cite_ref-583 \"Jump up\")** [Saul, Stephanie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Saul \"Stephanie Saul\"); Epstein, Reid J. (August 31, 2020). [\"Trump Is Pushing a False Argument on Vote-by-Mail Fraud. Here Are the Facts\"](https://www.nytimes.com/article/mail-in-voting-explained.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n583. **[^](#cite_ref-584 \"Jump up\")** Bogage, Jacob (August 12, 2020). [\"Trump says Postal Service needs money for mail-in voting, but he'll keep blocking funding\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/08/12/postal-service-ballots-dejoy/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2020.\n584. **[^](#cite_ref-585 \"Jump up\")** [Sonmez, Felicia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Sonmez \"Felicia Sonmez\") (July 19, 2020). [\"Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-declines-to-say-whether-he-will-accept-november-election-results/2020/07/19/40009804-c9c7-11ea-91f1-28aca4d833a0_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n585. **[^](#cite_ref-586 \"Jump up\")** Browne, Ryan; [Starr, Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Starr \"Barbara Starr\") (September 25, 2020). [\"As Trump refuses to commit to a peaceful transition, Pentagon stresses it will play no role in the election\"](https://cnn.com/2020/09/25/politics/pentagon-election-insurrection-act/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2021.\n586. **[^](#cite_ref-vote1_587-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n587. **[^](#cite_ref-vote2_588-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n588. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-formalize_589-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-formalize_589-1) Holder, Josh; [Gabriel, Trip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_Gabriel \"Trip Gabriel\"); Paz, Isabella Grullón (December 14, 2020). [\"Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n589. **[^](#cite_ref-590 \"Jump up\")** [\"With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-statement/with-results-from-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-idUKKBN27K0U3). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.\n590. **[^](#cite_ref-591 \"Jump up\")** King, Ledyard (November 7, 2020). [\"Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race\"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/07/joe-biden-victory-president-trump-claims-election-far-over/6202892002/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved November 7, 2020.\n591. **[^](#cite_ref-592 \"Jump up\")** [Helderman, Rosalind S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_S._Helderman \"Rosalind S. Helderman\"); Viebeck, Elise (December 12, 2020). [\"'The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n592. **[^](#cite_ref-593 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (December 14, 2020). [\"The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/12/14/most-remarkable-rebukes-trumps-legal-case-judges-he-hand-picked/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n593. **[^](#cite_ref-594 \"Jump up\")** Woodward, Calvin (November 16, 2020). [\"AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence\"](https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved November 17, 2020.\n594. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC_election_595-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump fires election security official who contradicted him\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54982360). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.\n595. **[^](#cite_ref-596 \"Jump up\")** [Liptak, Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Liptak \"Adam Liptak\") (December 11, 2020). [\"Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/us/politics/supreme-court-election-texas.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n596. **[^](#cite_ref-597 \"Jump up\")** Smith, David (November 21, 2020). [\"Trump's monumental sulk: president retreats from public eye as Covid ravages US\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/21/trump-monumental-sulk-president-retreats-from-public-eye-covid-ravages-us). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n597. **[^](#cite_ref-598 \"Jump up\")** Lamire, Jonathan; Miller, Zeke (November 9, 2020). [\"Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition\"](https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-2d39186996f69de245e59c966d4d140f). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved November 10, 2020.\n598. **[^](#cite_ref-599 \"Jump up\")** Timm, Jane C.; Smith, Allan (November 14, 2020). [\"Trump is stonewalling Biden's transition. Here's why it matters\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-stonewalling-biden-s-transition-here-s-why-it-matters-n1247768). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved November 26, 2020.\n599. **[^](#cite_ref-600 \"Jump up\")** Rein, Lisa (November 23, 2020). [\"Under pressure, Trump appointee Emily Murphy approves transition in unusually personal letter to Biden\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gsa-emily-murphy-transition-biden/2020/11/23/c0f43e84-2de0-11eb-96c2-aac3f162215d_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved November 24, 2020.\n600. **[^](#cite_ref-601 \"Jump up\")** Naylor, Brian; Wise, Alana (November 23, 2020). [\"President-Elect Biden To Begin Formal Transition Process After Agency OK\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/23/937956178/trump-administration-to-begin-biden-transition-protocols). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n601. **[^](#cite_ref-602 \"Jump up\")** Ordoñez, Franco; Rampton, Roberta (November 26, 2020). [\"Trump Is In No Mood To Concede, But Says Will Leave White House\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/26/939386434/trump-is-in-no-mood-to-concede-but-says-will-leave-white-house). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved December 11, 2020.\n602. **[^](#cite_ref-603 \"Jump up\")** Gardner, Amy (January 3, 2021). [\"'I just want to find 11,780 votes': In extraordinary hour-long call, Trump pressures Georgia secretary of state to recalculate the vote in his favor\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-raffensperger-call-georgia-vote/2021/01/03/d45acb92-4dc4-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 20, 2021.\n603. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-pressure_604-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-pressure_604-1) Kumar, Anita; Orr, Gabby; McGraw, Meridith (December 21, 2020). [\"Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-pressure-campaign-overturn-election-449486). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2020.\n604. **[^](#cite_ref-605 \"Jump up\")** Cohen, Marshall (November 5, 2021). [\"Timeline of the coup: How Trump tried to weaponize the Justice Department to overturn the 2020 election\"](https://cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/january-6-timeline-trump-coup/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved November 6, 2021.\n605. **[^](#cite_ref-606 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); Karni, Annie (January 5, 2021). [\"Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/us/politics/pence-trump-election-results.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 7, 2021.\n606. **[^](#cite_ref-607 \"Jump up\")** Fausset, Richard; Hakim, Danny (February 10, 2021). [\"Georgia Prosecutors Open Criminal Inquiry Into Trump's Efforts to Subvert Election\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/us/politics/trump-georgia-investigation.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 11, 2021.\n607. **[^](#cite_ref-608 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (January 20, 2021). [\"Trump Departs Vowing, 'We Will Be Back in Some Form'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-presidency.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 25, 2021.\n608. **[^](#cite_ref-609 \"Jump up\")** Arkin, William M. (December 24, 2020). [\"Exclusive: Donald Trump's martial-law talk has military on red alert\"](https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-donald-trumps-martial-law-talk-has-military-red-alert-1557056). _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n609. **[^](#cite_ref-610 \"Jump up\")** Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Cohen, Marshall; Stuart, Elizabeth; [Starr, Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Starr \"Barbara Starr\") (July 14, 2021). [\"'They're not going to f\\*\\*king succeed': Top generals feared Trump would attempt a coup after election, according to new book\"](https://cnn.com/2021/07/14/politics/donald-trump-election-coup-new-book-excerpt/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n610. **[^](#cite_ref-611 \"Jump up\")** Breuninger, Kevin (July 15, 2021). [\"Top U.S. Gen. Mark Milley feared Trump would attempt a coup after his loss to Biden, new book says\"](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/15/mark-milley-feared-coup-after-trump-lost-to-biden-book.html). _[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n611. **[^](#cite_ref-612 \"Jump up\")** Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 14, 2021). [\"Woodward/Costa book: Worried Trump could 'go rogue,' Milley took top-secret action to protect nuclear weapons\"](https://cnn.com/2021/09/14/politics/woodward-book-trump-nuclear/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n612. **[^](#cite_ref-613 \"Jump up\")** Schmidt, Michael S. (September 14, 2021). [\"Fears That Trump Might Launch a Strike Prompted General to Reassure China, Book Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/14/us/politics/peril-woodward-book-trump.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n613. **[^](#cite_ref-614 \"Jump up\")** [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (January 10, 2021). [\"Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 11, 2021.\n614. **[^](#cite_ref-615 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump Speech 'Save America' Rally Transcript January 6\"](https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6). _[Rev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev_\\(company\\) \"Rev (company)\")_. January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n615. **[^](#cite_ref-616 \"Jump up\")** Tan, Shelley; Shin, Youjin; Rindler, Danielle (January 9, 2021). [\"How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved May 2, 2021.\n616. **[^](#cite_ref-617 \"Jump up\")** Panetta, Grace; Lahut, Jake; Zavarise, Isabella; Frias, Lauren (December 21, 2022). [\"A timeline of what Trump was doing as his MAGA mob attacked the US Capitol on Jan. 6\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-what-trump-was-doing-as-his-mob-attacked-the-capitol-on-jan-6-2022-7). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2023.\n617. **[^](#cite_ref-618 \"Jump up\")** Gregorian, Dareh; Gibson, Ginger; Kapur, Sahil; Helsel, Phil (January 6, 2021). [\"Congress confirms Biden's win after pro-Trump mob's assault on Capitol\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/congress-begin-electoral-vote-count-amid-protests-inside-outside-capitol-n1253013). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n618. **[^](#cite_ref-619 \"Jump up\")** Rubin, Olivia; Mallin, Alexander; Steakin, Will (January 4, 2022). [\"By the numbers: How the Jan. 6 investigation is shaping up 1 year later\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/numbers-jan-investigation-shaping-year/story?id=82057743). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved June 4, 2023.\n619. **[^](#cite_ref-620 \"Jump up\")** Cameron, Chris (January 5, 2022). [\"These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 29, 2022.\n620. **[^](#cite_ref-621 \"Jump up\")** Terkel, Amanda (May 11, 2023). [\"Trump says he would pardon a 'large portion' of Jan. 6 rioters\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-says-pardon-large-portion-jan-6-rioters-rcna83873). _[NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")_. Retrieved June 3, 2023.\n621. **[^](#cite_ref-622 \"Jump up\")** Naylor, Brian (January 11, 2021). [\"Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' of Capitol Insurrection\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/11/955631105/impeachment-resolution-cites-trumps-incitement-of-capitol-insurrection). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved January 11, 2021.\n622. **[^](#cite_ref-SecondImpeachment_623-0 \"Jump up\")** [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (January 13, 2021). [\"Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n623. **[^](#cite_ref-624 \"Jump up\")** Blake, Aaron (January 13, 2021). [\"Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/13/trumps-second-impeachment-is-most-bipartisan-one-history/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 19, 2021.\n624. **[^](#cite_ref-625 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Sam; Gambino, Lauren (February 13, 2021). [\"Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved February 13, 2021.\n625. **[^](#cite_ref-626 \"Jump up\")** [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (February 13, 2021). [\"Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/us/politics/trump-impeachment.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 14, 2021.\n626. **[^](#cite_ref-627 \"Jump up\")** Watson, Kathryn; Quinn, Melissa; Segers, Grace; Becket, Stefan (February 10, 2021). [\"Senate finds Trump impeachment trial constitutional on first day of proceedings\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-impeachment-trial-senate-constitutional-day-1/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved February 18, 2021.\n627. **[^](#cite_ref-628 \"Jump up\")** Wolfe, Jan (January 27, 2021). [\"Explainer: Why Trump's post-presidency perks, like a pension and office, are safe for the rest of his life\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-benefits-explai-idUSKBN29W238). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n628. **[^](#cite_ref-629 \"Jump up\")** Quinn, Melissa (January 27, 2021). [\"Trump opens 'Office of the Former President' in Florida\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-office-former-president-florida/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n629. **[^](#cite_ref-630 \"Jump up\")** Spencer, Terry (January 28, 2021). [\"Palm Beach considers options as Trump remains at Mar-a-Lago\"](https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-fort-lauderdale-florida-mar-a-lago-melania-trump-fd4fd80c6a2d7ef23a274c0597700730). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved February 2, 2021.\n630. **[^](#cite_ref-631 \"Jump up\")** Durkee, Allison (May 7, 2021). [\"Trump Can Legally Live At Mar-A-Lago, Palm Beach Says\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/05/07/trump-can-legally-live-at-mar-a-lago-palm-beach-says/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved March 7, 2024.\n631. **[^](#cite_ref-632 \"Jump up\")** Solender, Andrew (May 3, 2021). [\"Trump Says He'll Appropriate 'The Big Lie' To Refer To His Election Loss\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/03/trump-says-hell-appropriate-the-big-lie-to-refer-to-his-election-loss/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n632. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-key_633-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-key_633-1) Wolf, Zachary B. (May 19, 2021). [\"The 5 key elements of Trump's Big Lie and how it came to be\"](https://cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/donald-trump-big-lie-explainer/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n633. **[^](#cite_ref-634 \"Jump up\")** Balz, Dan (May 29, 2021). [\"The GOP push to revisit 2020 has worrisome implications for future elections\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-big-lie-elections-impact/2021/05/29/d7992fa2-c07d-11eb-b26e-53663e6be6ff_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 18, 2021.\n634. **[^](#cite_ref-635 \"Jump up\")** [Bender, Michael C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_C._Bender \"Michael C. Bender\"); Epstein, Reid J. (July 20, 2022). [\"Trump Recently Urged a Powerful Legislator to Overturn His 2020 Defeat in Wisconsin\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/21/us/politics/trump-wisconsin-election-call.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2022.\n635. **[^](#cite_ref-636 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane (April 17, 2022). [\"Mar-a-Lago Machine: Trump as a Modern-Day Party Boss\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/17/us/politics/trump-mar-a-lago.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 31, 2022.\n636. **[^](#cite_ref-637 \"Jump up\")** Paybarah, Azi (August 2, 2022). [\"Where Trump's Endorsement Record Stands Halfway through Primary Season\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/02/us/politics/trump-endorsements-midterm-primary-election.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 3, 2022.\n637. **[^](#cite_ref-lat_638-0 \"Jump up\")** Castleman, Terry; Mason, Melanie (August 5, 2022). [\"Tracking Trump's endorsement record in the 2022 primary elections\"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-05-03/trump-endorsements-2022-election). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved August 6, 2022.\n638. **[^](#cite_ref-639 \"Jump up\")** Lyons, Kim (December 6, 2021). [\"SEC investigating Trump SPAC deal to take his social media platform public\"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/6/22820389/sec-trump-spac-deal-investigation-truth-social-media-platform-public). _[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge \"The Verge\")_. Retrieved December 30, 2021.\n639. **[^](#cite_ref-640 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump Media & Technology Group Corp\"](https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1934403D:US). _[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")_. Retrieved December 30, 2021.\n640. **[^](#cite_ref-641 \"Jump up\")** Harwell, Drew (March 26, 2024). [\"Trump Media soars in first day of public tradings\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/03/25/truth-social-trump-media-stock-market-billions/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 28, 2024.\n641. **[^](#cite_ref-642 \"Jump up\")** Bhuyian, Johana (February 21, 2022). [\"Donald Trump's social media app launches on Apple store\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/21/donald-trumps-social-media-app-truth-social-launches-on-apple-store). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2023.\n642. **[^](#cite_ref-643 \"Jump up\")** Lowell, Hugo (March 15, 2023). [\"Federal investigators examined Trump Media for possible money laundering, sources say\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/15/trump-media-investigated-possible-money-laundering). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2023.\n643. **[^](#cite_ref-644 \"Jump up\")** Durkee, Alison (March 15, 2023). [\"Trump's Media Company Reportedly Under Federal Investigation For Money Laundering Linked To Russia\"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2023/03/15/trumps-media-company-reportedly-under-federal-investigation-for-money-laundering-linked-to-russia/). _[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")_. Retrieved March 15, 2023.\n644. **[^](#cite_ref-645 \"Jump up\")** Roebuck, Jeremy (May 30, 2024). [\"Donald Trump conviction: Will he go to prison? Can he still run for president? What happens now?\"](https://www.inquirer.com/news/nation-world/donald-trump-guilty-verdict-what-next-prison-election-20240530.html). _[Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer \"Philadelphia Inquirer\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n645. **[^](#cite_ref-646 \"Jump up\")** Sisak, Michael R. (May 30, 2024). [\"Trump Investigations\"](https://apnews.com/projects/trump-investigations-civil-criminal-tracker/). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n646. **[^](#cite_ref-647 \"Jump up\")** [\"Keeping Track of the Trump Criminal Cases\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/us/trump-investigations-charges-indictments.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. May 30, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n647. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-cnn-tl_648-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-cnn-tl_648-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-cnn-tl_648-2) Lybrand, Holmes; Cohen, Marshall; Rabinowitz, Hannah (August 12, 2022). [\"Timeline: The Justice Department criminal inquiry into Trump taking classified documents to Mar-a-Lago\"](https://cnn.com/2022/08/09/politics/doj-investigation-trump-documents-timeline/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n648. **[^](#cite_ref-649 \"Jump up\")** Montague, Zach; McCarthy, Lauren (August 9, 2022). [\"The Timeline Related to the F.B.I.'s Search of Mar-a-Lago\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/us/politics/trump-classified-records-timeline.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n649. **[^](#cite_ref-650 \"Jump up\")** Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn (August 13, 2022). [\"Trump Lawyer Told Justice Dept. That Classified Material Had Been Returned\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/13/us/politics/trump-classified-material-fbi.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 14, 2022.\n650. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-bddj0812_651-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-bddj0812_651-1) Barrett, Devlin; Dawsey, Josh (August 12, 2022). [\"Agents at Trump's Mar-a-Lago seized 11 sets of classified documents, court filing shows\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/08/12/trump-warrant-release/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n651. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-NYT-20220812_652-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NYT-20220812_652-1) Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn; [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\") (August 12, 2022). [\"Files Seized From Trump Are Part of Espionage Act Inquiry\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/us/trump-espionage-act-laws-fbi.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2022.\n652. **[^](#cite_ref-nuclear_653-0 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Dawsey, Josh; Stein, Perry; Harris, Shane (August 12, 2022). [\"FBI searched Trump's home to look for nuclear documents and other items, sources say\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/08/11/garland-trump-mar-a-lago/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n653. **[^](#cite_ref-654 \"Jump up\")** Swan, Betsy; Cheney, Kyle; Wu, Nicholas (August 12, 2022). [\"FBI search warrant shows Trump under investigation for potential obstruction of justice, Espionage Act violations\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/12/search-warrant-shows-trump-under-investigation-for-potential-obstruction-of-justice-espionage-act-violations-00051507). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n654. **[^](#cite_ref-655 \"Jump up\")** Thrush, Glenn; [Savage, Charlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_\\(author\\) \"Charlie Savage (author)\"); Haberman, Maggie; Feuer, Alan (November 18, 2022). [\"Garland Names Special Counsel for Trump Inquiries\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/us/politics/trump-special-counsel-garland.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved November 19, 2022.\n655. **[^](#cite_ref-656 \"Jump up\")** Tucker, Eric; Balsamo, Michael (November 18, 2022). [\"Garland names special counsel to lead Trump-related probes\"](https://apnews.com/article/politics-donald-trump-merrick-garland-government-and-550c01de053c08db4d53ca57f315feb6). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved November 19, 2022.\n656. **[^](#cite_ref-657 \"Jump up\")** Feuer, Alan (December 19, 2022). [\"It's Unclear Whether the Justice Dept. Will Take Up the Jan. 6 Panel's Charges\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/us/politics/jan-6-trump-justice-dept.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved March 25, 2023.\n657. **[^](#cite_ref-658 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; [Dawsey, Josh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dawsey \"Josh Dawsey\"); Stein, Perry; [Alemany, Jacqueline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Alemany \"Jacqueline Alemany\") (June 9, 2023). [\"Trump Put National Secrets at Risk, Prosecutors Say in Historic Indictment\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/09/trump-tape-classified-documents/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 10, 2023.\n658. **[^](#cite_ref-659 \"Jump up\")** Greve, Joan E.; Lowell, Hugo (June 14, 2023). [\"Trump pleads not guilty to 37 federal criminal counts in Mar-a-Lago case\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/13/trump-arraignment-not-guilty-charges-mar-a-lago-documents-court). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 14, 2023.\n659. **[^](#cite_ref-660 \"Jump up\")** Schonfeld, Zach (July 28, 2023). [\"5 revelations from new Trump charges\"](https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4124168-revelations-from-new-trump-charges/). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved August 4, 2023.\n660. **[^](#cite_ref-661 \"Jump up\")** Savage, Charlie (June 9, 2023). [\"A Trump-Appointed Judge Who Showed Him Favor Gets the Documents Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/09/us/politics/trump-documents-judge-aileen-cannon.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_.\n661. **[^](#cite_ref-662 \"Jump up\")** Tucker, Eric (July 15, 2024). [\"Federal judge dismisses Trump classified documents case over concerns with prosecutor's appointment\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-classified-documents-smith-c66d5ffb7ba86c1b991f95e89bdeba0c). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved July 15, 2024.\n662. **[^](#cite_ref-663 \"Jump up\")** Mallin, Alexander (August 26, 2024). [\"Prosecutors Appeal Dismissal of Trump Documents Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/26/us/politics/trump-documents-appeal-jack-smith.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 27, 2024.\n663. **[^](#cite_ref-664 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S.; Stein, Perry; Dawsey, Josh; Alemany, Jacqueline (August 2, 2023). [\"Trump charged in probe of Jan. 6, efforts to overturn 2020 election\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/08/01/trump-indictment-jan-6-2020-election/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2023.\n664. **[^](#cite_ref-665 \"Jump up\")** Sneed, Tierney; Rabinowitz, Hannah; Polantz, Katelyn; Lybrand, Holmes (August 3, 2023). [\"Donald Trump pleads not guilty to January 6-related charges\"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/03/politics/arraignment-trump-election-interference-indictment/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 3, 2023.\n665. **[^](#cite_ref-666 \"Jump up\")** Lowell, Hugo; Wicker, Jewel (August 15, 2023). [\"Donald Trump and allies indicted in Georgia over bid to reverse 2020 election loss\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/14/donald-trump-georgia-indictment-2020-election). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2023.\n666. **[^](#cite_ref-667 \"Jump up\")** Drenon, Brandon (August 25, 2023). [\"What are the charges in Trump's Georgia indictment?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66503668). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved December 22, 2023.\n667. **[^](#cite_ref-668 \"Jump up\")** Pereira, Ivan; Barr, Luke (August 25, 2023). [\"Trump mug shot released by Fulton County Sheriff's Office\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-mug-shot-released-georgia-sheriffs-office/story?id=102544727). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved August 25, 2023.\n668. **[^](#cite_ref-669 \"Jump up\")** Rabinowitz, Hannah (August 31, 2023). [\"Trump pleads not guilty in Georgia election subversion case\"](https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/31/politics/trump-not-guilty-plea-fulton-county/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 31, 2023.\n669. **[^](#cite_ref-670 \"Jump up\")** Bailey, Holly (March 13, 2024). [\"Georgia judge dismisses six charges in Trump election interference case\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/03/13/trump-georgia-election-case-charges-dropped/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 14, 2024.\n670. **[^](#cite_ref-671 \"Jump up\")** Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K.; Bromwich, Jonah E. (July 1, 2021). [\"Trump Organization Is Charged in 15-Year Tax Scheme\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/nyregion/allen-weisselberg-charged-trump-organization.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 1, 2021.\n671. **[^](#cite_ref-672 \"Jump up\")** Anuta, Joe (January 10, 2023). [\"Ex-Trump Org. CFO Allen Weisselberg sentenced to 5 months in jail for tax fraud\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/10/trump-org-weisselberg-sentenced-tax-fraud-00077285). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved May 7, 2023.\n672. **[^](#cite_ref-673 \"Jump up\")** Kara Scannell and Lauren del Valle (December 6, 2022). [\"Trump Organization found guilty on all counts of criminal tax fraud\"](https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/06/politics/trump-organization-fraud-trial-verdict/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_.\n673. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Chadha_674-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Chadha_674-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Chadha_674-2) Janaki Chadha (January 12, 2023). [\"Trump Org. fined $1.6 million for criminal tax fraud\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/13/trump-org-fined-1-6-million-for-criminal-tax-fraud-00077877). _Politico_.\n674. **[^](#cite_ref-675 \"Jump up\")** [Ellison, Sarah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Ellison \"Sarah Ellison\"); Farhi, Paul (December 12, 2018). [\"Publisher of the National Enquirer admits to hush-money payments made on Trump's behalf\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/publisher-of-the-national-enquirer-admits-to-hush-money-payments-made-on-trumps-behalf/2018/12/12/ebf24b76-fe49-11e8-83c0-b06139e540e5_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved January 17, 2021.\n675. **[^](#cite_ref-676 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (August 21, 2018). [\"How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 25, 2019.\n676. **[^](#cite_ref-677 \"Jump up\")** Neumeister, Larry; Hays, Tom (August 22, 2018). [\"Cohen pleads guilty, implicates Trump in hush-money scheme\"](https://apnews.com/article/74aaf72511d64fceb1d64529207bde64). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n677. **[^](#cite_ref-678 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Louis (March 7, 2018). [\"White House on Stormy Daniels: Trump 'denied all these allegations'\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/trump-stormy-daniels-payment-444133). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved March 16, 2018.\n678. **[^](#cite_ref-679 \"Jump up\")** Singman, Brooke (August 22, 2018). [\"Trump insists he learned of Michael Cohen payments 'later on', in 'Fox & Friends' exclusive\"](http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/22/trump-insists-learned-michael-cohen-payments-later-on-in-fox-friends-exclusive.html). _[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\")_. Retrieved August 23, 2018.\n679. **[^](#cite_ref-680 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (December 7, 2018). [\"Court filings directly implicate Trump in efforts to buy women's silence, reveal new contact between inner circle and Russian\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-prosecutors-recommend-substantial-prison-term-for-former-trump-lawyer-michael-cohen/2018/12/07/e144f248-f7f3-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 7, 2018.\n680. **[^](#cite_ref-681 \"Jump up\")** Allen, Jonathan; Stempel, Jonathan (July 18, 2019). [\"FBI documents point to Trump role in hush money for porn star Daniels\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cohen/documents-detail-trump-teams-efforts-to-arrange-payment-to-porn-star-idUSKCN1UD18D). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved July 22, 2019.\n681. **[^](#cite_ref-682 \"Jump up\")** Mustian, Jim (July 19, 2019). [\"Records detail frenetic effort to bury stories about Trump\"](https://apnews.com/article/2d4138abfd0b4e71a63c94d3203e435a). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved July 22, 2019.\n682. **[^](#cite_ref-683 \"Jump up\")** Mustian, Jim (July 19, 2019). [\"Why no hush-money charges against Trump? Feds are silent\"](https://apnews.com/article/0543a381b39a42d09c27567274477983). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n683. **[^](#cite_ref-684 \"Jump up\")** Harding, Luke; Holpuch, Amanda (May 19, 2021). [\"New York attorney general opens criminal investigation into Trump Organization\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/19/new-york-investigation-into-trump-organization-now-criminal-says-attorney-general). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved May 19, 2021.\n684. **[^](#cite_ref-685 \"Jump up\")** Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K. (August 1, 2019). [\"Manhattan D.A. Subpoenas Trump Organization Over Stormy Daniels Hush Money\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/nyregion/trump-cohen-stormy-daniels-vance.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n685. **[^](#cite_ref-686 \"Jump up\")** Rashbaum, William K.; Protess, Ben (September 16, 2019). [\"8 Years of Trump Tax Returns Are Subpoenaed by Manhattan D.A.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/nyregion/trump-tax-returns-cy-vance.html) _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n686. **[^](#cite_ref-687 \"Jump up\")** Barrett, Devlin (May 29, 2024). [\"Jurors must be unanimous to convict Trump, can disagree on underlying crimes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/05/29/jurors-must-be-unanimous-convict-trump-can-disagree-underlying-crimes/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved June 15, 2024.\n687. **[^](#cite_ref-688 \"Jump up\")** Scannell, Kara; Miller, John; Herb, Jeremy; Cole, Devan (March 31, 2023). [\"Donald Trump indicted by Manhattan grand jury on 34 counts related to fraud\"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/30/politics/donald-trump-indictment/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved April 1, 2023.\n688. **[^](#cite_ref-689 \"Jump up\")** Marimow, Ann E. (April 4, 2023). [\"Here are the 34 charges against Trump and what they mean\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/04/04/trump-charges-34-counts-felony/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 5, 2023.\n689. **[^](#cite_ref-690 \"Jump up\")** Reiss, Adam; Grumbach, Gary; Gregorian, Dareh; Winter, Tom; Frankel, Jillian (May 30, 2024). [\"Donald Trump found guilty in historic New York hush money case\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/donald-trump-verdict-hush-money-trial-rcna152492). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved May 31, 2024.\n690. **[^](#cite_ref-691 \"Jump up\")** Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K.; Christobek, Kate; Parnell, Wesley (July 3, 2024). [\"Judge Delays Trump's Sentencing Until Sept. 18 After Immunity Claim\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/nyregion/trump-sentencing-hush-money-trial.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 13, 2024.\n691. **[^](#cite_ref-692 \"Jump up\")** Scannell, Kara (September 21, 2022). [\"New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business\"](https://cnn.com/2022/09/21/politics/trump-new-york-attorney-general-letitia-james-fraud-lawsuit/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved September 21, 2022.\n692. **[^](#cite_ref-693 \"Jump up\")** Katersky, Aaron (February 14, 2023). [\"Court upholds fine imposed on Trump over his failure to comply with subpoena\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/court-upholds-fine-imposed-trump-failure-comply-subpoena/story?id=97195194). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2024.\n693. **[^](#cite_ref-694 \"Jump up\")** Bromwich, Jonah E.; Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K. (August 10, 2022). [\"Trump Invokes Fifth Amendment, Attacking Legal System as Troubles Mount\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/nyregion/trump-james-deposition-fifth-amendment.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 11, 2011.\n694. **[^](#cite_ref-695 \"Jump up\")** Kates, Graham (September 26, 2023). [\"Donald Trump and his company \"repeatedly\" violated fraud law, New York judge rules\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-company-violated-fraud-law-new-york-judge-rules/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_.\n695. **[^](#cite_ref-696 \"Jump up\")** Bromwich, Jonah E.; Protess, Ben (February 17, 2024). [\"Trump Fraud Trial Penalty Will Exceed $450 Million\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/nyregion/trump-civil-fraud-trial-ruling.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2024.\n696. **[^](#cite_ref-697 \"Jump up\")** Sullivan, Becky; Bernstein, Andrea; Marritz, Ilya; Lawrence, Quil (May 9, 2023). [\"A jury finds Trump liable for battery and defamation in E. Jean Carroll trial\"](https://www.npr.org/2023/05/09/1174975870/trump-carroll-verdict). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved May 10, 2023.\n697. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-bid_698-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-bid_698-1) Orden, Erica (July 19, 2023). [\"Trump loses bid for new trial in E. Jean Carroll case\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/19/trump-loses-bid-new-trial-carroll-00107025). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2023.\n698. **[^](#cite_ref-699 \"Jump up\")** Scannell, Kara (August 7, 2023). [\"Judge dismisses Trump's defamation lawsuit against Carroll for statements she made on CNN\"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/07/politics/e-jean-carroll-trump-defamation-lawsuit-dismissed/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved August 7, 2023.\n699. **[^](#cite_ref-Reiss_Gregorian_8/7/2023_700-0 \"Jump up\")** Reiss, Adam; Gregorian, Dareh (August 7, 2023). [\"Judge tosses Trump's counterclaim against E. Jean Carroll, finding rape claim is 'substantially true'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/judge-tosses-trumps-counterclaim-e-jean-carroll-finding-rape-claim-sub-rcna98577). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved August 13, 2023.\n700. **[^](#cite_ref-701 \"Jump up\")** Stempel, Jonathan (August 10, 2023). [\"Trump appeals dismissal of defamation claim against E. Jean Carroll\"](https://www.reuters.com/legal/trump-appeals-dismissal-defamation-claim-against-e-jean-carroll-2023-08-10/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved August 17, 2023.\n701. **[^](#cite_ref-702 \"Jump up\")** Kates, Graham (March 8, 2024). [\"Trump posts $91 million bond to appeal E. Jean Carroll defamation verdict\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-posts-bond-e-jean-carroll-case-91-million/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved April 8, 2024.\n702. **[^](#cite_ref-703 \"Jump up\")** Arnsdorf, Isaac; Scherer, Michael (November 15, 2022). [\"Trump, who as president fomented an insurrection, says he is running again\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/15/trump-2024-announcement-running-president/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved December 5, 2022.\n703. **[^](#cite_ref-704 \"Jump up\")** Schouten, Fredreka (November 16, 2022). [\"Questions about Donald Trump's campaign money, answered\"](https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/politics/donald-trump-war-chest-presidential-campaign/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved December 5, 2022.\n704. **[^](#cite_ref-705 \"Jump up\")** Goldmacher, Shane; Haberman, Maggie (June 25, 2023). [\"As Legal Fees Mount, Trump Steers Donations Into PAC That Has Covered Them\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/25/us/politics/trump-donations-legal-fees.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2023.\n705. **[^](#cite_ref-706 \"Jump up\")** Escobar, Molly Cook; Sun, Albert; Goldmacher, Shane (March 27, 2024). [\"How Trump Moved Money to Pay $100 Million in Legal Bills\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/27/us/politics/trump-cases-legal-fund.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n706. **[^](#cite_ref-707 \"Jump up\")** Levine, Sam (March 4, 2024). [\"Trump was wrongly removed from Colorado ballot, US supreme court rules\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/04/trump-scotus-colorado-ruling). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 23, 2024.\n707. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT_Authoritarian_Bent_708-0 \"Jump up\")** Bender, Michael C.; Gold, Michael (November 20, 2023). [\"Trump's Dire Words Raise New Fears About His Authoritarian Bent\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/us/politics/trump-rhetoric-fascism.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_.\n708. **[^](#cite_ref-709 \"Jump up\")** Stone, Peter (November 22, 2023). [\"'Openly authoritarian campaign': Trump's threats of revenge fuel alarm\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/22/trump-revenge-game-plan-alarm). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_.\n709. **[^](#cite_ref-710 \"Jump up\")** Colvin, Jill; Barrow, Bill (December 7, 2023). [\"Trump's vow to only be a dictator on 'day one' follows growing worry over his authoritarian rhetoric\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_.\n710. **[^](#cite_ref-711 \"Jump up\")** LeVine, Marianne (November 12, 2023). [\"Trump calls political enemies 'vermin,' echoing dictators Hitler, Mussolini\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/12/trump-rally-vermin-political-opponents). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_.\n711. **[^](#cite_ref-712 \"Jump up\")** Sam Levine (November 10, 2023). [\"Trump suggests he would use FBI to go after political rivals if elected in 2024\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/trump-fbi-rivals-2024-election). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_.\n712. **[^](#cite_ref-713 \"Jump up\")** Vazquez, Maegan (November 10, 2023). [\"Trump says on Univision he could weaponize FBI, DOJ against his enemies\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/09/trump-interview-univision/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_.\n713. **[^](#cite_ref-714 \"Jump up\")** Gold, Michael; Huynh, Anjali (April 2, 2024). [\"Trump Again Invokes 'Blood Bath' and Dehumanizes Migrants in Border Remarks\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/us/politics/trump-border-blood-bath.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n714. **[^](#cite_ref-715 \"Jump up\")** Savage, Charlie; Haberman, Maggie; Swan, Jonathan (November 11, 2023). [\"Sweeping Raids, Giant Camps and Mass Deportations: Inside Trump's 2025 Immigration Plans\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_.\n715. **[^](#cite_ref-716 \"Jump up\")** Layne, Nathan; Slattery, Gram; Reid, Tim (April 3, 2024). [\"Trump calls migrants 'animals,' intensifying focus on illegal immigration\"](https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-expected-highlight-murder-michigan-woman-immigration-speech-2024-04-02/). _[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")_. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n716. **[^](#cite_ref-717 \"Jump up\")** Philbrick, Ian Prasad; Bentahar, Lyna (December 5, 2023). [\"Donald Trump's 2024 Campaign, in His Own Menacing Words\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/us/politics/trump-2024-president-campaign.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n717. **[^](#cite_ref-718 \"Jump up\")** Hutchinson, Bill; Cohen, Miles (July 16, 2024). [\"Gunman opened fire at Trump rally as witnesses say they tried to alert police\"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/witnesses-trump-assassination-attempt-gunman-roof-shooting/story?id=111947616). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved July 17, 2024.\n718. **[^](#cite_ref-719 \"Jump up\")** [\"AP PHOTOS: Shooting at Trump rally in Pennsylvania\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-shooting-photo-gallery-561478b3f90c950c741eeaa24c6dc159). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.\n719. **[^](#cite_ref-720 \"Jump up\")** Colvin, Jill; Condon, Bernard (July 21, 2024). [\"Trump campaign releases letter on his injury, treatment after last week's assassination attempt\"](https://apnews.com/article/trump-ronny-jackson-shooting-medical-report-e95a2888cd5eeb64820d6fa789b03463). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved August 20, 2024.\n720. **[^](#cite_ref-721 \"Jump up\")** Astor, Maggie (July 15, 2024). [\"What to Know About J.D. Vance, Trump's Running Mate\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/15/us/politics/who-is-jd-vance-trump-vp.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 15, 2024.\n721. **[^](#cite_ref-722 \"Jump up\")** [\"Presidential Historians Survey 2021\"](https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/). _[C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\")_. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n722. **[^](#cite_ref-723 \"Jump up\")** Sheehey, Maeve (June 30, 2021). [\"Trump debuts at 41st in C-SPAN presidential rankings\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/30/trump-cspan-president-ranking-497184). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved March 31, 2023.\n723. **[^](#cite_ref-724 \"Jump up\")** Brockell, Gillian (June 30, 2021). [\"Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn't last\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved July 1, 2021.\n724. **[^](#cite_ref-scri_22_725-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"American Presidents: Greatest and Worst\"](https://scri.siena.edu/2022/06/22/american-presidents-greatest-and-worst/). _[Siena College Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute \"Siena College Research Institute\")_. June 22, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.\n725. **[^](#cite_ref-726 \"Jump up\")** Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). [\"Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved July 13, 2024.\n726. **[^](#cite_ref-727 \"Jump up\")** Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2024). [\"In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call\"](https://www.npr.org/2024/02/19/1232447088/historians-presidents-survey-trump-last-biden-14th). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_.\n727. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Jones_728-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Jones_728-1) Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 18, 2021). [\"Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%\"](https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx). _[Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n728. **[^](#cite_ref-729 \"Jump up\")** Klein, Ezra (September 2, 2020). [\"Can anything change Americans' minds about Donald Trump? The eerie stability of Trump's approval rating, explained\"](https://www.vox.com/2020/9/2/21409364/trump-approval-rating-2020-election-voters-coronavirus-convention-polls). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n729. **[^](#cite_ref-730 \"Jump up\")** Enten, Harry (January 16, 2021). [\"Trump finishes with worst first term approval rating ever\"](https://cnn.com/2021/01/16/politics/trump-approval-analysis/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n730. **[^](#cite_ref-731 \"Jump up\")** [\"Most Admired Man and Woman\"](https://news.gallup.com/poll/1678/most-admired-man-woman.aspx). _[Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\")_. December 28, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n731. **[^](#cite_ref-732 \"Jump up\")** Budryk, Zack (December 29, 2020). [\"Trump ends Obama's 12-year run as most admired man: Gallup\"](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/531906-trump-ends-obamas-12-year-run-as-most-admired-man-gallup). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved December 31, 2020.\n732. **[^](#cite_ref-733 \"Jump up\")** Panetta, Grace (December 30, 2019). [\"Donald Trump and Barack Obama are tied for 2019's most admired man in the US\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-barack-obama-tie-2019-most-admired-man-gallup-2019-12). _[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")_. Retrieved July 24, 2020.\n733. **[^](#cite_ref-734 \"Jump up\")** Datta, Monti (September 16, 2019). [\"3 countries where Trump is popular\"](https://theconversation.com/3-countries-where-trump-is-popular-120317). _[The Conversation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_\\(website\\) \"The Conversation (website)\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021.\n734. **[^](#cite_ref-735 \"Jump up\")** [\"Rating World Leaders: 2018 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia\"](https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001). _[Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\\(company\\) \"Gallup (company)\")_. Retrieved October 3, 2021. Page 9\n735. **[^](#cite_ref-736 \"Jump up\")** Wike, Richard; Fetterolf, Janell; Mordecai, Mara (September 15, 2020). [\"U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly\"](https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/). _[Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\")_. Retrieved December 24, 2020.\n736. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-database_737-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-database_737-1) Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg; Rizzo, Salvador; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (January 20, 2021). [\"In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n737. **[^](#cite_ref-738 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\") (June 5, 2019). [\"Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president\"](https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html). _[Toronto Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n738. **[^](#cite_ref-739 \"Jump up\")** [Dale, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dale \"Daniel Dale\"); Subramiam, Tara (March 9, 2020). [\"Fact check: Donald Trump made 115 false claims in the last two weeks of February\"](https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-february/index.html). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved November 1, 2023.\n739. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-finnegan_740-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-finnegan_740-1) Finnegan, Michael (September 25, 2016). [\"Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate\"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")_. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n740. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-glasser_741-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-glasser_741-1) [Glasser, Susan B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Glasser \"Susan Glasser\") (August 3, 2018). [\"It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose\"](https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-escalating-war-on-the-truth-is-on-purpose). _[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")_. Retrieved January 10, 2019.\n741. **[^](#cite_ref-Konnikova_742-0 \"Jump up\")** [Konnikova, Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Konnikova \"Maria Konnikova\") (January 20, 2017). [\"Trump's Lies vs. Your Brain\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\n742. **[^](#cite_ref-TermUntruth_743-0 \"Jump up\")** Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg; Rizzo, Salvador; Shapiro, Leslie; Dominguez, Leo (January 23, 2021). [\"A term of untruths: The longer Trump was president, the more frequently he made false or misleading claims\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/timeline-trump-claims-as-president/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n743. **[^](#cite_ref-744 \"Jump up\")** Qiu, Linda (January 21, 2017). [\"Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it\"](http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/21/sean-spicer/trump-had-biggest-inaugural-crowd-ever-metrics-don/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved March 30, 2018.\n744. **[^](#cite_ref-745 \"Jump up\")** Rein, Lisa (March 6, 2017). [\"Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/03/06/here-are-the-photos-that-show-obamas-inauguration-crowd-was-bigger-than-trumps/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 8, 2017.\n745. **[^](#cite_ref-746 \"Jump up\")** [Wong, Julia Carrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Carrie_Wong \"Julia Carrie Wong\") (April 7, 2020). [\"Hydroxychloroquine: how an unproven drug became Trump's coronavirus 'miracle cure'\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/hydroxychloroquine-trump-coronavirus-drug). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2021.\n746. **[^](#cite_ref-747 \"Jump up\")** Spring, Marianna (May 27, 2020). [\"Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-52731624). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved June 13, 2020.\n747. **[^](#cite_ref-748 \"Jump up\")** Rowland, Christopher (March 23, 2020). [\"As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/20/hospitals-doctors-are-wiping-out-supplies-an-unproven-coronavirus-treatment/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved March 24, 2020.\n748. **[^](#cite_ref-749 \"Jump up\")** Parkinson, Joe; Gauthier-Villars, David (March 23, 2020). [\"Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-claim-that-malaria-drugs-treat-coronavirus-sparks-warnings-shortages-11584981897). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")_. Retrieved March 26, 2020.\n749. **[^](#cite_ref-750 \"Jump up\")** Zurcher, Anthony (November 29, 2017). [\"Trump's anti-Muslim retweet fits a pattern\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42171550). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved June 13, 2020.\n750. **[^](#cite_ref-751 \"Jump up\")** Allen, Jonathan (December 31, 2018). [\"Does being President Trump still mean never having to say you're sorry?\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/does-being-president-trump-still-mean-never-having-say-you-n952841). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 14, 2020.\n751. **[^](#cite_ref-752 \"Jump up\")** Greenberg, David (January 28, 2017). [\"The Perils of Calling Trump a Liar\"](https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/the-perils-of-calling-trump-a-liar-214704). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved June 13, 2020.\n752. **[^](#cite_ref-DBauder_753-0 \"Jump up\")** Bauder, David (August 29, 2018). [\"News media hesitate to use 'lie' for Trump's misstatements\"](https://apnews.com/8d3c7387eff7496abcd0651124caf891). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved September 27, 2023.\n753. **[^](#cite_ref-754 \"Jump up\")** Farhi, Paul (June 5, 2019). [\"Lies? The news media is starting to describe Trump's 'falsehoods' that way\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/lies-the-news-media-is-starting-to-describe-trumps-falsehoods-that-way/2019/06/05/413cc2a0-8626-11e9-a491-25df61c78dc4_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved April 11, 2024.\n754. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-USAT-Disinfo_755-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-USAT-Disinfo_755-1) Guynn, Jessica (October 5, 2020). [\"From COVID-19 to voting: Trump is nation's single largest spreader of disinformation, studies say\"](https://usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/10/05/trump-covid-19-coronavirus-disinformation-facebook-twitter-election/3632194001/). _[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2020.\n755. **[^](#cite_ref-756 \"Jump up\")** Bergengruen, Vera; Hennigan, W.J. (October 6, 2020). [\"'You're Gonna Beat It.' How Donald Trump's COVID-19 Battle Has Only Fueled Misinformation\"](https://time.com/5896709/trump-covid-campaign/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2020.\n756. **[^](#cite_ref-757 \"Jump up\")** Siders, David (May 25, 2020). [\"Trump sees a 'rigged election' ahead. Democrats see a constitutional crisis in the making\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/25/donald-trump-rigged-election-talk-fears-274477). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n757. **[^](#cite_ref-758 \"Jump up\")** Riccardi, Nicholas (September 17, 2020). [\"AP Fact Check: Trump's big distortions on mail-in voting\"](https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-election-2020-ap-fact-check-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-8c5db90960815f91f39fe115579570b4). _[AP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News \"AP News\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2020.\n758. **[^](#cite_ref-759 \"Jump up\")** Fichera, Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale (October 20, 2020). [\"Trump's Long History With Conspiracy Theories\"](https://www.factcheck.org/2020/10/trumps-long-history-with-conspiracy-theories/). _[FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org \"FactCheck.org\")_. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n759. **[^](#cite_ref-760 \"Jump up\")** Subramaniam, Tara; Lybrand, Holmes (October 15, 2020). [\"Fact-checking the dangerous bin Laden conspiracy theory that Trump touted\"](https://cnn.com/2020/10/15/politics/donald-trump-osama-bin-laden-conspiracy-theory-fact-check/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n760. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Haberman2016_761-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Haberman2016_761-1) [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\") (February 29, 2016). [\"Even as He Rises, Donald Trump Entertains Conspiracy Theories\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/politics/donald-trump-conspiracy-theories.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n761. **[^](#cite_ref-762 \"Jump up\")** Bump, Philip (November 26, 2019). [\"President Trump loves conspiracy theories. Has he ever been right?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/26/president-trump-loves-conspiracy-theories-has-he-ever-been-right/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n762. **[^](#cite_ref-763 \"Jump up\")** Reston, Maeve (July 2, 2020). [\"The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream\"](https://cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-conspiracy-theorists-qanon/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n763. **[^](#cite_ref-764 \"Jump up\")** [Baker, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_\\(journalist\\) \"Peter Baker (journalist)\"); Astor, Maggie (May 26, 2020). [\"Trump Pushes a Conspiracy Theory That Falsely Accuses a TV Host of Murder\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/us/politics/klausutis-letter-jack-dorsey.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n764. **[^](#cite_ref-765 \"Jump up\")** Perkins, Tom (November 18, 2020). [\"The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/18/dead-voter-conspiracy-theory-debunked). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n765. **[^](#cite_ref-766 \"Jump up\")** Cohen, Li (January 15, 2021). 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[\"All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far\"](https://www.axios.com/platforms-social-media-ban-restrict-trump-d9e44f3c-8366-4ba9-a8a1-7f3114f920f1.html). _[Axios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios_\\(website\\) \"Axios (website)\")_. Retrieved January 16, 2021.\n780. **[^](#cite_ref-781 \"Jump up\")** Timberg, Craig (January 14, 2021). [\"Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/14/trump-twitter-megaphone/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved February 17, 2021.\n781. **[^](#cite_ref-782 \"Jump up\")** Alba, Davey; Koeze, Ella; Silver, Jacob (June 7, 2021). [\"What Happened When Trump Was Banned on Social Media\"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/06/07/technology/trump-social-media-ban.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. 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Retrieved July 4, 2018.\n790. **[^](#cite_ref-791 \"Jump up\")** [Chozick, Amy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Chozick \"Amy Chozick\") (September 29, 2018). [\"Why Trump Will Win a Second Term\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/29/sunday-review/trump-2020-reality-tv.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 22, 2019.\n791. **[^](#cite_ref-792 \"Jump up\")** [Hetherington, Marc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Hetherington \"Marc Hetherington\"); Ladd, Jonathan M. (May 1, 2020). [\"Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster\"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/05/01/destroying-trust-in-the-media-science-and-government-has-left-america-vulnerable-to-disaster/). _[Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\")_. 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Retrieved May 23, 2018.\n794. **[^](#cite_ref-795 \"Jump up\")** [Stelter, Brian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stelter \"Brian Stelter\"); [Collins, Kaitlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlan_Collins \"Kaitlan Collins\") (May 9, 2018). [\"Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221008122415/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/). _[CNN Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money \"CNN Money\")_. Archived from [the original](https://cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/) on October 8, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2018.\n795. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_796-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_796-1) Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 30, 2019). 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[\"Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against New York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed\"](https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/new-york-times-beats-the-trump-campaigns-defamation-suit-over-russia-editorial/). _[Law and Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Crime \"Law and Crime\")_. Retrieved October 11, 2021.\n801. **[^](#cite_ref-802 \"Jump up\")** Tillman, Zoe (February 3, 2023). [\"Trump 2020 Campaign Suit Against Washington Post Dismissed (1)\"](https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/trump-2020-campaign-suit-against-washington-post-is-dismissed). _Bloomberg News_.\n802. **[^](#cite_ref-803 \"Jump up\")** Multiple sources:\n \n * Lopez, German (February 14, 2019). [\"Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019\"](https://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump-racist-racism-history). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n * Desjardins, Lisa (January 12, 2018). 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Retrieved January 31, 2020.\n813. **[^](#cite_ref-814 \"Jump up\")** Madison, Lucy (April 27, 2011). [\"Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'\"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-takes-credit-for-obama-birth-certificate-release-but-wonders-is-it-real/). _[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")_. Retrieved May 9, 2011.\n814. **[^](#cite_ref-815 \"Jump up\")** Keneally, Meghan (September 18, 2015). [\"Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-history-raising-birther-questions-president-obama/story?id=33861832). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\\(United_States\\) \"ABC News (United States)\")_. Retrieved August 27, 2016.\n815. **[^](#cite_ref-816 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Rappeport, Alan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rappeport \"Alan Rappeport\") (September 16, 2016). [\"Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n816. **[^](#cite_ref-817 \"Jump up\")** [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\") (November 28, 2017). [\"Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/us/politics/trump-access-hollywood-tape.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved June 11, 2020.\n817. **[^](#cite_ref-818 \"Jump up\")** [Schaffner, Brian F.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schaffner \"Brian Schaffner\"); Macwilliams, Matthew; Nteta, Tatishe (March 2018). [\"Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism\"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpolq.12737). _[Political Science Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly \"Political Science Quarterly\")_. **133** (1): 9–34. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1002/polq.12737](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpolq.12737).\n818. **[^](#cite_ref-819 \"Jump up\")** Reilly, Katie (August 31, 2016). [\"Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico\"](https://time.com/4473972/donald-trump-mexico-meeting-insult/). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\\(magazine\\) \"Time (magazine)\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n819. **[^](#cite_ref-820 \"Jump up\")** Wolf, Z. Byron (April 6, 2018). [\"Trump basically called Mexicans rapists again\"](https://cnn.com/2018/04/06/politics/trump-mexico-rapists/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved June 28, 2022.\n820. **[^](#cite_ref-821 \"Jump up\")** [Steinhauer, Jennifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Steinhauer \"Jennifer Steinhauer\"); [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\"); Herszenhorn, David M. (June 7, 2016). [\"Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/08/us/politics/paul-ryan-donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n821. **[^](#cite_ref-822 \"Jump up\")** Merica, Dan (August 26, 2017). [\"Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville\"](https://cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/trump-charlottesville-delay/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n822. **[^](#cite_ref-823 \"Jump up\")** Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017). [\"Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-condemns-charlottesville-violence-but-doesnt-single-out-white-nationalists/2017/08/12/933a86d6-7fa3-11e7-9d08-b79f191668ed_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 22, 2021.\n823. **[^](#cite_ref-824 \"Jump up\")** Kessler, Glenn (May 8, 2020). [\"The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/08/very-fine-people-charlottesville-who-were-they-2/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")_. Retrieved October 23, 2021.\n824. **[^](#cite_ref-KruzelCharlottesville_825-0 \"Jump up\")** Holan, Angie Dobric (April 26, 2019). [\"In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)\"](https://www.politifact.com/article/2019/apr/26/context-trumps-very-fine-people-both-sides-remarks/). _[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")_. Retrieved October 22, 2021.\n825. **[^](#cite_ref-826 \"Jump up\")** Beauchamp, Zack (January 11, 2018). [\"Trump's \"shithole countries\" comment exposes the core of Trumpism\"](https://www.vox.com/2018/1/11/16880804/trump-shithole-countries-racism). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved January 11, 2018.\n826. **[^](#cite_ref-Weaver-2018_827-0 \"Jump up\")** Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). [\"Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe\"](https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n827. **[^](#cite_ref-828 \"Jump up\")** [Wintour, Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wintour \"Patrick Wintour\"); [Burke, Jason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Burke \"Jason Burke\"); Livsey, Anna (January 13, 2018). [\"'There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/12/unkind-divisive-elitist-international-outcry-over-trumps-shithole-countries-remark). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved January 13, 2018.\n828. **[^](#cite_ref-829 \"Jump up\")** Rogers, Katie; [Fandos, Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fandos \"Nicholas Fandos\") (July 14, 2019). [\"Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved September 30, 2021.\n829. **[^](#cite_ref-830 \"Jump up\")** Mak, Tim (July 16, 2019). [\"House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'\"](https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742236610/condemnation-of-president-delayed-by-debate-can-lawmakers-call-trump-tweets-raci). _[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")_. Retrieved July 17, 2019.\n830. **[^](#cite_ref-831 \"Jump up\")** Simon, Mallory; [Sidner, Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Sidner \"Sara Sidner\") (July 16, 2019). [\"Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do\"](https://cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/white-supremacists-cheer-trump-racist-tweets-soh/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")_. Retrieved July 20, 2019.\n831. **[^](#cite_ref-832 \"Jump up\")** Choi, Matthew (September 22, 2020). [\"'She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots\"](https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/22/trump-attacks-ilhan-omar-420267). _[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")_. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n832. **[^](#cite_ref-clock_833-0 \"Jump up\")** Rothe, Dawn L.; Collins, Victoria E. (November 17, 2019). \"Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration\". _Victims & Offenders_. **14** (8): 965–978. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15564886.2019.1671284).\n833. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-demeans_834-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-demeans_834-1) [Shear, Michael D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear \"Michael D. Shear\"); [Sullivan, Eileen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Sullivan \"Eileen Sullivan\") (October 16, 2018). [\"'Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/politics/trump-women-insults.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved August 5, 2020.\n834. **[^](#cite_ref-835 \"Jump up\")** Fieldstadt, Elisha (October 9, 2016). [\"Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-consistently-made-lewd-comments-howard-stern-show-n662581). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved November 27, 2020.\n835. **[^](#cite_ref-836 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump blasted over lewd comments about women\"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/8/donald-trump-caught-making-lewd-comments-about-women). _Al Jazeera_. Retrieved September 2, 2024.\n836. **[^](#cite_ref-mysTC_837-0 \"Jump up\")** Mahdawi, Arwa (May 10, 2023). [\"'The more women accuse him, the better he does': the meaning and misogyny of the Trump-Carroll case\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/may/10/the-more-women-accuse-him-the-better-he-does-the-meaning-and-misogyny-of-the-trump-carroll-case). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved July 25, 2024.\n837. **[^](#cite_ref-838 \"Jump up\")** Prasad, Ritu (November 29, 2019). [\"How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50563106). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")_. Retrieved August 5, 2020.\n838. **[^](#cite_ref-839 \"Jump up\")** Nelson, Libby; McGann, Laura (June 21, 2019). [\"E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct\"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/21/18701098/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-rape-e-jean-carroll). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved June 25, 2019.\n839. **[^](#cite_ref-840 \"Jump up\")** Rupar, Aaron (October 9, 2019). [\"Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago\"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/9/20906567/trump-karen-johnson-sexual-assault-mar-a-lago-barry-levine-monique-el-faizy-book). _[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\\(website\\) \"Vox (website)\")_. Retrieved April 27, 2020.\n840. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-no26_841-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-no26_841-1) Osborne, Lucy (September 17, 2020). [\"'It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct\"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/amy-dorris-donald-trump-women-who-accuse-sexual-misconduct). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_. Retrieved June 6, 2024.\n841. **[^](#cite_ref-842 \"Jump up\")** Timm, Jane C. (October 7, 2016). [\"Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005\"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-hot-mic-when-you-re-star-you-can-do-n662116). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\")_. Retrieved June 10, 2018.\n842. **[^](#cite_ref-843 \"Jump up\")** [Burns, Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Burns_\\(journalist\\) \"Alex Burns (journalist)\"); [Haberman, Maggie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Haberman \"Maggie Haberman\"); [Martin, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_\\(journalist\\) \"Jonathan Martin (journalist)\") (October 7, 2016). [\"Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2016.\n843. **[^](#cite_ref-844 \"Jump up\")** Hagen, Lisa (October 7, 2016). [\"Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'\"](https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/299895-kaine-on-lewd-trump-tapes-makes-me-sick-to-my-stomach). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Hill (newspaper)\")_. Retrieved October 8, 2016.\n844. **[^](#cite_ref-845 \"Jump up\")** McCann, Allison (July 14, 2016). [\"Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump\"](https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/clinton-trump-hip-hop-lyrics). _[FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight \"FiveThirtyEight\")_. Retrieved October 7, 2021.\n845. **[^](#cite_ref-846 \"Jump up\")** [\"Trump to be honored for working with youths\"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28799230/the_philadelphia_inquirer/). _[The Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\")_. May 25, 1995.\n846. **[^](#cite_ref-847 \"Jump up\")** [\"Saakashvili, Trump Unveil Tower Project, Praise Each Other\"](https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24684). _Civil Georgia_. April 22, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2018.\n847. **[^](#cite_ref-848 \"Jump up\")** [\"Donald Trump: Robert Gordon University strips honorary degree\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35054360). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")_. December 9, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023.\n848. **[^](#cite_ref-849 \"Jump up\")** Chappell, Bill. [\"Lehigh University Revokes President Trump's Honorary Degree\"](https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/08/954883159/lehigh-university-revokes-president-trumps-honorary-degree). _npr.com_. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n849. **[^](#cite_ref-850 \"Jump up\")** [\"A Message from the Board of Trustees\"](https://wagner.edu/newsroom/message-board-trustees/). _wagner.edu_. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.\n850. **[^](#cite_ref-851 \"Jump up\")** Deutsch, Matan (November 1, 2023). [\"The famous Petah Tikva square changes its name \\[Hebrew\\]\"](https://petahtikva.mynet.co.il/local_news/article/hkmkv2yqt). _petahtikva.mynet.co.il_. Retrieved August 25, 2024.\n\n### Works cited\n\n* Blair, Gwenda (2015) \\[2001\\]. [_The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire_](https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ). [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-5011-3936-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3936-9 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3936-9\").\n* [Kranish, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish \"Michael Kranish\"); [Fisher, Marc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Fisher \"Marc Fisher\") (2017) \\[2016\\]. [_Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Revealed \"Trump Revealed\"). [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-5011-5652-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-5652-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-5652-6\").\n* O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). [_Trumped!_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumped!_\\(book\\) \"Trumped! (book)\"). Crossroad Press Trade Edition. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-946025-26-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-946025-26-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-946025-26-5\").\n\n[](#CITEREFLopez2019)[](#CITEREFDesjardins2018)[](#CITEREFDawsey2018)[](#CITEREFStoddardMfula2018)[](#CITEREFWeaver2018b)\n\n## External links",
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+ "title": "Home | Donald J. Trump",
+ "description": "Certified Website of Donald J. Trump For President 2024. America's comeback starts right now. Join our movement to Make America Great Again!",
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+ "text": "Home | Donald J. Trump\n\"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States \nContribute VOLUNTEER \nAgenda47 Platform\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more. \nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate. \nPlatform \nI AM YOUR VOICE. AMERICA FIRST!\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\nAgenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\nAgenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\nAgenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\nPresident Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\nPresident Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\nPresident Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\nWe Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\nPresident Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\nPresident Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\nPresident Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\nPresident Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\nAgenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\nAgenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.",
+ "markdown": "# Home | Donald J. Trump\n\n## \"THEY’RE NOT AFTER ME, \nTHEY’RE AFTER YOU \n…I’M JUST STANDING \nIN THE WAY!”\n\nDONALD J. TRUMP, 45th President of the United States\n\n[Contribute](https://secure.winred.com/trump-national-committee-jfc/lp-website-contribute-button) [VOLUNTEER](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/join)\n\n## Agenda47 Platform\n\nAmerica needs determined Republican Leadership at every level of Government to address the core threats to our very survival: Our disastrously Open Border, our weakened Economy, crippling restrictions on American Energy Production, our depleted Military, attacks on the American System of Justice, and much more.\n\nTo make clear our commitment, we offer to the American people the 2024 GOP Platform to Make America Great Again! It is a forward-looking Agenda that begins with the following twenty promises that we will accomplish very quickly when we win the White House and Republican Majorities in the House and Senate.\n\n[Platform](https://www.donaldjtrump.com/platform)\n\n\n\n\n\n## I AM **YOUR VOICE**. AMERICA FIRST!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2ff6i4/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America\n\nIf we cannot restore the fair and impartial rule of law, we will not be a free country.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27rnh8/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to Stop the America Last Warmongers and Globalists\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced his plan to defeat the America Last warmongers and globalists in the Deep State, the Pentagon, the State Department, and the national security industrial complex.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v27mkjo/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump Announces Plan to End Crime and Restore Law and Order\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump unveiled his new plan to stop out-of-control crime and keep all Americans safe. In his first term, President Trump reduced violent crime and stood strongly with America’s law enforcement. On Joe Biden’s watch, violent crime has skyrocketed and communities have become less safe as he defunded, defamed, and dismantled police forces. www.DonaldJTrump.com Text TRUMP to 88022\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v26a8h6/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: President Trump on Making America Energy Independent Again\n\nBiden's War on Energy Is The Key Driver of the Worst Inflation in 58 Years! When I'm back in Office, We Will Eliminate Every Democrat Regulation That Hampers Domestic Enery Production!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24rq6y/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Build a New Missile Defense Shield\n\nWe must be able to defend our homeland, our allies, and our military assets around the world from the threat of hypersonic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Just as President Trump rebuilt our military, President Trump will build a state-of-the-art next-generation missile defense shield to defend America from missile attack.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v25d8w0/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Calls for Immediate De-escalation and Peace\n\nJoe Biden's weakness and incompetence has brought us to the brink of nuclear war and leading us to World War 3. It's time for all parties involved to pursue a peaceful end to the war in Ukraine before it spirals out of control and into nuclear war.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2597vg/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Protect Children from Left-Wing Gender Insanity\n\nPresident Trump today announced his plan to stop the chemical, physical, and emotional mutilation of our youth.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v24n0j2/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump’s Plan to Save American Education and Give Power Back to Parents\n\nOur public schools have been taken over by the Radical Left Maniacs!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23qmwu/?rel=0)\n\n### We Must Protect Medicare and Social Security\n\nUnder no circumstances should Republicans vote to cut a single penny from Medicare or Social Security\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v23gkay/?rel=0)\n\n### President Trump Will Stop China From Owning America\n\nI will ensure America's future remains firmly in America's hands!\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v22aczi/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Calls for Probe into Intelligence Community’s Role in Online Censorship\n\nThe ‘Twitter Files’ prove that we urgently need my plan to dismantle the illegal censorship regime — a regime like nobody’s ever seen in the history of our country or most other countries for that matter,” President Trump said.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v1y7kp8/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative\n\nPresident Donald J. Trump announced a new policy initiative aimed to dismantle the censorship cartel and restore free speech.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v21etrc/?rel=0)\n\n### President Donald J. Trump Declares War on Cartels\n\nJoe Biden prepares to make his first-ever trip to the southern border that he deliberately erased, President Trump announced that when he is president again, it will be the official policy of the United States to take down the drug cartels just as we took down ISIS.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2g7i07/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Ending the Nightmare of the Homeless, Drug Addicts, and Dangerously Deranged\n\nFor a small fraction of what we spend upon Ukraine, we could take care of every homeless veteran in America. Our veterans are being treated horribly.\n\n[](https://rumble.com/embed/v2fmn6y/?rel=0)\n\n### Agenda47: Liberating America from Biden’s Regulatory Onslaught\n\nNo longer will unelected members of the Washington Swamp be allowed to act as the fourth branch of our Republic.\n\n",
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+ "text": "Donald J. Trump – The White HouseOpen MenuWhiteHouse.govCopy URL to your clipboardOpen SearchShare on FacebookShare on TwitterCopy URL to your clipboardWhiteHouse.govTwitterFacebookInstagramYouTube\nDonald J. Trump is the 45th President of the United States. He believes the United States has incredible potential and will go on to exceed even its remarkable achievements of the past. \nDonald J. Trump defines the American success story. Throughout his life he has continually set the standards of business and entrepreneurial excellence, especially in real estate, sports, and entertainment. Mr. Trump built on his success in private life when he entered into politics and public service. He remarkably won the Presidency in his first ever run for any political office.\nA graduate of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance, Mr. Trump followed in his father’s footsteps into the world of real estate development, making his mark in New York City. There, the Trump name soon became synonymous with the most prestigious of addresses in Manhattan and, subsequently, throughout the world.\nMr. Trump is also an accomplished author. He has written more than fourteen bestsellers. His first book, The Art of the Deal, is considered a business classic.\nMr. Trump announced his candidacy for the Presidency on June 16, 2015. He then accepted the Republican nomination for President of the United States in July of 2016, having defeated 17 other contenders during the Republican primaries.\nOn November 8, 2016, Mr. Trump was elected President in the largest Electoral College landslide for a Republican in 28 years. Mr. Trump won more than 2,600 counties nationwide, the most since President Ronald Reagan in 1984. He received the votes of more than 62 million Americans, the most ever for a Republican candidate.\nPresident Trump has delivered historic results in his first term in office despite partisan gridlock in the Nation’s Capital, and resistance from special interests and the Washington Establishment.\nHe passed record-setting tax cuts and regulation cuts, achieved energy independence, replaced NAFTA with the United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, invested $2 trillion to completely rebuild the Military, launched the Space Force, obliterated the ISIS Caliphate, achieved a major breakthrough for peace in the Middle East, passed the most significant Veterans Affairs reforms in half a century, confirmed over 250 federal judges, including 2 Supreme Court Justices, signed bipartisan Criminal Justice Reform, lowered drug prices, protected Medicare and Social Security, and secured our nation’s borders.\nTo vanquish the COVID-19 global pandemic, President Trump launched the greatest national mobilization since World War II. The Trump Administration enacted the largest package of financial relief in American history, created the most advanced testing system in the world, developed effective medical treatments to save millions of lives, and launched Operation Warp Speed to deliver a vaccine in record time and defeat the Virus.\nPresident Trump and his wife, Melania, are parents to their son, Barron. Mr. Trump also has four adult children, Don Jr., Ivanka, Eric, and Tiffany, as well as 10 grandchildren.\nLearn more about First Lady Melania Trump here.",
+ "markdown": "# Donald J. Trump – The White HouseOpen MenuWhiteHouse.govCopy URL to your clipboardOpen SearchShare on FacebookShare on TwitterCopy URL to your clipboardWhiteHouse.govTwitterFacebookInstagramYouTube\n\n##### **Donald J. Trump is the 45th President of the United States. He believes the United States has incredible potential and will go on to exceed even its remarkable achievements of the past.**\n\nDonald J. Trump defines the American success story. Throughout his life he has continually set the standards of business and entrepreneurial excellence, especially in real estate, sports, and entertainment. Mr. Trump built on his success in private life when he entered into politics and public service. He remarkably won the Presidency in his first ever run for any political office.\n\nA graduate of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance, Mr. Trump followed in his father’s footsteps into the world of real estate development, making his mark in New York City. There, the Trump name soon became synonymous with the most prestigious of addresses in Manhattan and, subsequently, throughout the world.\n\nMr. Trump is also an accomplished author. He has written more than fourteen bestsellers. His first book, _The Art of the Deal_, is considered a business classic.\n\nMr. Trump announced his candidacy for the Presidency on June 16, 2015. He then accepted the Republican nomination for President of the United States in July of 2016, having defeated 17 other contenders during the Republican primaries.\n\nOn November 8, 2016, Mr. Trump was elected President in the largest Electoral College landslide for a Republican in 28 years. Mr. Trump won more than 2,600 counties nationwide, the most since President Ronald Reagan in 1984. He received the votes of more than 62 million Americans, the most ever for a Republican candidate.\n\nPresident Trump has delivered historic results in his first term in office despite partisan gridlock in the Nation’s Capital, and resistance from special interests and the Washington Establishment.\n\nHe passed record-setting tax cuts and regulation cuts, achieved energy independence, replaced NAFTA with the United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, invested $2 trillion to completely rebuild the Military, launched the Space Force, obliterated the ISIS Caliphate, achieved a major breakthrough for peace in the Middle East, passed the most significant Veterans Affairs reforms in half a century, confirmed over 250 federal judges, including 2 Supreme Court Justices, signed bipartisan Criminal Justice Reform, lowered drug prices, protected Medicare and Social Security, and secured our nation’s borders.\n\nTo vanquish the COVID-19 global pandemic, President Trump launched the greatest national mobilization since World War II. The Trump Administration enacted the largest package of financial relief in American history, created the most advanced testing system in the world, developed effective medical treatments to save millions of lives, and launched Operation Warp Speed to deliver a vaccine in record time and defeat the Virus.\n\nPresident Trump and his wife, Melania, are parents to their son, Barron. Mr. Trump also has four adult children, Don Jr., Ivanka, Eric, and Tiffany, as well as 10 grandchildren.\n\n[Learn more about First Lady Melania Trump here.](https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/people/melania-trump/)",
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+ "text": "Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) / XSign In - Google AccountsSign In\n45th President of the United States of America\nDonald J. Trump’s posts\nThe media could not be played.\nTonight, \nand I tested positive for COVID-19. We will begin our quarantine and recovery process immediately. We will get through this TOGETHER!\nGoing welI, I think! Thank you to all. LOVE!!!\nI WON THIS ELECTION, BY A LOT!\nThe media could not be played.\nI am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue. Thank you!\n71,000,000 Legal Votes. The most EVER for a sitting President!\nAre you better off now than you were when I was president? Our economy is shattered. Our border has been erased. We're a nation in decline. Make the American Dream AFFORDABLE again. Make America SAFE again. Make America GREAT Again!\nTo all of those who have asked, I will not be going to the Inauguration on January 20th.\nWE ARE LOOKING REALLY GOOD ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. THANK YOU!",
+ "markdown": "# Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) / XSign In - Google AccountsSign In\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/photo)\n\n45th President of the United States of America\n\n## Donald J. Trump’s posts\n\nThe media could not be played.\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1694886846050771321/photo/1)\n\nTonight,\n\nand I tested positive for COVID-19. We will begin our quarantine and recovery process immediately. We will get through this TOGETHER!\n\nGoing welI, I think! Thank you to all. LOVE!!!\n\nI WON THIS ELECTION, BY A LOT!\n\nThe media could not be played.\n\nI am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue. Thank you!\n\n71,000,000 Legal Votes. The most EVER for a sitting President!\n\nAre you better off now than you were when I was president? Our economy is shattered. Our border has been erased. We're a nation in decline. Make the American Dream AFFORDABLE again. Make America SAFE again. Make America GREAT Again!\n\nTo all of those who have asked, I will not be going to the Inauguration on January 20th.\n\nWE ARE LOOKING REALLY GOOD ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. THANK YOU!\n\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1825138139502878806/photo/1)",
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+ "text": "Boston.govcity_halllocklockSearchAlertAlertAlertAlertAlertall icons2bos_311_icon_blackAug 31 Aug 9 Aug 9 Aug 9 On Sep 2On Sep 2On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3\nToggle Menu \nInformation and Services \nPublic notices \nFeedback \nEnglish Español Soomaali Português français 简体中文 \n/\nCarney Hospital is closing on August 31 and will no longer offer emergency department or inpatient hospital services. Find resources for Carney patients, local residents, and Carney employees. \nLearn More \nState Primaries On Tuesday, September 3 \n/\nPolling locations will be open from 7 a.m. - 8 p.m. If you still have your vote-by-mail ballot, you have until 8 p.m. on Election Day to drop it off at one of our dedicated drop boxes. \nFeatured resources\nFeatured videos\nBOS:311 service requests\nBOS:311 \nStay Connected\nSign up for email updates from the City of Boston, including information on big events and upcoming traffic and parking restrictions.\nBoston Mayor Michelle Wu\nMeet the Mayor\nMichelle Wu is the Mayor of Boston. She is a daughter of immigrants, Boston Public Schools mom to two boys, MBTA commuter, and fierce believer that we can solve our deepest challenges through building community. \nLearn about Mayor Wu\nBoston City Council\nCity Council \nRuthzee Louijeune \nCity Council President; City Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to ruthzee.louijeune@boston.gov \nHenry Santana \nCity Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to henry.santana@boston.gov \nJulia Mejia \nCity Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to Julia.Mejia@Boston.gov \nErin J. Murphy \nCity Councilor, At-Large \nSend an email to erin.murphy@boston.gov \nGabriela Coletta Zapata \nCity Councilor, District 1 \nSend an email to Gabriela.Coletta@boston.gov \nEdward M. Flynn \nCity Councilor, District 2 \nSend an email to ed.flynn@boston.gov \nJohn FitzGerald \nCity Councilor, District 3 \nSend an email to john.fitzgerald@boston.gov \nBrian J. Worrell \nCity Councilor, District 4 \nSend an email to brian.worrell@boston.gov \nEnrique J. Pepén \nCity Councilor, District 5 \nSend an email to enrique.pepen@boston.gov \nBenjamin J. Weber \nCity Councilor, District 6 \nSend an email to benjamin.weber@boston.gov \nTania Fernandes Anderson \nCity Councilor, District 7 \nSend an email to tania.anderson@boston.gov \nSharon Durkan \nCity Councilor, District 8 \nSend an email to sharon.durkan@boston.gov \nLiz Breadon \nCity Councilor, District 9 \nSend an email to liz.breadon@boston.gov",
+ "markdown": "# Boston.govcity\\_halllocklockSearchAlertAlertAlertAlertAlertall icons2bos\\_311\\_icon\\_blackAug 31 Aug 9 Aug 9 Aug 9 On Sep 2On Sep 2On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3On Sep 3\n\nToggle Menu [](https://www.boston.gov/ \"Homepage | City of Boston Seal\")\n\n* [Information and Services](https://www.boston.gov/city-boston-services-applications-and-permits)\n* [Public notices](https://www.boston.gov/public-notices)\n* [Feedback](https://www.boston.gov/form/website-feedback-form)\n* [English Español Soomaali Português français 简体中文](#translate \"Translate\")\n* Search\n\n/\n\nCarney Hospital is closing on August 31 and will no longer offer emergency department or inpatient hospital services. Find resources for Carney patients, local residents, and Carney employees.\n\n[Learn More](https://www.boston.gov/news/carney-hospital-resources)\n\nState Primaries On Tuesday, September 3\n\n/\n\nPolling locations will be open from 7 a.m. - 8 p.m. If you still have your vote-by-mail ballot, you have until 8 p.m. on Election Day to drop it off at one of our dedicated drop boxes.\n\n## Featured resources\n\n## Featured videos\n\n## BOS:311 service requests\n\nBOS:311\n\n## Stay Connected\n\nSign up for email updates from the City of Boston, including information on big events and upcoming traffic and parking restrictions.\n\n## Boston Mayor Michelle Wu\n\n![Mayor Michelle Wu](https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/img/library/photos/2021/11/wu-headshot-homepage.jpg \"Mayor Michelle Wu\")\n\n#### Meet the Mayor\n\nMichelle Wu is the Mayor of Boston. She is a daughter of immigrants, Boston Public Schools mom to two boys, MBTA commuter, and fierce believer that we can solve our deepest challenges through building community. \n\n[Learn about Mayor Wu](https://www.boston.gov/node/396)\n\n## Boston City Council\n\nCity Council\n\n [\n\nRuthzee Louijeune\n\nCity Council President; City Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/ruthzee-louijeune)[Send an email to ruthzee.louijeune@boston.gov](mailto:ruthzee.louijeune@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nHenry Santana\n\nCity Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/henry-santana)[Send an email to henry.santana@boston.gov](mailto:henry.santana@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nJulia Mejia\n\nCity Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/julia-mejia)[Send an email to Julia.Mejia@Boston.gov](mailto:Julia.Mejia@Boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nErin J. Murphy\n\nCity Councilor, At-Large](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/erin-j-murphy)[Send an email to erin.murphy@boston.gov](mailto:erin.murphy@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nGabriela Coletta Zapata\n\nCity Councilor, District 1](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/gabriela-coletta-zapata)[Send an email to Gabriela.Coletta@boston.gov](mailto:Gabriela.Coletta@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nEdward M. Flynn\n\nCity Councilor, District 2](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/edward-m-flynn)[Send an email to ed.flynn@boston.gov](mailto:ed.flynn@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nJohn FitzGerald\n\nCity Councilor, District 3](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/john-fitzgerald)[Send an email to john.fitzgerald@boston.gov](mailto:john.fitzgerald@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nBrian J. Worrell\n\nCity Councilor, District 4](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/brian-j-worrell)[Send an email to brian.worrell@boston.gov](mailto:brian.worrell@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nEnrique J. Pepén\n\nCity Councilor, District 5](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/enrique-j-pepen)[Send an email to enrique.pepen@boston.gov](mailto:enrique.pepen@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nBenjamin J. Weber\n\nCity Councilor, District 6](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/benjamin-j-weber)[Send an email to benjamin.weber@boston.gov](mailto:benjamin.weber@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nTania Fernandes Anderson\n\nCity Councilor, District 7](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/tania-fernandes-anderson)[Send an email to tania.anderson@boston.gov](mailto:tania.anderson@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nSharon Durkan\n\nCity Councilor, District 8](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/sharon-durkan)[Send an email to sharon.durkan@boston.gov](mailto:sharon.durkan@boston.gov)\n\n [\n\nLiz Breadon\n\nCity Councilor, District 9](https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/liz-breadon)[Send an email to liz.breadon@boston.gov](mailto:liz.breadon@boston.gov)\n\n[](#content)",
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+ "text": "Boston\nBoston\nState capital city\n\t\nDowntown from Boston Harbor\nAcorn Street on Beacon Hill\nOld State House\nMassachusetts State House\nFenway Park during a Boston Red Sox game\nBack Bay from the Charles River\n\t\nFlag\nSeal\nCoat of arms\nWordmark\n\t\nNickname(s): \nBean Town, Title Town, others\n\t\nMotto(s): \nSicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin)\n'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us'\n\t\nWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap\nShow BostonShow Suffolk CountyShow MassachusettsShow the United StatesShow all\n\t\nBoston\nShow map of Greater Boston areaShow map of MassachusettsShow map of the United StatesShow map of EarthShow all\n\t\nCoordinates: 42°21′37″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36028°N 71.05778°W\t\nCountryUnited States\t\nRegionNew England\t\nStateMassachusetts\t\nCountySuffolk[1] \t\nHistoric countriesKingdom of England\nCommonwealth of England\nKingdom of Great Britain\t\nHistoric coloniesMassachusetts Bay Colony, Dominion of New England, Province of Massachusetts Bay\t\nSettled1625\t\nIncorporated (town)\nSeptember 7, 1630 (date of naming, Old Style)\n\nSeptember 17, 1630 (date of naming, New Style)\t\nIncorporated (city)March 19, 1822\t\nNamed forBoston, Lincolnshire\t\nGovernment\n• TypeStrong mayor / Council\t\n• MayorMichelle Wu (D)\t\n• CouncilBoston City Council\t\n• Council PresidentRuthzee Louijeune (D)\t\nArea\n[2]\n• State capital city89.61 sq mi (232.10 km2)\t\n• Land48.34 sq mi (125.20 km2)\t\n• Water41.27 sq mi (106.90 km2)\t\n• Urban1,655.9 sq mi (4,288.7 km2)\t\n• Metro4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)\t\n• CSA10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)\t\nElevation\n[3]\n46 ft (14 m)\t\nPopulation\n(2020)[4]\n• State capital city675,647\t\n• Estimate \n(2021)[4]\n654,776\t\n• Rank66th in North America\n25th in the United States\n1st in Massachusetts\t\n• Density13,976.98/sq mi (5,396.51/km2)\t\n• Urban\n[5]\n4,382,009 (US: 10th)\t\n• Urban density2,646.3/sq mi (1,021.8/km2)\t\n• Metro\n[6]\n4,941,632 (US: 10th)\t\nDemonymBostonian\t\nGDP\n[7]\n• Boston (MSA)$571.6 billion (2022)\t\nTime zoneUTC−5 (EST)\t\n• Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)\t\nZIP Codes\n53 ZIP Codes[8]\n\t\nArea codes617 and 857\t\nFIPS code25-07000\t\nGNIS feature ID617565\t\nWebsiteboston.gov\t\nBoston ([9]) is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)[10] and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after New York City and Philadelphia.[4] The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area, which includes and surrounds the city, has a population of 4,919,179 as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and eleventh-largest in the country.[11][12][13] \nBoston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers. The city was named after Boston, Lincolnshire, England.[14][15] During the American Revolution, Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent Revolutionary War, including the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture.[16][17] The city also expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634),[18] the first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635),[19] and the first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897).[20] \nBoston has emerged as a national leader in higher education and research[21] and the largest biotechnology hub in the world.[22] The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship,[23][24][25] and more recently in artificial intelligence.[26] Boston's economy also includes finance,[27] professional and business services, information technology, and government activities.[28] Boston households provide the highest average rate of philanthropy in the nation,[29] and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental sustainability and new investment.[30] \nIsaac Johnson, in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river \"Boston\". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of Boston, Lincolnshire, from which he, his wife (namesake of the Arbella) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather) had emigrated to New England. The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, St. Botolph, in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as \"St. Botolph's town\", later contracted to \"Boston\". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as \"Shawmut\" by William Blaxton and \"Tremontaine\"[31] by the Puritan settlers he had invited.[32][33][34][35][36] \nPrior to European colonization, the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities.[37][38] When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders.[39][40] Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street, which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.[38][37][41] \nEuropean settlement\n[edit]\nThe first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge-educated Anglican cleric named William Blaxton. He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson, to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630.[42][43][44] \nPuritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement. This document created the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop. Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin School, was founded in Boston in 1635.[19][45] \nBoston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[46] Boston's oceanfront location made it a lively port, and the then-town primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a Caribbean trade route and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of Boston baked beans.[47] \nBoston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[48][49] \nRevolution and the siege of Boston\n[edit]\nIn 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the East India Company into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act, an event known as the Boston Tea Party that escalated the American Revolution. Map showing a British tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775 \nThe weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. \nWilliam Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, in a letter to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[50]\nMany crucial events of the American Revolution[51] occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament, fostered a revolutionary spirit there.[48] When the British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver, the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson, then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[48][52] The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre, British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[49] \nIn 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts. The act prompted the Boston Tea Party, where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts, demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.[48] This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War. The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[48][53] \nBoston itself was besieged for almost a year during the siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. Sir William Howe, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.[54][55] \nSeveral weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam, came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannons on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga. The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as \"Evacuation Day\", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer.[53][54][56] \nPost-revolution and the War of 1812\n[edit]\nState Street in 1801 \nAfter the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars) and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[57] \nDuring this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage.[58][59] Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the Boston Brahmins—came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[60] They are often associated with the American upper class, Harvard University,[61] and the Episcopal Church.[62][63] \nBoston was a prominent port of the Atlantic slave trade in the New England Colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island.[64] Boston eventually became a center of the American abolitionist movement.[65] The city reacted largely negatively to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[66] contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after Anthony Burns's attempt to escape to freedom.[67][68] \nIn 1822,[16] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the \"Town of Boston\" to the \"City of Boston\", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city.[69] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km2).[69] \nBoston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It, an 1860 photograph by James Wallace Black, was the first recorded aerial photograph. \nIn the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[70] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians,[71] French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settling there. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End,[72] Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[73] and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.[74] \nBetween 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown.[75] \nAfter the Great Boston fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912).[76][77] Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge,[78] and Chelsea.[79][80] \nHaymarket Square in 1909 \nMany architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of the 20th century: Horticultural Hall,[81] the Tennis and Racquet Club,[82] Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum,[83] Fenway Studios,[84] Jordan Hall,[85] and the Boston Opera House. The Longfellow Bridge,[86] built in 1906, was mentioned by Robert McCloskey in Make Way for Ducklings, describing its \"salt and pepper shakers\" feature.[87] Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, opened in 1912,[88] with the Boston Garden opening in 1928.[89] Logan International Airport opened on September 8, 1923.[90] \nBoston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[91] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.[92] \nThe BRA continued implementing eminent domain projects, including the clearance of the vibrant Scollay Square area for construction of the modernist style Government Center. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood, the first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[93] The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[94] \nBy the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period.[95] This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the Boston Architectural College, Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music, the Boston Conservatory, and many others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[96] Boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century,[97] with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition.[98] \nThe Charles River in front of Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, in 2013 \nBoston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,[99] including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004.[100] Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the New York City–based Macy's.[101] The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times[102] was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman John W. Henry. In 2016, it was announced General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Seaport District in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.[103] The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the Big Dig, in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.[104] \nOn April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[105] The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan Boston Strong.[106] \nIn 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the U.S. applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[107] The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.[108] Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with games taking place at Gillette Stadium.[109] \nThe geographical center of Boston is in Roxbury. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End \nUnknown, A local colloquialism[110]\nBoston and its neighbors as seen from Sentinel-2 with Boston Harbor (center). Boston itself lies on the southern bank of the Charles River. On the river's northern bank, the outlines of Cambridge and Watertown can be seen; to the west are Brookline and Newton; to the south lie Quincy and Milton. An 1877 panoramic map of Boston \nBoston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2), or 46%, of it is water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level.[111] The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[112] Boston is situated next to Boston Harbor, an arm of Massachusetts Bay, itself an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. \nBoston is surrounded by the Greater Boston metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of Winthrop and the Boston Harbor Islands, to the northeast by the cities of Revere, Chelsea and Everett, to the north by the cities of Somerville and Cambridge, to the northwest by Watertown, to the west by the city of Newton and town of Brookline, to the southwest by the town of Dedham and small portions of Needham and Canton, and to the southeast by the town of Milton, and the city of Quincy. \nThe Charles River separates Boston's Allston-Brighton, Fenway-Kenmore and Back Bay neighborhoods from Watertown and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and Quincy and Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Downtown, the North End, and the Seaport.[113] \nJohn Hancock Tower at 200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a roof height of 790 ft (240 m). \nBoston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.[114][115] The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods:[116] \nAllston\nBack Bay\nBay Village\nBeacon Hill\nBrighton\nCharlestown\nChinatown\nDorchester\nDowntown\nEast Boston\nFenway\nHyde Park\nJamaica Plain\nMattapan\nMission Hill\nNorth End\nRoslindale\nRoxbury\nSeaport\nSouth Boston\nthe South End\nthe West End\nWest Roxbury\nMore than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.[75] This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay.[17] \nDowntown and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often federal style and Greek revival – interspersed with modern high-rises.[117] Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.[118] Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather.[119] Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[120] \nThe geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the \"Big Dig\"). That project removed the elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[121] \nPopulation density and elevation above sea level in Greater Boston as of 2010 \nAs a coastal city built largely on fill, sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century.[122] Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods.[123] Groundwater levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[124] \nThe city developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.[125] This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years.[126] A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience.[127] In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.[128] \nBoston's skyline in the background with fall foliage in the foreground\nA graph of cumulative winter snowfall at Logan International Airport from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by NOAA, is from the weather station at the airport.\nUnder the Köppen climate classification, Boston has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm.[129] Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the jet stream. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.[130] The city lies at the border between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).[131] \nThe hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[132] \nSub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.[133] The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957.[132] In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022.[132] The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[132][a] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019.[134][132] \nBoston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.[132] Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.[135][136] There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[132][b] The city's coastal location on the North Atlantic makes the city very prone to nor'easters, which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.[130] \nFog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[137][138] Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large hail, damaging winds, and heavy downpours.[130] Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[139] \nv\nt\ne\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts (Logan Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[c] extremes 1872−present[d]\nMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year \nRecord high °F (°C) 74\n(23) \t73\n(23) \t89\n(32) \t94\n(34) \t97\n(36) \t100\n(38) \t104\n(40) \t102\n(39) \t102\n(39) \t90\n(32) \t83\n(28) \t76\n(24) \t104\n(40) \t\nMean maximum °F (°C) 58.3\n(14.6) \t57.9\n(14.4) \t67.0\n(19.4) \t79.9\n(26.6) \t88.1\n(31.2) \t92.2\n(33.4) \t95.0\n(35.0) \t93.7\n(34.3) \t88.9\n(31.6) \t79.6\n(26.4) \t70.2\n(21.2) \t61.2\n(16.2) \t96.4\n(35.8) \t\nMean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.8\n(2.7) \t39.0\n(3.9) \t45.5\n(7.5) \t56.4\n(13.6) \t66.5\n(19.2) \t76.2\n(24.6) \t82.1\n(27.8) \t80.4\n(26.9) \t73.1\n(22.8) \t62.1\n(16.7) \t51.6\n(10.9) \t42.2\n(5.7) \t59.3\n(15.2) \t\nDaily mean °F (°C) 29.9\n(−1.2) \t31.8\n(−0.1) \t38.3\n(3.5) \t48.6\n(9.2) \t58.4\n(14.7) \t68.0\n(20.0) \t74.1\n(23.4) \t72.7\n(22.6) \t65.6\n(18.7) \t54.8\n(12.7) \t44.7\n(7.1) \t35.7\n(2.1) \t51.9\n(11.1) \t\nMean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.1\n(−4.9) \t24.6\n(−4.1) \t31.1\n(−0.5) \t40.8\n(4.9) \t50.3\n(10.2) \t59.7\n(15.4) \t66.0\n(18.9) \t65.1\n(18.4) \t58.2\n(14.6) \t47.5\n(8.6) \t37.9\n(3.3) \t29.2\n(−1.6) \t44.5\n(6.9) \t\nMean minimum °F (°C) 4.8\n(−15.1) \t8.3\n(−13.2) \t15.6\n(−9.1) \t31.0\n(−0.6) \t41.2\n(5.1) \t49.7\n(9.8) \t58.6\n(14.8) \t57.7\n(14.3) \t46.7\n(8.2) \t35.1\n(1.7) \t24.4\n(−4.2) \t13.1\n(−10.5) \t2.6\n(−16.3) \t\nRecord low °F (°C) −13\n(−25) \t−18\n(−28) \t−8\n(−22) \t11\n(−12) \t31\n(−1) \t41\n(5) \t50\n(10) \t46\n(8) \t34\n(1) \t25\n(−4) \t−2\n(−19) \t−17\n(−27) \t−18\n(−28) \t\nAverage precipitation inches (mm) 3.39\n(86) \t3.21\n(82) \t4.17\n(106) \t3.63\n(92) \t3.25\n(83) \t3.89\n(99) \t3.27\n(83) \t3.23\n(82) \t3.56\n(90) \t4.03\n(102) \t3.66\n(93) \t4.30\n(109) \t43.59\n(1,107) \t\nAverage snowfall inches (cm) 14.3\n(36) \t14.4\n(37) \t9.0\n(23) \t1.6\n(4.1) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.0\n(0.0) \t0.2\n(0.51) \t0.7\n(1.8) \t9.0\n(23) \t49.2\n(125) \t\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.8 \t10.6 \t11.6 \t11.6 \t11.8 \t10.9 \t9.4 \t9.0 \t9.0 \t10.5 \t10.3 \t11.9 \t128.4 \t\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.6 \t6.2 \t4.4 \t0.8 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.0 \t0.2 \t0.6 \t4.2 \t23.0 \t\nAverage relative humidity (%) 62.3 \t62.0 \t63.1 \t63.0 \t66.7 \t68.5 \t68.4 \t70.8 \t71.8 \t68.5 \t67.5 \t65.4 \t66.5 \t\nAverage dew point °F (°C) 16.5\n(−8.6) \t17.6\n(−8.0) \t25.2\n(−3.8) \t33.6\n(0.9) \t45.0\n(7.2) \t55.2\n(12.9) \t61.0\n(16.1) \t60.4\n(15.8) \t53.8\n(12.1) \t42.8\n(6.0) \t33.4\n(0.8) \t22.1\n(−5.5) \t38.9\n(3.8) \t\nMean monthly sunshine hours 163.4 \t168.4 \t213.7 \t227.2 \t267.3 \t286.5 \t300.9 \t277.3 \t237.1 \t206.3 \t143.2 \t142.3 \t2,633.6 \t\nPercent possible sunshine 56 \t57 \t58 \t57 \t59 \t63 \t65 \t64 \t63 \t60 \t49 \t50 \t59 \t\nAverage ultraviolet index 1 \t2 \t4 \t5 \t7 \t8 \t8 \t8 \t6 \t4 \t2 \t1 \t5 \t\nSource 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[141][132][142] \t\nSource 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[143] \t\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts \nSee or edit raw graph data. \nHistorical population\nYearPop.±%\n16804,500\t— \t\n16907,000\t+55.6%\t\n17006,700\t−4.3%\t\n17109,000\t+34.3%\t\n172210,567\t+17.4%\t\n174216,382\t+55.0%\t\n176515,520\t−5.3%\t\n179018,320\t+18.0%\t\n180024,937\t+36.1%\t\n181033,787\t+35.5%\t\n182043,298\t+28.1%\t\n183061,392\t+41.8%\t\n184093,383\t+52.1%\t\n1850136,881\t+46.6%\t\n1860177,840\t+29.9%\t\n1870250,526\t+40.9%\t\n1880362,839\t+44.8%\t\n1890448,477\t+23.6%\t\n1900560,892\t+25.1%\t\n1910670,585\t+19.6%\t\n1920748,060\t+11.6%\t\n1930781,188\t+4.4%\t\n1940770,816\t−1.3%\t\n1950801,444\t+4.0%\t\n1960697,197\t−13.0%\t\n1970641,071\t−8.1%\t\n1980562,994\t−12.2%\t\n1990574,283\t+2.0%\t\n2000589,141\t+2.6%\t\n2010617,594\t+4.8%\t\n2020675,647\t+9.4%\t\n2022*650,706\t−3.7%\t\n*=population estimate. \nSource: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156]\n2010–2020[4]\nSource: U.S. Decennial Census[157]\t\nPacked circles diagram showing estimates of the ethnic origins of people in Boston in 2021 \nHistorical racial/ethnic composition \nRace/ethnicity 2020[158] 2010[159] 1990[160] 1970[160] 1940[160] \nNon-Hispanic White\t44.7%\t47.0%\t59.0%\t79.5%[e]\t96.6% \t\nBlack\t22.0%\t24.4%\t23.8%\t16.3%\t3.1% \t\nHispanic or Latino (of any race)\t19.5%\t17.5%\t10.8%\t2.8%[e]\t0.1% \t\nAsian\t9.7%\t8.9%\t5.3%\t1.3%\t0.2% \t\nTwo or more races\t3.2%\t3.9%\t–\t–\t– \t\nNative American\t0.2%\t0.4%\t0.3%\t0.2%\t– \t\nIn 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households[4]—a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[161] \nIn the city, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[162] There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[162] \nThe median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[163] Boston has a significant racial wealth gap with White Bostonians having an median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.[164] \nFrom the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites in the city declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority minority for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant gentrification, during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-White population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased Latin American and Asian populations and more clarity surrounding U.S. Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic White population of 47% (some reports give slightly lower figures).[165][166][167] \nU.S. Navy sailors march in Boston's annual Saint Patrick's Day parade. Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston. Armenian American family in Boston, 1908 Chinatown with its paifang gate is home to several Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants. \nAfrican-Americans comprise 22% of the city's population. People of Irish descent form the second-largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.[168] \nIn Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.[169] East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans.[170] \nThere is a large and historical Armenian community in Boston,[171] and the city is home to the Armenian Heritage Park.[172] Additionally, over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.[173] Overall, according to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:[174][175] \nAncestry Percentage of\nBoston\npopulation Percentage of\nMassachusetts\npopulation Percentage of\nUnited States\npopulation City-to-state\ndifference City-to-USA\ndifference \nBlack \t22% \t8.2% \t14-15% \t13.8% \t7% \t\nIrish \t14.06% \t21.16% \t10.39% \t−7.10% \t3.67% \t\nItalian \t8.13% \t13.19% \t5.39% \t−5.05% \t2.74% \t\nother West Indian \t6.92% \t1.96% \t0.90% \t4.97% \t6.02% \t\nDominican \t5.45% \t2.60% \t0.68% \t2.65% \t4.57% \t\nPuerto Rican \t5.27% \t4.52% \t1.66% \t0.75% \t3.61% \t\nChinese \t4.57% \t2.28% \t1.24% \t2.29% \t3.33% \t\nGerman \t4.57% \t6.00% \t14.40% \t−1.43% \t−9.83% \t\nEnglish \t4.54% \t9.77% \t7.67% \t−5.23% \t−3.13% \t\nAmerican \t4.13% \t4.26% \t6.89% \t−0.13% \t−2.76% \t\nSub-Saharan African \t4.09% \t2.00% \t1.01% \t2.09% \t3.08% \t\nHaitian \t3.58% \t1.15% \t0.31% \t2.43% \t3.27% \t\nPolish \t2.48% \t4.67% \t2.93% \t−2.19% \t−0.45% \t\nCape Verdean \t2.21% \t0.97% \t0.03% \t1.24% \t2.18% \t\nFrench \t1.93% \t6.82% \t2.56% \t−4.89% \t−0.63% \t\nVietnamese \t1.76% \t0.69% \t0.54% \t1.07% \t1.22% \t\nJamaican \t1.70% \t0.44% \t0.34% \t1.26% \t1.36% \t\nRussian \t1.62% \t1.65% \t0.88% \t−0.03% \t0.74% \t\nAsian Indian \t1.31% \t1.39% \t1.09% \t−0.08% \t0.22% \t\nScottish \t1.30% \t2.28% \t1.71% \t−0.98% \t−0.41% \t\nFrench Canadian \t1.19% \t3.91% \t0.65% \t−2.71% \t0.54% \t\nMexican \t1.12% \t0.67% \t11.96% \t0.45% \t−10.84% \t\nArab \t1.10% \t1.10% \t0.59% \t0.00% \t0.50% \t\nData is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[176][177][178] \nRank ZIP Code (ZCTA) Per capita\nincome Median\nhousehold\nincome Median\nfamily\nincome Population Number of\nhouseholds \n1 \t02110 (Financial District) \t$152,007 \t$123,795 \t$196,518 \t1,486 \t981 \t\n2 \t02199 (Prudential Center) \t$151,060 \t$107,159 \t$146,786 \t1,290 \t823 \t\n3 \t02210 (Fort Point) \t$93,078 \t$111,061 \t$223,411 \t1,905 \t1,088 \t\n4 \t02109 (North End) \t$88,921 \t$128,022 \t$162,045 \t4,277 \t2,190 \t\n5 \t02116 (Back Bay/Bay Village) \t$81,458 \t$87,630 \t$134,875 \t21,318 \t10,938 \t\n6 \t02108 (Beacon Hill/Financial District) \t$78,569 \t$95,753 \t$153,618 \t4,155 \t2,337 \t\n7 \t02114 (Beacon Hill/West End) \t$65,865 \t$79,734 \t$169,107 \t11,933 \t6,752 \t\n8 \t02111 (Chinatown/Financial District/Leather District) \t$56,716 \t$44,758 \t$88,333 \t7,616 \t3,390 \t\n9 \t02129 (Charlestown) \t$56,267 \t$89,105 \t$98,445 \t17,052 \t8,083 \t\n10 \t02467 (Chestnut Hill) \t$53,382 \t$113,952 \t$148,396 \t22,796 \t6,351 \t\n11 \t02113 (North End) \t$52,905 \t$64,413 \t$112,589 \t7,276 \t4,329 \t\n12 \t02132 (West Roxbury) \t$44,306 \t$82,421 \t$110,219 \t27,163 \t11,013 \t\n13 \t02118 (South End) \t$43,887 \t$50,000 \t$49,090 \t26,779 \t12,512 \t\n14 \t02130 (Jamaica Plain) \t$42,916 \t$74,198 \t$95,426 \t36,866 \t15,306 \t\n15 \t02127 (South Boston) \t$42,854 \t$67,012 \t$68,110 \t32,547 \t14,994 \t\n\tMassachusetts \t$35,485 \t$66,658 \t$84,380 \t6,560,595 \t2,525,694 \t\n\tBoston \t$33,589 \t$53,136 \t$63,230 \t619,662 \t248,704 \t\n\tSuffolk County \t$32,429 \t$52,700 \t$61,796 \t724,502 \t287,442 \t\n16 \t02135 (Brighton) \t$31,773 \t$50,291 \t$62,602 \t38,839 \t18,336 \t\n17 \t02131 (Roslindale) \t$29,486 \t$61,099 \t$70,598 \t30,370 \t11,282 \t\n\tUnited States \t$28,051 \t$53,046 \t$64,585 \t309,138,711 \t115,226,802 \t\n18 \t02136 (Hyde Park) \t$28,009 \t$57,080 \t$74,734 \t29,219 \t10,650 \t\n19 \t02134 (Allston) \t$25,319 \t$37,638 \t$49,355 \t20,478 \t8,916 \t\n20 \t02128 (East Boston) \t$23,450 \t$49,549 \t$49,470 \t41,680 \t14,965 \t\n21 \t02122 (Dorchester-Fields Corner) \t$23,432 \t$51,798 \t$50,246 \t25,437 \t8,216 \t\n22 \t02124 (Dorchester-Codman Square-Ashmont) \t$23,115 \t$48,329 \t$55,031 \t49,867 \t17,275 \t\n23 \t02125 (Dorchester-Uphams Corner-Savin Hill) \t$22,158 \t$42,298 \t$44,397 \t31,996 \t11,481 \t\n24 \t02163 (Allston-Harvard Business School) \t$21,915 \t$43,889 \t$91,190 \t1,842 \t562 \t\n25 \t02115 (Back Bay, Longwood, Museum of Fine Arts/Symphony Hall area) \t$21,654 \t$23,677 \t$50,303 \t29,178 \t9,958 \t\n26 \t02126 (Mattapan) \t$20,649 \t$43,532 \t$52,774 \t27,335 \t9,510 \t\n27 \t02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) \t$19,082 \t$30,823 \t$72,583 \t23,719 \t7,995 \t\n28 \t02119 (Roxbury) \t$18,998 \t$27,051 \t$35,311 \t24,237 \t9,769 \t\n29 \t02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) \t$18,226 \t$30,419 \t$35,439 \t26,801 \t9,739 \t\n30 \t02120 (Mission Hill) \t$17,390 \t$32,367 \t$29,583 \t13,217 \t4,509 \t\nOld South Church at Copley Square at sunset. This United Church of Christ congregation was first organized in 1669. \nAccording to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% attending a variety of Protestant churches and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs; 33% claim no religious affiliation, while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and other faiths.[179][180] \nAs of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Greater Boston area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[181] \nThe Boston metro area contained a Jewish population of approximately 248,000 as of 2015.[182] More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent towns.[182] A small minority practices Confucianism, and some practice Boston Confucianism, an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.[183] \nA global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[186] Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.[187] \nBoston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[188][189] The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country.[190] Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.[191] \nThe city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies.[24][192] The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[193] and high technology remains an important sector.[194] \nTourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[195] Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[196] Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[197] The city is a major seaport along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.[198] \nIn the 2018 Global Financial Centres Index, Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive financial services center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.[199] Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[200] The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center[201]—Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to two convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay and the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.[202] The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.[103] Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including Converse, New Balance, and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide, Inc. headquarters or regional offices[203] are just outside the city.[204] \nPrimary and secondary education\n[edit]\nBoston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the U.S. \nThe Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and the renowned Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[19] The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[205] There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.[206] In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's kindergarten system a savings account containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[207] \nMap of Boston-area universities Harvard Business School, one of the country's top business schools[208] \nSeveral of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[209] Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Brainpower Triangle.[210] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its business school and athletics facilities are in Boston's Allston neighborhood, and its medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood area.[211]The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as \"Boston Tech\"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[212] Tufts University's main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center.[213] \nGreater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[214] The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[215] with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End, Northeastern University in the Fenway area,[216] Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school,[217] and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[218] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[219] \nFive members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and Brandeis University.[220] Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities as per the Carnegie Classification. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[221] This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.[222][223] \nSmaller private colleges include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school),[224] and Emerson College.[225] The region is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),[226] the Boston Conservatory, and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[227] Many trade schools also exist in the city, such as the Boston Career Institute, the North Bennet Street School, Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center, and many others.[228] \nBoston City Hall is a Brutalist-style landmark in the city.\nBoston has a strong mayor–council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Michelle Wu became mayor in November 2021, succeeding Kim Janey who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following Marty Walsh's confirmation to the position of Secretary of Labor in the Biden/Harris Administration. Walsh's predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.[229] The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide \"at-large\" seats.[230] The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.[231] The city uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[232] \nChamber of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the Massachusetts State House \nIn addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.[f] \nThe Federal Reserve Bank of Boston at 600 Atlantic Avenue \nThe city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building, the John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.[235] The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts are housed in The John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse.[236][237] \nFederally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district and is represented by Ayanna Pressley while the remaining southern fourth is in the 8th district and is represented by Stephen Lynch,[238] both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012.[239] The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.[240] \nA Boston Police cruiser on Beacon Street \nBoston included $414 million in spending on the Boston Police Department in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[241] \nLike many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[242] \nIn 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[243] Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[244] \nThe Old State House, a museum on the Freedom Trail near the site of the Boston Massacre In the 19th century, the Old Corner Bookstore became a gathering place for writers, including Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. James Russell Lowell printed the first editions of The Atlantic Monthly at the store. Symphony Hall at 301 Massachusetts Avenue, home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra Museum of Fine Arts at 465 Huntington Avenue \nBoston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as the Boston accent[245] and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[246] Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang and sardonic humor.[247] \nIn the early 1800s, William Tudor wrote that Boston was \"'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[248] From this, Boston has been called the \"Athens of America\" (also a nickname of Philadelphia)[249] for its literary culture, earning a reputation as \"the intellectual capital of the United States\".[250] \nIn the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore to be the \"cradle of American literature\", the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published.[251] In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States.[250] Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.[252][253] \nMusic is afforded a high degree of civic support in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the \"Big Five\", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the \"world's best\" orchestras.[254] Symphony Hall (west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,[255] and to the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall \"one of the top venues for classical music in the world\", adding \"Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design\".[256] Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[257] and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[258] The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva.[257] Several theaters are in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.[259] \nThere are several major annual events, such as First Night which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston gay pride parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[260] The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[261] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.[262] \nSeveral historic sites relating to the American Revolution period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the Freedom Trail,[263] which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.[264] \nThe city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.[265] The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District.[266] Boston's South End Art and Design District (SoWa) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[267][268] Columbia Point is the location of the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. The Boston Athenæum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[269] Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers),[270] Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.[271] \nBoston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts serves just under 200 congregations, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630.[272] King's Chapel was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Old South Church (1669), Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).[273] \nFenway Park, the home stadium of the Boston Red Sox. Opened in 1912, Fenway Park is the oldest professional baseball stadium still in use. \nBoston has teams in the four major North American men's professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer. As of 2024, the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).[274] \nThe Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square, in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.[275] Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates.[276][277] Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the \"Boston Pilgrims\" appear to be unfounded.[278] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.[279] \nThe Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association play at TD Garden \nThe TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished Boston Garden, is above North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise.[280] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[281] The Celtics have won eighteen championships, the most of any NBA team.[282] \nWhile they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[283] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer.[284] \nHarvard Stadium, the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S. \nThe area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the area—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. These four universities participate in the Beanpot, an annual men's and women's ice hockey tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,[285] while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.[286] \nBoston has Esports teams as well, such as the Overwatch League (OWL)'s Boston Uprising. Established in 2017,[287] they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[288] The Boston Breach is another esports team in the Call of Duty League (CDL).[289] \nOne of the best-known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2 mi (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon,[290] run on Patriots' Day in April. The Red Sox traditionally play a home game starting around 11 A.M. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.[291] Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.[292] \nMajor sports teams \nTeam League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships \nBoston Red Sox MLB \tBaseball \tFenway Park \t37,755 \t1903 \t1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018 \t\nBoston Bruins NHL \tIce hockey \tTD Garden \t17,850 \t1924 \t1928–29, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1969–70, 1971–72, 2010–11 \t\nBoston Celtics NBA \tBasketball \tTD Garden \t19,156 \t1946 \t1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1985–86, 2007–08, 2023–24 \t\nNew England Patriots NFL \tAmerican football \tGillette Stadium \t65,878 \t1960 \t2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018 \t\nNew England Revolution MLS \tSoccer \tGillette Stadium \t20,000 \t1996 \tNone \t\nParks and recreation\n[edit]\nAerial view of Boston Common in Downtown Boston \nBoston Common, near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[293] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the Back Bay Fens, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo.[294] Another major park is the Esplanade, along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near Castle Island and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[295] \nBoston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.[296] \nThe Boston Globe is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[297] and is generally acknowledged as its paper of record.[298] The city is also served by other publications such as the Boston Herald, Boston magazine, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[299] The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[300] The Improper Bostonian, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019. \nThe city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of the Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.[301] \nVarious LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[302] \nRadio and television\n[edit]\nBoston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[303] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and news radio WBZ (AM). WBZ is a 50,000 watt \"clear channel\" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.[304] A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).[305] \nThe Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.[306] The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV 4 and its sister station WSBK-TV 38 (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an independent station), WCVB-TV 5 and its sister station WMUR-TV 9 (both ABC), WHDH 7 and its sister station WLVI 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a CW affiliate), WBTS-CD 15 (an NBC O&O), and WFXT 25 (Fox). The city is also home to PBS member station WGBH-TV 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[307] which also operates WGBX 44. Spanish-language television networks, including UniMás (WUTF-TV 27), Telemundo (WNEU 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and Univisión (WUNI 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU serving as network owned-and-operated station. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.[308] Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.[309] \nHarvard Medical School, one of the world's most prestigious medical schools \nMany of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and Joslin Diabetes Center.[310] Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are in the Beacon Hill area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[311] \nTufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, in the South End neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine.[312][313] St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.[314] \nAn MBTA Red Line train departing Boston for Cambridge. Over 1.3 million Bostonians utilize the city's buses and trains daily as of 2013.[315] \nLogan International Airport, in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[316] Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Regional Airport and Lawrence Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south.[317] Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.[318] \nDowntown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid,[319] unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Central Artery follows I-93 as the primary north–south artery that carries most of the through traffic in downtown Boston. Other major highways include US 1, which carries traffic to the North Shore and areas south of Boston, US 3, which connects to the northwestern suburbs, Massachusetts Route 3, which connects to the South Shore and Cape Cod, and Massachusetts Route 2 which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is Massachusetts Route 128, a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly I-95 and I-93).[320] \nWith nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country.[321] The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[322] Boston's public transportation agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country,[20] with 65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.[323] The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks as well as water shuttles.[323] \nSouth Station, the busiest rail hub in New England, is a terminus of Amtrak and numerous MBTA rail lines. \nAmtrak intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: South Station, North Station, Back Bay, and Route 128. South Station is a major intermodal transportation hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's Northeast Regional, Acela Express, and Lake Shore Limited routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the Acela Express and Northeast Regional.[324] Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster to Brunswick, Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[325] \nNicknamed \"The Walking City\", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.[326] As of 2024, Walk Score ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.[327] \nBluebikes in Boston \nBetween 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling;[328] regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting.[329] In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking,[330][331] and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[332] The bikeshare program Bluebikes, originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[333] logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[334] The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[335] In 2016, there were 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city, which in 2022 has increased to 400 stations with a total of 4,000 bikes.[336] PBSC Urban Solutions provides bicycles and technology for this bike-sharing system.[337] \nInternational relations\n[edit]\nThe City of Boston has eleven official sister cities:[338] \nKyoto, Japan (1959)\nStrasbourg, France (1960)\nBarcelona, Spain (1980)\nHangzhou, China (1982)\nPadua, Italy (1983)\nCity of Melbourne, Australia (1985)\nBeira, Mozambique (1990)\nTaipei, Taiwan (1996)\nSekondi-Takoradi, Ghana (2001)\nBelfast, Northern Ireland (2014)\nPraia, Cape Verde (2015)\nBoston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with five additional cities or regions: \nOutline of Boston\nBoston City League (high-school athletic conference)\nBoston Citgo Sign\nBoston nicknames\nBoston–Halifax relations\nList of diplomatic missions in Boston\nList of people from Boston\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Boston\nUSS Boston, seven ships\n^ The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94. \n^ Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15. \n^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. \n^ Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[140] \n^ Jump up to: a b From 15% sample \n^ Since the Massachusetts State House is located in the city's Beacon Hill neighborhood, the term \"Beacon Hill\" is used as a metonym for the Massachusetts state government.[233][234] \n^ \"List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments\". sec.state.ma.us. 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By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata. \n^ C. Holloran, Peter (1989). Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780838632970. \n^ J. Harp, Gillis (2003). Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9780742571983. \n^ Dilworth, Richardson (September 13, 2011). Cities in American Political History. SAGE Publications. p. 28. ISBN 9780872899117. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021. \n^ \"Boston African American National Historic Site\". National Park Service. April 28, 2007. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2007. \n^ \"Fugitive Slave Law\". The Massachusetts Historical Society. 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Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007. \n^ Ryan, Conor. \"How long have the Red Sox played at 11 a.m. on Patriots Day?\". www.boston.com. Retrieved June 21, 2024. \n^ \"Crimson Rules College Lightweights at Head of the Charles\". Harvard Athletic Communications. October 23, 2011. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012. \n^ Morris 2005, p. 61. \n^ \"Franklin Park\". City of Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ \"Open Space Plan 2008–2014: Section 3 Community Setting\" (PDF). City of Boston Parks & Recreation. January 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2013. \n^ Randall, Eric. \"Boston has one of the best park systems in the country\" Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. June 5, 2013. Boston Magazine. Retrieved on July 15, 2013. \n^ \"The Boston Globe\". Encyclo. Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2017. \n^ \"History of the Boston Globe\". The Boston Globe Library. Northeastern University. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021. \n^ \"Editor's message about changes at the Monitor\". The Christian Science Monitor. March 27, 2009. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009. \n^ \"WriteBoston – T.i.P\". City of Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ Diaz, Johnny (September 6, 2008). \"A new day dawns for a Spanish-language publication\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2013. \n^ Diaz, Johnny (January 26, 2011). \"Bay Windows acquires monthly paper\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2013. \n^ \"Arbitron – Market Ranks and Schedule, 1–50\". Arbitron. Fall 2005. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007. \n^ \"AM Broadcast Classes; Clear, Regional, and Local Channels\". Federal Communications Commission. January 20, 2012. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013. \n^ \"radio-locator:Boston, Massachusetts\". radio-locator. 2024. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024. \n^ \"Nielsen Survey\" (PDF). nielsen.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2015. \n^ \"About Us: From our President\". WGBH. 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013. \n^ \"The Route 128 tower complex\". The Boston Radio Archives. 2007. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ \"Revised list of non-Canadian programming services and stations authorized for distribution\". Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 2024. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024. \n^ \"About MASCO\". MASCO – Medical Academic and Scientific Community Organization. 2007. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2012. \n^ \"Hospital Overview\". Massachusetts General Hospital. 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2013. \n^ \"Boston Medical Center – Facts\" (PDF). Boston Medical Center. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007. \n^ \"Boston Medical Center\". Children's Hospital Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2007. \n^ \"Facility Listing Report\". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 2007. Archived from the original on March 24, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007. \n^ \"Statistics\" (PDF). apta.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2014. \n^ \"About Logan\". Massport. 2007. Archived from the original on May 21, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007. \n^ \"Airside Improvements Planning Project, Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts\" (PDF). Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. August 2, 2002. p. 52. Retrieved August 16, 2024. \n^ \"About Port of Boston\". Massport. 2013. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. \n^ Shurtleff, Arthur A. (January 1911). \"The Street Plan of the Metropolitan District of Boston\". Landscape Architecture 1: 71–83. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. \n^ \"Massachusetts Official Transportation Map\". Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024. \n^ \"Census and You\" (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007. \n^ \"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map\". Governing. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018. \n^ Jump up to: a b \"Boston: Light Rail Transit Overview\". Light Rail Progress. May 2003. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007. \n^ \"Westwood—Route 128 Station, MA (RTE)\". Amtrak. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007. \n^ \"Boston—South Station, MA (BOS)\". Amtrak. 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007. \n^ Of cities over 250,000 \"Carfree Database Results – Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000)\". Bikes at Work Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007. \n^ \"Boston\". Walk Score. 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024. \n^ Zezima, Katie (August 8, 2009). \"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2015. \n^ \"Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them – Another Look\" (PDF). Dill bike facilities. 2003. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007. \n^ Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). \"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2009. \n^ \"A Future Best City: Boston\". Rodale Inc. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009. \n^ \"Is Bicycle Commuting Really Catching On? And if So, Where?\". The Atlantic Media Company. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \n^ Moskowitz, Eric (April 21, 2011). \"Hub set to launch bike-share program\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013. \n^ Fox, Jeremy C. (March 29, 2012). \"Hubway bike system to be fully launched by April 1\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012. \n^ Franzini, Laura E. (August 8, 2012). \"Hubway expands to Brookline, Somerville, Cambridge\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2013. \n^ \"Hubway Bikes Boston | PBSC\". Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016. \n^ RedEye (May 8, 2015). \"Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations\". Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016. \n^ \"Sister Cities\". City of Boston. July 18, 2017. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ \"Friendly Cities\". Guangzhou People's Government. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ City of Boston (February 10, 2016). \"MAYOR WALSH SIGNS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH LYON, FRANCE VICE-MAYOR KARIN DOGNIN-SAUZE\". City of Boston. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ \"CITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINS BOSTON, COPENHAGEN IN CLIMATE MEMORANDUM OF COLLABORATION\". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2017. \n^ Boston City TV (April 4, 2017). \"Memorandum of Understanding with Mexico City's Mayor Mancera – Promo\". City of Boston. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \n^ Derry City & Strabane District Council (November 17, 2017). \"Ireland North West and City of Boston sign MOU\". Derry City & Strabane District Council. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018. \nBluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-072-1.\nBolino, August C. (2012). Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-3376-5.\nChristopher, Paul J. (2006). 50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit. Encouragement Press, LLC. ISBN 978-1-933766-01-0.\nHull, Sarah (2011). The Rough Guide to Boston (6 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4053-8247-2.\nKennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-923-6.\nMorris, Jerry (2005). The Boston Globe Guide to Boston. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-3430-6.\nVorhees, Mara (2009). Lonely Planet Boston City Guide (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5.\nBeagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006). Boston: A Pictorial Celebration. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4027-1977-6.\nBrown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub (1st ed.). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5062-7.\nHantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (200). City in Time: Boston. Sterling Publishing Company8. ISBN 978-1-4027-3300-0.\nHolli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-21134-8. Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980—see index at pp. 406–411 for list.\nO'Connell, James C. (2013). The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01875-3.\nO'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). Boston: A to Z. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00310-1.\nPrice, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). Boston's Immigrants, 1840–1925. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-0921-4.[permanent dead link]\nKrieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. (2001). Mapping Boston. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-61173-2.\nSeasholes, Nancy S. (2003). Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19494-5.\nShand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000 (2nd ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-201-1.\nSouthworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods (3rd ed.). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4337-7.\nVrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-620-6.\nWhitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). Boston: A Topographical History (3rd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00268-5.\nOfficial website\nVisit Boston, official tourism website\nGeographic data related to Boston at OpenStreetMap\n\"Boston\" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.\n\"Boston\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–296.\nHistorical Maps of Boston from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library\nBoston at Curlie",
+ "markdown": "# Boston\n\nBoston\n\n[State capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States \"List of capitals in the United States\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_-_panoramio_\\(23\\).jpg)\n\n[Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\") from [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg)\n\nAcorn Street on [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_-_Old_State_House_\\(48718568688\\).jpg)\n\n[Old State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_\\(Boston\\) \"Old State House (Boston)\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_\\(48718911666\\).jpg)\n\n[Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House \"Massachusetts State House\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG)\n\n[Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\") during a [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") game\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg)\n\n[Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay \"Back Bay\") from the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boston.svg \"Flag of Boston\")\n\n[Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Boston \"Flag of Boston\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg \"Official seal of Boston\")\n\nSeal\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg \"Coat of arms of Boston\")\n\nCoat of arms\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wordmark_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg \"Official logo of Boston\")\n\nWordmark\n\nNickname(s): \n\n_Bean Town, Title Town, [others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicknames_of_Boston \"Nicknames of Boston\")_\n\nMotto(s): \n\n_Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis_ ([Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin \"Latin\")) \n'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us'\n\n[](#/map/0 \"Show in full screen\")\n\n[Wikimedia](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_Terms_of_Use) | © [OpenStreetMap](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright)\n\nShow BostonShow Suffolk CountyShow MassachusettsShow the United StatesShow all\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png \"Boston is located in Greater Boston area\")\n\n\n\nBoston\n\nShow map of Greater Boston areaShow map of MassachusettsShow map of the United StatesShow map of EarthShow all\n\nCoordinates: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png \"Show location on an interactive map\")[42°21′37″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36028°N 71.05778°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boston¶ms=42_21_37_N_71_3_28_W_region:US-MA_type:city\\(654,000\\))\n\nCountry\n\nUnited States\n\n[Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States \"List of regions of the United States\")\n\n[New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\")\n\n[State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\")\n\n[Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")\n\n[County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts \"List of counties in Massachusetts\")\n\n[Suffolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts \"Suffolk County, Massachusetts\")[\\[1\\]](#cite_note-1)\n\n* * *\n\nHistoric countries\n\n[Kingdom of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") \n[Commonwealth of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England \"Commonwealth of England\") \n[Kingdom of Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\")\n\n[Historic colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony \"Colony\")\n\n[Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony \"Massachusetts Bay Colony\"), [Dominion of New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England \"Dominion of New England\"), [Province of Massachusetts Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay \"Province of Massachusetts Bay\")\n\nSettled\n\n1625\n\nIncorporated (town)\n\nSeptember 7, 1630 (date of naming, [Old Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates \"Old Style and New Style dates\"))\n\n \nSeptember 17, 1630 (date of naming, [New Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates \"Old Style and New Style dates\"))\n\nIncorporated (city)\n\nMarch 19, 1822\n\n[Named for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake \"Namesake\")\n\n[Boston, Lincolnshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire \"Boston, Lincolnshire\")\n\nGovernment\n\n • Type\n\n[Strong mayor / Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government \"Mayor–council government\")\n\n • [Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston \"Mayor of Boston\")\n\n[Michelle Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wu \"Michelle Wu\") ([D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\\(United_States\\) \"Democratic Party (United States)\"))\n\n • [Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council \"City council\")\n\n[Boston City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\")\n\n • [Council President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\")\n\n[Ruthzee Louijeune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthzee_Louijeune \"Ruthzee Louijeune\") (D)\n\nArea\n\n[\\[2\\]](#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2)\n\n • [State capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States \"List of capitals in the United States\")\n\n89.61 sq mi (232.10 km2)\n\n • Land\n\n48.34 sq mi (125.20 km2)\n\n • Water\n\n41.27 sq mi (106.90 km2)\n\n • Urban\n\n1,655.9 sq mi (4,288.7 km2)\n\n • Metro\n\n4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)\n\n • [CSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_statistical_area \"Combined statistical area\")\n\n10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)\n\nElevation\n\n[\\[3\\]](#cite_note-3)\n\n46 ft (14 m)\n\nPopulation\n\n ([2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"))[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4)\n\n • [State capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States \"List of capitals in the United States\")\n\n675,647\n\n • Estimate \n\n(2021)[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4)\n\n654,776\n\n • Rank\n\n[66th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population \"List of North American cities by population\") in North America \n[25th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population \"List of United States cities by population\") in the United States \n[1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts \"List of municipalities in Massachusetts\") in Massachusetts\n\n • Density\n\n13,976.98/sq mi (5,396.51/km2)\n\n • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area \"Urban area\")\n\n[\\[5\\]](#cite_note-urban_area-5)\n\n4,382,009 (US: [10th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas \"List of United States urban areas\"))\n\n • Urban density\n\n2,646.3/sq mi (1,021.8/km2)\n\n • [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area \"Metropolitan area\")\n\n[\\[6\\]](#cite_note-2020Pop-6)\n\n4,941,632 (US: [10th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas \"List of metropolitan statistical areas\"))\n\n[Demonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym \"Demonym\")\n\nBostonian\n\nGDP\n\n[\\[7\\]](#cite_note-7)\n\n • Boston (MSA)\n\n$571.6 billion (2022)\n\n[Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone \"Time zone\")\n\n[UTC−5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925 \"UTC−5\") ([EST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone \"Eastern Time Zone\"))\n\n • Summer ([DST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time \"Daylight saving time\"))\n\n[UTC−4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924 \"UTC−4\") ([EDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time \"Eastern Daylight Time\"))\n\n[ZIP Codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code \"ZIP Code\")\n\n53 ZIP Codes[\\[8\\]](#cite_note-8)\n\n[Area codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan \"Telephone numbering plan\")\n\n[617 and 857](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_617_and_857 \"Area codes 617 and 857\")\n\n[FIPS code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards \"Federal Information Processing Standards\")\n\n25-07000\n\n[GNIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System \"Geographic Names Information System\") feature ID\n\n[617565](https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:617565)\n\nWebsite\n\n[boston.gov](https://boston.gov/)\n\n**Boston** ([\\[9\\]](#cite_note-9)) is the capital and most populous city in the [Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_\\(U.S._state\\) \"Commonwealth (U.S. state)\") of [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). The city serves as the cultural and [financial center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center \"Financial center\") of the [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\") region of the [Northeastern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States \"Northeastern United States\"). It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)[\\[10\\]](#cite_note-10) and a population of 675,647 as of the [2020 census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\").[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4) The larger [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") [metropolitan statistical area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area \"Metropolitan statistical area\"), which includes and surrounds the city, has a population of 4,919,179 as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and eleventh-largest in the country.[\\[11\\]](#cite_note-BostonMetroPopulation-11)[\\[12\\]](#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](#cite_note-13)\n\nBoston was founded on the [Shawmut Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula \"Shawmut Peninsula\") in 1630 by [Puritan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans \"Puritans\") settlers. The city was named after [Boston, Lincolnshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire \"Boston, Lincolnshire\"), England.[\\[14\\]](#cite_note-history-14)[\\[15\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199411–12-15) During the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\"), Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent [Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), including the [Boston Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre \"Boston Massacre\") (1770), the [Boston Tea Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\") (1773), [Paul Revere's Midnight Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride \"Paul Revere's Midnight Ride\") (1775), the [Battle of Bunker Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\") (1775), and the [Siege of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston \"Siege of Boston\") (1775–1776). Following American independence from [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\"), the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture.[\\[16\\]](#cite_note-AboutBoston-16)[\\[17\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20058-17) The city also expanded significantly beyond the original [peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Neck \"Boston Neck\") by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park ([Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\"), 1634),[\\[18\\]](#cite_note-18) the first [public school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school \"State school\") ([Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\"), 1635),[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-BPS-19) and the first subway system ([Tremont Street subway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremont_Street_subway \"Tremont Street subway\"), 1897).[\\[20\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201142-20)\n\nBoston has emerged as a national leader in higher education and research[\\[21\\]](#cite_note-AcademicRanking2-21) and the largest [biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\") hub in the world.[\\[22\\]](#cite_note-BostonLargestBiotechHubWorld-22) The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in [innovation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation \"Innovation\") and [entrepreneurship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship \"Entrepreneurship\"),[\\[23\\]](#cite_note-VentureCapitalBoston1-23)[\\[24\\]](#cite_note-Kirsner-24)[\\[25\\]](#cite_note-25) and more recently in [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").[\\[26\\]](#cite_note-BostonAIHub-26) Boston's economy also includes [finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center \"Financial center\"),[\\[27\\]](#cite_note-BostonFinance-27) professional and business services, [information technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\"), and government activities.[\\[28\\]](#cite_note-28) Boston households provide the highest average rate of [philanthropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy \"Philanthropy\") in the nation,[\\[29\\]](#cite_note-transfer_of_wealth-29) and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental [sustainability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") and new investment.[\\[30\\]](#cite_note-30)\n\n[Isaac Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_\\(colonist\\) \"Isaac Johnson (colonist)\"), in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river \"Boston\". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of [Boston, Lincolnshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire \"Boston, Lincolnshire\"), from which he, his wife (namesake of the _[Arbella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbella \"Arbella\")_) and [John Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_\\(minister\\) \"John Cotton (minister)\") (grandfather of [Cotton Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather \"Cotton Mather\")) had [emigrated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_\\(1620%E2%80%931640\\) \"Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)\") to [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\"). The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, [St. Botolph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botolph_of_Thorney \"Botolph of Thorney\"), in [whose church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Boston \"St Botolph's Church, Boston\") John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as \"St. Botolph's town\", later contracted to \"Boston\". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as \"Shawmut\" by [William Blaxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton \"William Blaxton\") and \"Tremontaine\"[\\[31\\]](#cite_note-31) by the Puritan settlers he had invited.[\\[32\\]](#cite_note-DNB1-32)[\\[33\\]](#cite_note-Weston-33)[\\[34\\]](#cite_note-34)[\\[35\\]](#cite_note-KAY-35)[\\[36\\]](#cite_note-CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA-36)\n\nPrior to [European colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas \"European colonization of the Americas\"), the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the [Massachusett people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusett_people \"Massachusett people\") who had small, seasonal communities.[\\[37\\]](#cite_note-jplains-37)[\\[38\\]](#cite_note-nariver-38) When a group of settlers led by [John Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop \"John Winthrop\") arrived in 1630, the [Shawmut Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula \"Shawmut Peninsula\") was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders.[\\[39\\]](#cite_note-39)[\\[40\\]](#cite_note-40) Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest [fishweirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_weir \"Fishing weir\") in New England on [Boylston Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylston_Street \"Boylston Street\"), which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.[\\[38\\]](#cite_note-nariver-38)[\\[37\\]](#cite_note-jplains-37)[\\[41\\]](#cite_note-41)\n\n### European settlement\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=4 \"Edit section: European settlement\")\\]\n\nThe first European to live in what would become Boston was a [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge \"Cambridge\")\\-educated [Anglican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism \"Anglicanism\") cleric named [William Blaxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton \"William Blaxton\"). He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, [Isaac Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_\\(colonist\\) \"Isaac Johnson (colonist)\"), to cross [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\") from the failing colony of [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630.[\\[42\\]](#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](#cite_note-43)[\\[44\\]](#cite_note-44)\n\nPuritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 [Cambridge Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Agreement \"Cambridge Agreement\"). This document created the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony \"Massachusetts Bay Colony\") and was signed by its first governor [John Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop \"John Winthrop\"). Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, [Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\"), was founded in Boston in 1635.[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-BPS-19)[\\[45\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646-45)\n\nBoston was the largest town in the [Thirteen Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies \"Thirteen Colonies\") until [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[\\[46\\]](#cite_note-46) Boston's [oceanfront location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore \"Shore\") made it a lively [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port \"Port\"), and the then-town primarily engaged in [shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping \"Shipping\") and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") [trade route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route \"Trade route\") and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of [Boston baked beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_baked_beans \"Boston baked beans\").[\\[47\\]](#cite_note-47)\n\nBoston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48)[\\[49\\]](#cite_note-empireontheedge-49)\n\n### Revolution and the siege of Boston\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=5 \"Edit section: Revolution and the siege of Boston\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg)\n\nIn 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") into [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\") in protest of the [Tea Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act \"Tea Act\"), an event known as the [Boston Tea Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\") that escalated the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\").\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston,_1775bsmall1.png)\n\nMap showing a [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War \"British Army during the American Revolutionary War\") tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775\n\n> The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter.\n\n[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe \"William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe\"), in a letter to [William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth \"William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth\"), about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[\\[50\\]](#cite_note-50)\n\nMany crucial events of the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\")[\\[51\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20057-51) occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either [Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\") or [its Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain \"Parliament of Great Britain\"), fostered a revolutionary spirit there.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48) When the British parliament passed the [Stamp Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765 \"Stamp Act 1765\") in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of [Andrew Oliver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Oliver \"Andrew Oliver\"), the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and [Thomas Hutchinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_\\(governor\\) \"Thomas Hutchinson (governor)\"), then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48)[\\[52\\]](#cite_note-52) The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the [Boston Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre \"Boston Massacre\"), British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[\\[49\\]](#cite_note-empireontheedge-49)\n\nIn 1773, Parliament passed the [Tea Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act \"Tea Act\"). Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the [Townshend Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts \"Townshend Acts\"). The act prompted the [Boston Tea Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\"), where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") into [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\"). The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the [Coercive Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable_Acts \"Intolerable Acts\"), demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48) This angered the colonists further and led to the [American Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the [Battles of Lexington and Concord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord \"Battles of Lexington and Concord\").[\\[48\\]](#cite_note-newamernation-48)[\\[53\\]](#cite_note-frothingham-53)\n\nBoston itself was besieged for almost a year during the [siege of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston \"Siege of Boston\"), which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the [British Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\"). [Sir William Howe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe \"William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe\"), then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the [Battle of Bunker Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\"). The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a [pyrrhic victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory \"Pyrrhic victory\") for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.[\\[54\\]](#cite_note-allemn-54)[\\[55\\]](#cite_note-1776book-55)\n\nSeveral weeks later, [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\") took over the militia after the [Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\") established the [Continental Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, [Rufus Putnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Putnam \"Rufus Putnam\"), came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannons on [Dorchester Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Heights \"Dorchester Heights\") that [Henry Knox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knox \"Henry Knox\") had laboriously brought through the snow from [Fort Ticonderoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga \"Fort Ticonderoga\"). The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as \"[Evacuation Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_Day_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)\")\", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer.[\\[53\\]](#cite_note-frothingham-53)[\\[54\\]](#cite_note-allemn-54)[\\[56\\]](#cite_note-56)\n\n### Post-revolution and the War of 1812\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=6 \"Edit section: Post-revolution and the War of 1812\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_State_House_and_State_Street,_Boston_1801.jpg)\n\n[State Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_\\(Boston\\) \"State Street (Boston)\") in 1801\n\nAfter the Revolution, Boston's long [seafaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafaring \"Seafaring\") tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the [Embargo Act of 1807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807 \"Embargo Act of 1807\") (adopted during the [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\")) and the [War of 1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\"). Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[\\[57\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446-57)\n\nDuring this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It was admired for its [rarefied literary life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_book \"Classic book\") and generous [artistic patronage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts \"The arts\").[\\[58\\]](#cite_note-BosLitHist-58)[\\[59\\]](#cite_note-BosLitHistMap-59) Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the _[Boston Brahmins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin \"Boston Brahmin\")_—came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[\\[60\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444-60) They are often associated with the [American upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_upper_class \"American upper class\"), [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"),[\\[61\\]](#cite_note-61) and the [Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\\(United_States\\) \"Episcopal Church (United States)\").[\\[62\\]](#cite_note-62)[\\[63\\]](#cite_note-63)\n\nBoston was a prominent port of the [Atlantic slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\") in the [New England Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Colonies \"New England Colonies\"), but was soon overtaken by [Salem, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts \"Salem, Massachusetts\") and [Newport, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\").[\\[64\\]](#cite_note-64) Boston eventually became a center of the [American abolitionist movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States \"Abolitionism in the United States\").[\\[65\\]](#cite_note-65) The city reacted largely negatively to the [Fugitive Slave Act of 1850](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850 \"Fugitive Slave Act of 1850\"),[\\[66\\]](#cite_note-66) contributing to President [Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce \"Franklin Pierce\")'s attempt to make an example of Boston after [Anthony Burns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burns \"Anthony Burns\")'s attempt to escape to freedom.[\\[67\\]](#cite_note-67)[\\[68\\]](#cite_note-68)\n\nIn 1822,[\\[16\\]](#cite_note-AboutBoston-16) the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the \"Town of Boston\" to the \"City of Boston\", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the [charter incorporating the city.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Charter \"Boston City Charter\")[\\[69\\]](#cite_note-city_charter-69) At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km2).[\\[69\\]](#cite_note-city_charter-69)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston,_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg)\n\n_Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It_, an 1860 photograph by [James Wallace Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wallace_Black \"James Wallace Black\"), was the first recorded aerial photograph.\n\nIn the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European [immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States \"Immigration to the United States\"). Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the [Great Famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_\\(Ireland\\) \"Great Famine (Ireland)\"); by 1850, about 35,000 [Irish lived in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\").[\\[70\\]](#cite_note-70) In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, [Germans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans \"Germans\"), [Lebanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people \"Lebanese people\"), Syrians,[\\[71\\]](#cite_note-71) [French Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians \"French Canadians\"), and [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia \"History of the Jews in Russia\") and [Polish Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland \"History of the Jews in Poland\") settling there. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. [Italians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians \"Italians\") became the largest inhabitants of the [North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\"),[\\[72\\]](#cite_note-72) [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\") dominated [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\") and [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\"), and [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians \"Russians\") [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") lived in the [West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\"). [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\") and [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans \"Italian Americans\") immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[\\[73\\]](#cite_note-73) and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the [Kennedys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_family \"Kennedy family\"), [Tip O'Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill \"Tip O'Neill\"), and [John F. Fitzgerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald \"John F. Fitzgerald\").[\\[74\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286-74)\n\nBetween 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through [land reclamation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\") by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"), the [West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\"), the [Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston \"Financial District, Boston\"), and [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\").[\\[75\\]](#cite_note-landfills-75)\n\nAfter the [Great Boston fire of 1872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Boston_fire_of_1872 \"Great Boston fire of 1872\"), workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of [Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\") with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\") (1804), [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\") (1836), [Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\") (1868), [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\") (including present-day [Mattapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan \"Mattapan\") and a portion of [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\")) (1870), [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\") (including present-day [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\")) (1874), [West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\") (including present-day [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain \"Jamaica Plain\") and [Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\")) (1874), [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") (1874), and [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston \"Hyde Park, Boston\") (1912).[\\[76\\]](#cite_note-76)[\\[77\\]](#cite_note-77) Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Brookline_annexation_debate_of_1873 \"Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873\"), Cambridge,[\\[78\\]](#cite_note-78) and [Chelsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts \"Chelsea, Massachusetts\").[\\[79\\]](#cite_note-79)[\\[80\\]](#cite_note-80)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haymarket_Square.JPG)\n\n[Haymarket Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Square_\\(Boston\\) \"Haymarket Square (Boston)\") in 1909\n\nMany architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of the 20th century: [Horticultural Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultural_Hall,_Boston,_Massachusetts \"Horticultural Hall, Boston, Massachusetts\"),[\\[81\\]](#cite_note-81) the [Tennis and Racquet Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_and_Racquet_Club \"Tennis and Racquet Club\"),[\\[82\\]](#cite_note-82) [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum \"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\"),[\\[83\\]](#cite_note-83) [Fenway Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Studios \"Fenway Studios\"),[\\[84\\]](#cite_note-84) [Jordan Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hall_\\(Boston\\) \"Jordan Hall (Boston)\"),[\\[85\\]](#cite_note-85) and the [Boston Opera House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_\\(1909\\) \"Boston Opera House (1909)\"). The [Longfellow Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge \"Longfellow Bridge\"),[\\[86\\]](#cite_note-86) built in 1906, was mentioned by [Robert McCloskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCloskey \"Robert McCloskey\") in _[Make Way for Ducklings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Way_for_Ducklings \"Make Way for Ducklings\")_, describing its \"salt and pepper shakers\" feature.[\\[87\\]](#cite_note-87) [Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\"), home of the [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\"), opened in 1912,[\\[88\\]](#cite_note-88) with the [Boston Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Garden \"Boston Garden\") opening in 1928.[\\[89\\]](#cite_note-89) [Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\") opened on September 8, 1923.[\\[90\\]](#cite_note-90)\n\nBoston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[\\[91\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluestoneStevenson200213-91) Boston responded by initiating various [urban renewal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal \"Urban renewal\") projects, under the direction of the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Planning_and_Development_Agency \"Boston Planning and Development Agency\") (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.[\\[92\\]](#cite_note-92)\n\nThe BRA continued implementing [eminent domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\") projects, including the clearance of the vibrant [Scollay Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scollay_Square \"Scollay Square\") area for construction of the modernist style [Government Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston \"Government Center, Boston\"). In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\") neighborhood, the first [Community Health Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health_centers_in_the_United_States \"Community health centers in the United States\") in the United States. It mostly served the massive [Columbia Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Point_\\(Boston\\) \"Columbia Point (Boston)\") public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[\\[93\\]](#cite_note-93) The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[\\[94\\]](#cite_note-Roessner-94)\n\nBy the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the [Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston \"Financial District, Boston\") and in Boston's [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\") during this period.[\\[95\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994195-95) This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital \"Massachusetts General Hospital\"), [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center \"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\"), and [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital \"Brigham and Women's Hospital\") lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the [Boston Architectural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College \"Boston Architectural College\"), [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"), the [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), [Tufts University School of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine \"Tufts University School of Medicine\"), [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\"), [Massachusetts College of Art and Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Massachusetts College of Art and Design\"), [Wentworth Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology \"Wentworth Institute of Technology\"), [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\"), the [Boston Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory \"Boston Conservatory\"), and many others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over [desegregation busing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing \"Desegregation busing\"), which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[\\[96\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994194–195-96) Boston has also experienced [gentrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") in the latter half of the 20th century,[\\[97\\]](#cite_note-97) with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's [rent control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control \"Rent control\") regime was struck down by statewide [ballot proposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_proposition \"Ballot proposition\").[\\[98\\]](#cite_note-Heudorfer-98)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg)\n\nThe [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\") in front of Boston's [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\") neighborhood, in 2013\n\nBoston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,[\\[99\\]](#cite_note-99) including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as [FleetBoston Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FleetBoston_Financial \"FleetBoston Financial\"), which was acquired by [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\")\\-based [Bank of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") in 2004.[\\[100\\]](#cite_note-100) Boston-based department stores [Jordan Marsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Marsh \"Jordan Marsh\") and [Filene's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filene%27s \"Filene's\") have both merged into the [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")–based [Macy's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s,_Inc. \"Macy's, Inc.\").[\\[101\\]](#cite_note-101) The 1993 acquisition of _[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_ by _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_[\\[102\\]](#cite_note-102) was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman [John W. Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Henry \"John W. Henry\"). In 2016, it was announced [General Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\") would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the [Seaport District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\") in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.[\\[103\\]](#cite_note-GE-Boston-103) The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the [Big Dig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig \"Big Dig\"), in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.[\\[104\\]](#cite_note-104)\n\nOn April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers [detonated a pair of bombs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing \"Boston Marathon bombing\") near the finish line of the [Boston Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Boston_Marathon \"2013 Boston Marathon\"), killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[\\[105\\]](#cite_note-260herald-105) The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan _[Boston Strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Strong \"Boston Strong\")_.[\\[106\\]](#cite_note-106)\n\nIn 2016, Boston briefly [shouldered a bid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_bid_for_the_2024_Summer_Olympics \"Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics\") as the U.S. applicant for the [2024 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics \"2024 Summer Olympics\"). The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[\\[107\\]](#cite_note-107) The [USOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee \"United States Olympic Committee\") then selected [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the [2028 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics \"2028 Summer Olympics\").[\\[108\\]](#cite_note-108) Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the [2026 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup \"2026 FIFA World Cup\"), with games taking place at [Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\").[\\[109\\]](#cite_note-109)\n\n> The geographical center of Boston is in [Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\"). Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End\n\nUnknown, A local colloquialism[\\[110\\]](#cite_note-110)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_by_Sentinel-2,_2019-09-27.jpg)\n\nBoston and its neighbors as seen from [Sentinel-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-2 \"Sentinel-2\") with [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\") (center). Boston itself lies on the southern bank of the Charles River. On the river's northern bank, the outlines of Cambridge and Watertown can be seen; to the west are Brookline and Newton; to the south lie Quincy and Milton.\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg)\n\nAn 1877 panoramic map of Boston\n\nBoston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2), or 46%, of it is water. The city's official elevation, as measured at [Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\"), is 19 ft (5.8 m) [above sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level \"Above mean sea level\").[\\[111\\]](#cite_note-111) The highest point in Boston is [Bellevue Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_Hill,_Boston \"Bellevue Hill, Boston\") at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[\\[112\\]](#cite_note-Bellevue_Hill,_Massachusetts-112) Boston is situated next to [Boston Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor \"Boston Harbor\"), an arm of [Massachusetts Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay \"Massachusetts Bay\"), itself an arm of the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nBoston is surrounded by the [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of [Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts \"Winthrop, Massachusetts\") and the [Boston Harbor Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands \"Boston Harbor Islands\"), to the northeast by the cities of [Revere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts \"Revere, Massachusetts\"), [Chelsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts \"Chelsea, Massachusetts\") and [Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts \"Everett, Massachusetts\"), to the north by the cities of [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\") and [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), to the northwest by [Watertown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts \"Watertown, Massachusetts\"), to the west by the city of [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\") and town of [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\"), to the southwest by the town of [Dedham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts \"Dedham, Massachusetts\") and small portions of [Needham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts \"Needham, Massachusetts\") and [Canton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts \"Canton, Massachusetts\"), and to the southeast by the town of [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts \"Milton, Massachusetts\"), and the city of [Quincy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts \"Quincy, Massachusetts\").\n\nThe [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\") separates Boston's [Allston-Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston-Brighton \"Allston-Brighton\"), [Fenway-Kenmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore \"Fenway-Kenmore\") and [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay \"Back Bay\") neighborhoods from [Watertown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts \"Watertown, Massachusetts\") and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") neighborhood. The [Neponset River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neponset_River \"Neponset River\") forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and [Quincy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts \"Quincy, Massachusetts\") and [Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts \"Milton, Massachusetts\"). The [Mystic River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_River \"Mystic River\") separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and [Chelsea Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Creek \"Chelsea Creek\") and Boston Harbor separate [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\") from [Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\"), the [North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\"), and the [Seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\").[\\[113\\]](#cite_note-113)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hancock_Tower.jpg)\n\n[John Hancock Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower \"John Hancock Tower\") at 200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a [roof height](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_height_to_roof \"List of tallest buildings by height to roof\") of 790 ft (240 m).\n\nBoston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.[\\[114\\]](#cite_note-114)[\\[115\\]](#cite_note-115) The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods:[\\[116\\]](#cite_note-116)\n\n* [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\")\n* [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\")\n* [Bay Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston \"Bay Village, Boston\")\n* [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\")\n* [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\")\n* [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\")\n* [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\")\n* [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\")\n* [Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\")\n* [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\")\n* [Fenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore \"Fenway–Kenmore\")\n* [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston \"Hyde Park, Boston\")\n* [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain \"Jamaica Plain\")\n* [Mattapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan \"Mattapan\")\n* [Mission Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston \"Mission Hill, Boston\")\n* [North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\")\n* [Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\")\n* [Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\")\n* [Seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\")\n* [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\")\n* the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\")\n* [the West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\")\n* [West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\")\n\nMore than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.[\\[75\\]](#cite_note-landfills-75) This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay \"Back Bay\").[\\[17\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20058-17)\n\n[Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\") and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\")) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often [federal style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture \"Federal architecture\") and [Greek revival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_revival \"Greek revival\") – interspersed with modern high-rises.[\\[117\\]](#cite_note-117) Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\"), [Christian Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist \"The First Church of Christ, Scientist\"), [Copley Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square \"Copley Square\"), [Newbury Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Street \"Newbury Street\"), and New England's two tallest buildings: the [John Hancock Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower \"John Hancock Tower\") and the [Prudential Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Tower \"Prudential Tower\").[\\[118\\]](#cite_note-118) Near the John Hancock Tower is the [old John Hancock Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Building \"Berkeley Building\") with its prominent [illuminated beacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_beacon \"Weather beacon\"), the color of which forecasts the weather.[\\[119\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201191-119) Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[\\[120\\]](#cite_note-120)\n\nThe geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the \"[Big Dig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig \"Big Dig\")\"). That project removed the elevated [Central Artery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Artery \"Central Artery\") and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[\\[121\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200554,_102-121)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates,_v2,_2010_Greater_Boston,_U.S._\\(13873746295\\).jpg)\n\nPopulation density and elevation above sea level in Greater Boston as of 2010\n\nAs a coastal city built largely on [fill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\"), [sea-level rise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise \"Sea level rise\") is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century.[\\[122\\]](#cite_note-122) Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by [wooden piles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_pilings \"Timber pilings\") driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to [dry rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot \"Dry rot\") if exposed to air for long periods.[\\[123\\]](#cite_note-123) [Groundwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater \"Groundwater\") levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[\\[124\\]](#cite_note-124)\n\nThe city developed a climate action plan covering [carbon reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation \"Climate change mitigation\") in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.[\\[125\\]](#cite_note-125) This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an [energy assessment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_performance \"Building performance\") every five years.[\\[126\\]](#cite_note-126) A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for [coastal resilience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_resilience \"Climate resilience\").[\\[127\\]](#cite_note-127) In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.[\\[128\\]](#cite_note-128)\n\n* [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg \"Boston's skyline in the background with fall foliage in the foreground\")\n \n Boston's skyline in the background with [fall foliage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color \"Autumn leaf color\") in the foreground\n \n* [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg \"A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at Logan International Airport from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by NOAA, is from the weather station at the airport.\")\n \n A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at [Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\") from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by [NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"), is from the weather station at the airport.\n \n\nUnder the [Köppen climate classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\"), Boston has either a hot-summer [humid continental climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate \"Humid continental climate\") (Köppen _Dfa_) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a [humid subtropical climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate \"Humid subtropical climate\") (Köppen _Cfa_) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm.[\\[129\\]](#cite_note-129) Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the [jet stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream \"Jet stream\"). Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-BostonWeather-130) The city lies at the border between [USDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA \"USDA\") plant [hardiness zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone \"Hardiness zone\") 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).[\\[131\\]](#cite_note-131)\n\nThe hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)\n\nSub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.[\\[133\\]](#cite_note-133) The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132) In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132) The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)[\\[a\\]](#cite_note-134) Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019.[\\[134\\]](#cite_note-135)[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)\n\nBoston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_\\(meteorology\\) \"Precipitation (meteorology)\") a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132) Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.[\\[135\\]](#cite_note-136)[\\[136\\]](#cite_note-137) There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)[\\[b\\]](#cite_note-138) The city's coastal location on the [North Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic \"North Atlantic\") makes the city very prone to [nor'easters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%27easter \"Nor'easter\"), which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-BostonWeather-130)\n\nFog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, the city often receives [sea breezes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_breezes \"Sea breezes\"), especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[\\[137\\]](#cite_note-139)[\\[138\\]](#cite_note-140) Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large [hail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail \"Hail\"), damaging winds, and heavy downpours.[\\[130\\]](#cite_note-BostonWeather-130) Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent [tornado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado \"Tornado\"), the city itself has experienced many [tornado warnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_warning \"Tornado warning\"). Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[\\[139\\]](#cite_note-141)\n\n* [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Boston,_MA_weatherbox \"Template:Boston, MA weatherbox\")\n* [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Boston,_MA_weatherbox \"Template talk:Boston, MA weatherbox\")\n* [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston,_MA_weatherbox \"Special:EditPage/Template:Boston, MA weatherbox\")\n\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts ([Logan Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\")), 1991−2020 normals,[\\[c\\]](#cite_note-142) extremes 1872−present[\\[d\\]](#cite_note-144)\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n74 \n(23)\n\n73 \n(23)\n\n89 \n(32)\n\n94 \n(34)\n\n97 \n(36)\n\n100 \n(38)\n\n104 \n(40)\n\n102 \n(39)\n\n102 \n(39)\n\n90 \n(32)\n\n83 \n(28)\n\n76 \n(24)\n\n104 \n(40)\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n58.3 \n(14.6)\n\n57.9 \n(14.4)\n\n67.0 \n(19.4)\n\n79.9 \n(26.6)\n\n88.1 \n(31.2)\n\n92.2 \n(33.4)\n\n95.0 \n(35.0)\n\n93.7 \n(34.3)\n\n88.9 \n(31.6)\n\n79.6 \n(26.4)\n\n70.2 \n(21.2)\n\n61.2 \n(16.2)\n\n96.4 \n(35.8)\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n36.8 \n(2.7)\n\n39.0 \n(3.9)\n\n45.5 \n(7.5)\n\n56.4 \n(13.6)\n\n66.5 \n(19.2)\n\n76.2 \n(24.6)\n\n82.1 \n(27.8)\n\n80.4 \n(26.9)\n\n73.1 \n(22.8)\n\n62.1 \n(16.7)\n\n51.6 \n(10.9)\n\n42.2 \n(5.7)\n\n59.3 \n(15.2)\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n29.9 \n(−1.2)\n\n31.8 \n(−0.1)\n\n38.3 \n(3.5)\n\n48.6 \n(9.2)\n\n58.4 \n(14.7)\n\n68.0 \n(20.0)\n\n74.1 \n(23.4)\n\n72.7 \n(22.6)\n\n65.6 \n(18.7)\n\n54.8 \n(12.7)\n\n44.7 \n(7.1)\n\n35.7 \n(2.1)\n\n51.9 \n(11.1)\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n23.1 \n(−4.9)\n\n24.6 \n(−4.1)\n\n31.1 \n(−0.5)\n\n40.8 \n(4.9)\n\n50.3 \n(10.2)\n\n59.7 \n(15.4)\n\n66.0 \n(18.9)\n\n65.1 \n(18.4)\n\n58.2 \n(14.6)\n\n47.5 \n(8.6)\n\n37.9 \n(3.3)\n\n29.2 \n(−1.6)\n\n44.5 \n(6.9)\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n4.8 \n(−15.1)\n\n8.3 \n(−13.2)\n\n15.6 \n(−9.1)\n\n31.0 \n(−0.6)\n\n41.2 \n(5.1)\n\n49.7 \n(9.8)\n\n58.6 \n(14.8)\n\n57.7 \n(14.3)\n\n46.7 \n(8.2)\n\n35.1 \n(1.7)\n\n24.4 \n(−4.2)\n\n13.1 \n(−10.5)\n\n2.6 \n(−16.3)\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−13 \n(−25)\n\n−18 \n(−28)\n\n−8 \n(−22)\n\n11 \n(−12)\n\n31 \n(−1)\n\n41 \n(5)\n\n50 \n(10)\n\n46 \n(8)\n\n34 \n(1)\n\n25 \n(−4)\n\n−2 \n(−19)\n\n−17 \n(−27)\n\n−18 \n(−28)\n\nAverage [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation \"Precipitation\") inches (mm)\n\n3.39 \n(86)\n\n3.21 \n(82)\n\n4.17 \n(106)\n\n3.63 \n(92)\n\n3.25 \n(83)\n\n3.89 \n(99)\n\n3.27 \n(83)\n\n3.23 \n(82)\n\n3.56 \n(90)\n\n4.03 \n(102)\n\n3.66 \n(93)\n\n4.30 \n(109)\n\n43.59 \n(1,107)\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n14.3 \n(36)\n\n14.4 \n(37)\n\n9.0 \n(23)\n\n1.6 \n(4.1)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.0 \n(0.0)\n\n0.2 \n(0.51)\n\n0.7 \n(1.8)\n\n9.0 \n(23)\n\n49.2 \n(125)\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n11.8\n\n10.6\n\n11.6\n\n11.6\n\n11.8\n\n10.9\n\n9.4\n\n9.0\n\n9.0\n\n10.5\n\n10.3\n\n11.9\n\n128.4\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n6.6\n\n6.2\n\n4.4\n\n0.8\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.2\n\n0.6\n\n4.2\n\n23.0\n\nAverage [relative humidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity \"Relative humidity\") (%)\n\n62.3\n\n62.0\n\n63.1\n\n63.0\n\n66.7\n\n68.5\n\n68.4\n\n70.8\n\n71.8\n\n68.5\n\n67.5\n\n65.4\n\n66.5\n\nAverage [dew point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point \"Dew point\") °F (°C)\n\n16.5 \n(−8.6)\n\n17.6 \n(−8.0)\n\n25.2 \n(−3.8)\n\n33.6 \n(0.9)\n\n45.0 \n(7.2)\n\n55.2 \n(12.9)\n\n61.0 \n(16.1)\n\n60.4 \n(15.8)\n\n53.8 \n(12.1)\n\n42.8 \n(6.0)\n\n33.4 \n(0.8)\n\n22.1 \n(−5.5)\n\n38.9 \n(3.8)\n\nMean monthly [sunshine hours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration \"Sunshine duration\")\n\n163.4\n\n168.4\n\n213.7\n\n227.2\n\n267.3\n\n286.5\n\n300.9\n\n277.3\n\n237.1\n\n206.3\n\n143.2\n\n142.3\n\n2,633.6\n\nPercent [possible sunshine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration \"Sunshine duration\")\n\n56\n\n57\n\n58\n\n57\n\n59\n\n63\n\n65\n\n64\n\n63\n\n60\n\n49\n\n50\n\n59\n\nAverage [ultraviolet index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index \"Ultraviolet index\")\n\n1\n\n2\n\n4\n\n5\n\n7\n\n8\n\n8\n\n8\n\n6\n\n4\n\n2\n\n1\n\n5\n\nSource 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[\\[141\\]](#cite_note-Boston_Weatherbox_NOAA_txt-145)[\\[132\\]](#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)-132)[\\[142\\]](#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KBOS-146)\n\nSource 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[\\[143\\]](#cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston-147)\n\nClimate data for Boston, Massachusetts\n\nSee or edit [raw graph data](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.tab \"commons:data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.tab\").\n\nHistorical population\n\nYear\n\nPop.\n\n±%\n\n1680\n\n4,500\n\n— \n\n1690\n\n7,000\n\n+55.6%\n\n1700\n\n6,700\n\n−4.3%\n\n1710\n\n9,000\n\n+34.3%\n\n1722\n\n10,567\n\n+17.4%\n\n1742\n\n16,382\n\n+55.0%\n\n1765\n\n15,520\n\n−5.3%\n\n[1790](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_census \"1790 United States census\")\n\n18,320\n\n+18.0%\n\n[1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_census \"1800 United States census\")\n\n24,937\n\n+36.1%\n\n[1810](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810_United_States_census \"1810 United States census\")\n\n33,787\n\n+35.5%\n\n[1820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_United_States_census \"1820 United States census\")\n\n43,298\n\n+28.1%\n\n[1830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_United_States_census \"1830 United States census\")\n\n61,392\n\n+41.8%\n\n[1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_census \"1840 United States census\")\n\n93,383\n\n+52.1%\n\n[1850](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_United_States_census \"1850 United States census\")\n\n136,881\n\n+46.6%\n\n[1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census \"1860 United States census\")\n\n177,840\n\n+29.9%\n\n[1870](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_United_States_census \"1870 United States census\")\n\n250,526\n\n+40.9%\n\n[1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_census \"1880 United States census\")\n\n362,839\n\n+44.8%\n\n[1890](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_United_States_census \"1890 United States census\")\n\n448,477\n\n+23.6%\n\n[1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_census \"1900 United States census\")\n\n560,892\n\n+25.1%\n\n[1910](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_United_States_census \"1910 United States census\")\n\n670,585\n\n+19.6%\n\n[1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_census \"1920 United States census\")\n\n748,060\n\n+11.6%\n\n[1930](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_United_States_census \"1930 United States census\")\n\n781,188\n\n+4.4%\n\n[1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_census \"1940 United States census\")\n\n770,816\n\n−1.3%\n\n[1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_census \"1950 United States census\")\n\n801,444\n\n+4.0%\n\n[1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_census \"1960 United States census\")\n\n697,197\n\n−13.0%\n\n[1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_census \"1970 United States census\")\n\n641,071\n\n−8.1%\n\n[1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_census \"1980 United States census\")\n\n562,994\n\n−12.2%\n\n[1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census \"1990 United States census\")\n\n574,283\n\n+2.0%\n\n[2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\")\n\n589,141\n\n+2.6%\n\n[2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\")\n\n617,594\n\n+4.8%\n\n[2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\")\n\n675,647\n\n+9.4%\n\n2022\\*\n\n650,706\n\n−3.7%\n\n\\*=population estimate. \nSource: [United States census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") records and [Population Estimates Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program \"Population Estimates Program\") data.[\\[144\\]](#cite_note-2010_Census-148)[\\[145\\]](#cite_note-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates-149)[\\[146\\]](#cite_note-1990_Census-150)[\\[147\\]](#cite_note-1980_Census-151)[\\[148\\]](#cite_note-1950_Census-152)[\\[149\\]](#cite_note-1920_Census-153)[\\[150\\]](#cite_note-1890_Census-154)[\\[151\\]](#cite_note-1870_Census-155)[\\[152\\]](#cite_note-1860_Census-156)[\\[153\\]](#cite_note-1850_Census-157)[\\[154\\]](#cite_note-1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790-158)[\\[155\\]](#cite_note-ColonialPop-159)[\\[156\\]](#cite_note-160) \n2010–2020[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4) \nSource: U.S. Decennial Census[\\[157\\]](#cite_note-DecennialCensus-161)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Boston.png)\n\nPacked circles diagram showing estimates of the ethnic origins of people in Boston in 2021\n\nHistorical racial/ethnic composition\n\nRace/ethnicity\n\n2020[\\[158\\]](#cite_note-162)\n\n2010[\\[159\\]](#cite_note-163)\n\n1990[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-census4-164)\n\n1970[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-census4-164)\n\n1940[\\[160\\]](#cite_note-census4-164)\n\n[Non-Hispanic White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White \"Non-Hispanic White\")\n\n44.7%\n\n47.0%\n\n59.0%\n\n79.5%[\\[e\\]](#cite_note-fifteen-165)\n\n96.6%\n\n[Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\")\n\n22.0%\n\n24.4%\n\n23.8%\n\n16.3%\n\n3.1%\n\n[Hispanic or Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (of any race)\n\n19.5%\n\n17.5%\n\n10.8%\n\n2.8%[\\[e\\]](#cite_note-fifteen-165)\n\n0.1%\n\n[Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\")\n\n9.7%\n\n8.9%\n\n5.3%\n\n1.3%\n\n0.2%\n\n[Two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\")\n\n3.2%\n\n3.9%\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n[Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\")\n\n0.2%\n\n0.4%\n\n0.3%\n\n0.2%\n\n–\n\nIn 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households[\\[4\\]](#cite_note-QuickFacts-4)—a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the [third-most densely populated large U.S. city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density \"List of United States cities by population density\") of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[\\[161\\]](#cite_note-166)\n\nIn the city, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[\\[162\\]](#cite_note-census1-167) There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[\\[162\\]](#cite_note-census1-167)\n\nThe [median household income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income \"Median income\") in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[\\[163\\]](#cite_note-census3-168) Boston has a significant [racial wealth gap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_wealth_gap_in_the_United_States \"Racial wealth gap in the United States\") with White Bostonians having an median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.[\\[164\\]](#cite_note-169)\n\nFrom the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of [non-Hispanic Whites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites \"Non-Hispanic Whites\") in the city declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city [majority minority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_minority \"Majority minority\") for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant [gentrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\"), during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-White population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased [Latin American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\") and [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") populations and more clarity surrounding U.S. Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic White population of 47% (some reports give slightly lower figures).[\\[165\\]](#cite_note-170)[\\[166\\]](#cite_note-171)[\\[167\\]](#cite_note-172)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090315-N-8110K-011_A_crowd_along_a_parade_route_in_South_Boston_cheers_Sailors_from_the_guided-missile_frigate_USS_Taylor_\\(FFG_50\\)_as_they_march_in_the_108th_Annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg)\n\n[U.S. Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States \"United States\") sailors march in Boston's annual [Saint Patrick's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day \"Saint Patrick's Day\") parade. [Irish Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\") constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston.\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg)\n\n[Armenian American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Americans \"Armenian Americans\") family in Boston, 1908\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Chinatown_Paifang.jpg)\n\n[Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\") with its [paifang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang \"Paifang\") gate is home to several [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston \"Chinese Americans in Boston\") and [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans_in_Boston \"Vietnamese Americans in Boston\") restaurants.\n\n[African-Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") comprise 22% of the city's population. People of [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\") descent form the second-largest single [ethnic group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestry \"American ancestry\") in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by [Italians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans \"Italian Americans\"), accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of [West Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") and [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.[\\[168\\]](#cite_note-census2-173)\n\nIn Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.[\\[169\\]](#cite_note-census-174) East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston \"Jamaica Plain, Boston\") and [Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale,_Boston \"Roslindale, Boston\") have experienced a growing number of [Dominican Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican-Americans_in_Boston \"Dominican-Americans in Boston\").[\\[170\\]](#cite_note-175)\n\nThere is a large and historical [Armenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Americans \"Armenian Americans\") community in Boston,[\\[171\\]](#cite_note-176) and the city is home to the [Armenian Heritage Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Heritage_Park \"Armenian Heritage Park\").[\\[172\\]](#cite_note-177) Additionally, over 27,000 [Chinese Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston \"Chinese Americans in Boston\") made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.[\\[173\\]](#cite_note-178) Overall, according to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:[\\[174\\]](#cite_note-179)[\\[175\\]](#cite_note-180)\n\nAncestry\n\nPercentage of \nBoston \npopulation\n\nPercentage of \nMassachusetts \npopulation\n\nPercentage of \nUnited States \npopulation\n\nCity-to-state \ndifference\n\nCity-to-USA \ndifference\n\n[Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\")\n\n22%\n\n8.2%\n\n14-15%\n\n13.8%\n\n7%\n\n[Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\")\n\n14.06%\n\n21.16%\n\n10.39%\n\n−7.10%\n\n3.67%\n\n[Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans \"Italian Americans\")\n\n8.13%\n\n13.19%\n\n5.39%\n\n−5.05%\n\n2.74%\n\n[other West Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Americans \"West Indian Americans\")\n\n6.92%\n\n1.96%\n\n0.90%\n\n4.97%\n\n6.02%\n\n[Dominican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Americans \"Dominican Americans\")\n\n5.45%\n\n2.60%\n\n0.68%\n\n2.65%\n\n4.57%\n\n[Puerto Rican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States \"Puerto Ricans in the United States\")\n\n5.27%\n\n4.52%\n\n1.66%\n\n0.75%\n\n3.61%\n\n[Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans \"Chinese Americans\")\n\n4.57%\n\n2.28%\n\n1.24%\n\n2.29%\n\n3.33%\n\n[German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans \"German Americans\")\n\n4.57%\n\n6.00%\n\n14.40%\n\n−1.43%\n\n−9.83%\n\n[English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans \"English Americans\")\n\n4.54%\n\n9.77%\n\n7.67%\n\n−5.23%\n\n−3.13%\n\n[American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestry \"American ancestry\")\n\n4.13%\n\n4.26%\n\n6.89%\n\n−0.13%\n\n−2.76%\n\n[Sub-Saharan African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States \"African immigration to the United States\")\n\n4.09%\n\n2.00%\n\n1.01%\n\n2.09%\n\n3.08%\n\n[Haitian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Americans \"Haitian Americans\")\n\n3.58%\n\n1.15%\n\n0.31%\n\n2.43%\n\n3.27%\n\n[Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Americans \"Polish Americans\")\n\n2.48%\n\n4.67%\n\n2.93%\n\n−2.19%\n\n−0.45%\n\n[Cape Verdean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans \"Cape Verdean Americans\")\n\n2.21%\n\n0.97%\n\n0.03%\n\n1.24%\n\n2.18%\n\n[French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Americans \"French Americans\")\n\n1.93%\n\n6.82%\n\n2.56%\n\n−4.89%\n\n−0.63%\n\n[Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans \"Vietnamese Americans\")\n\n1.76%\n\n0.69%\n\n0.54%\n\n1.07%\n\n1.22%\n\n[Jamaican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Americans \"Jamaican Americans\")\n\n1.70%\n\n0.44%\n\n0.34%\n\n1.26%\n\n1.36%\n\n[Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Americans \"Russian Americans\")\n\n1.62%\n\n1.65%\n\n0.88%\n\n−0.03%\n\n0.74%\n\n[Asian Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Americans \"Indian Americans\")\n\n1.31%\n\n1.39%\n\n1.09%\n\n−0.08%\n\n0.22%\n\n[Scottish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Americans \"Scottish Americans\")\n\n1.30%\n\n2.28%\n\n1.71%\n\n−0.98%\n\n−0.41%\n\n[French Canadian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans \"French Canadian Americans\")\n\n1.19%\n\n3.91%\n\n0.65%\n\n−2.71%\n\n0.54%\n\n[Mexican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Americans \"Mexican Americans\")\n\n1.12%\n\n0.67%\n\n11.96%\n\n0.45%\n\n−10.84%\n\n[Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Americans \"Arab Americans\")\n\n1.10%\n\n1.10%\n\n0.59%\n\n0.00%\n\n0.50%\n\nData is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[\\[176\\]](#cite_note-181)[\\[177\\]](#cite_note-182)[\\[178\\]](#cite_note-183)\n\nRank\n\nZIP Code (ZCTA)\n\nPer capita \nincome\n\nMedian \nhousehold \nincome\n\nMedian \nfamily \nincome\n\nPopulation\n\nNumber of \nhouseholds\n\n1\n\n02110 ([Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston \"Financial District, Boston\"))\n\n$152,007\n\n$123,795\n\n$196,518\n\n1,486\n\n981\n\n2\n\n02199 ([Prudential Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Tower \"Prudential Tower\"))\n\n$151,060\n\n$107,159\n\n$146,786\n\n1,290\n\n823\n\n3\n\n02210 ([Fort Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Point,_Boston \"Fort Point, Boston\"))\n\n$93,078\n\n$111,061\n\n$223,411\n\n1,905\n\n1,088\n\n4\n\n02109 ([North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston \"North End, Boston\"))\n\n$88,921\n\n$128,022\n\n$162,045\n\n4,277\n\n2,190\n\n5\n\n02116 ([Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\")/[Bay Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston \"Bay Village, Boston\"))\n\n$81,458\n\n$87,630\n\n$134,875\n\n21,318\n\n10,938\n\n6\n\n02108 ([Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\")/Financial District)\n\n$78,569\n\n$95,753\n\n$153,618\n\n4,155\n\n2,337\n\n7\n\n02114 (Beacon Hill/[West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Boston \"West End, Boston\"))\n\n$65,865\n\n$79,734\n\n$169,107\n\n11,933\n\n6,752\n\n8\n\n02111 ([Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\")/Financial District/[Leather District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_District \"Leather District\"))\n\n$56,716\n\n$44,758\n\n$88,333\n\n7,616\n\n3,390\n\n9\n\n02129 ([Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\"))\n\n$56,267\n\n$89,105\n\n$98,445\n\n17,052\n\n8,083\n\n10\n\n02467 ([Chestnut Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts \"Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts\"))\n\n$53,382\n\n$113,952\n\n$148,396\n\n22,796\n\n6,351\n\n11\n\n02113 (North End)\n\n$52,905\n\n$64,413\n\n$112,589\n\n7,276\n\n4,329\n\n12\n\n02132 ([West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\"))\n\n$44,306\n\n$82,421\n\n$110,219\n\n27,163\n\n11,013\n\n13\n\n02118 ([South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"))\n\n$43,887\n\n$50,000\n\n$49,090\n\n26,779\n\n12,512\n\n14\n\n02130 ([Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain \"Jamaica Plain\"))\n\n$42,916\n\n$74,198\n\n$95,426\n\n36,866\n\n15,306\n\n15\n\n02127 ([South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\"))\n\n$42,854\n\n$67,012\n\n$68,110\n\n32,547\n\n14,994\n\n_[Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")_\n\n$35,485\n\n$66,658\n\n$84,380\n\n6,560,595\n\n2,525,694\n\n_Boston_\n\n$33,589\n\n$53,136\n\n$63,230\n\n619,662\n\n248,704\n\n_[Suffolk County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts \"Suffolk County, Massachusetts\")_\n\n$32,429\n\n$52,700\n\n$61,796\n\n724,502\n\n287,442\n\n16\n\n02135 ([Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\"))\n\n$31,773\n\n$50,291\n\n$62,602\n\n38,839\n\n18,336\n\n17\n\n02131 ([Roslindale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\"))\n\n$29,486\n\n$61,099\n\n$70,598\n\n30,370\n\n11,282\n\n_United States_\n\n$28,051\n\n$53,046\n\n$64,585\n\n309,138,711\n\n115,226,802\n\n18\n\n02136 ([Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston \"Hyde Park, Boston\"))\n\n$28,009\n\n$57,080\n\n$74,734\n\n29,219\n\n10,650\n\n19\n\n02134 ([Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\"))\n\n$25,319\n\n$37,638\n\n$49,355\n\n20,478\n\n8,916\n\n20\n\n02128 ([East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\"))\n\n$23,450\n\n$49,549\n\n$49,470\n\n41,680\n\n14,965\n\n21\n\n02122 ([Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston \"Dorchester, Boston\")\\-[Fields Corner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Corner \"Fields Corner\"))\n\n$23,432\n\n$51,798\n\n$50,246\n\n25,437\n\n8,216\n\n22\n\n02124 (Dorchester-[Codman Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codman_Square_District \"Codman Square District\")\\-[Ashmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmont,_Boston \"Ashmont, Boston\"))\n\n$23,115\n\n$48,329\n\n$55,031\n\n49,867\n\n17,275\n\n23\n\n02125 (Dorchester-[Uphams Corner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uphams_Corner \"Uphams Corner\")\\-[Savin Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savin_Hill \"Savin Hill\"))\n\n$22,158\n\n$42,298\n\n$44,397\n\n31,996\n\n11,481\n\n24\n\n02163 (Allston-[Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\"))\n\n$21,915\n\n$43,889\n\n$91,190\n\n1,842\n\n562\n\n25\n\n02115 (Back Bay, [Longwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood,_Boston \"Longwood, Boston\"), [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\")/[Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston \"Symphony Hall, Boston\") area)\n\n$21,654\n\n$23,677\n\n$50,303\n\n29,178\n\n9,958\n\n26\n\n02126 ([Mattapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan \"Mattapan\"))\n\n$20,649\n\n$43,532\n\n$52,774\n\n27,335\n\n9,510\n\n27\n\n02215 (Fenway-Kenmore)\n\n$19,082\n\n$30,823\n\n$72,583\n\n23,719\n\n7,995\n\n28\n\n02119 ([Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\"))\n\n$18,998\n\n$27,051\n\n$35,311\n\n24,237\n\n9,769\n\n29\n\n02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin)\n\n$18,226\n\n$30,419\n\n$35,439\n\n26,801\n\n9,739\n\n30\n\n02120 ([Mission Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston \"Mission Hill, Boston\"))\n\n$17,390\n\n$32,367\n\n$29,583\n\n13,217\n\n4,509\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Copley_Square_\\(25887\\).jpg)\n\n[Old South Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South_Church \"Old South Church\") at [Copley Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square \"Copley Square\") at sunset. This [United Church of Christ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ \"United Church of Christ\") congregation was first organized in 1669.\n\nAccording to a 2014 study by the [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\"), 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as [Christians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians \"Christians\"), with 25% attending a variety of [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\") churches and 29% professing [Roman Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") beliefs; 33% claim [no religious affiliation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion \"Irreligion\"), while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of [Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\"), [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam \"Islam\"), [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\"), and other faiths.[\\[179\\]](#cite_note-184)[\\[180\\]](#cite_note-185)\n\nAs of 2010, the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the [Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\\(United_States\\) \"Episcopal Church (United States)\") with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The [United Church of Christ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ \"United Church of Christ\") had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[\\[181\\]](#cite_note-186)\n\nThe Boston metro area contained a [Jewish population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews \"American Jews\") of approximately 248,000 as of 2015.[\\[182\\]](#cite_note-2015bjcs-187) More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\"), [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\"), [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"), or adjacent towns.[\\[182\\]](#cite_note-2015bjcs-187) A small minority practices [Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism \"Confucianism\"), and some practice [Boston Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Confucians \"Boston Confucians\"), an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.[\\[183\\]](#cite_note-188)\n\nA [global city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city \"Global city\"), Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[\\[186\\]](#cite_note-191) Encompassing $363 billion, the [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston \"Greater Boston\") metropolitan area has the [sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP \"List of cities by GDP\").[\\[187\\]](#cite_note-pricewater-192)\n\nBoston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[\\[188\\]](#cite_note-193)[\\[189\\]](#cite_note-194) The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for [biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\"), with the [Milken Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milken_Institute \"Milken Institute\") rating Boston as the top [life sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences \"List of life sciences\") cluster in the country.[\\[190\\]](#cite_note-195) Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") of all cities in the United States.[\\[191\\]](#cite_note-196)\n\nThe city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of [academia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia \"Academia\"), access to [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital \"Venture capital\"), and the presence of many [high-tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech \"High-tech\") companies.[\\[24\\]](#cite_note-Kirsner-24)[\\[192\\]](#cite_note-197) The [Route 128 corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\") and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[\\[193\\]](#cite_note-198) and high technology remains an important sector.[\\[194\\]](#cite_note-199)\n\n[Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism \"Tourism\") also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[\\[195\\]](#cite_note-200) Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[\\[196\\]](#cite_note-201) Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[\\[197\\]](#cite_note-202) The city is a major [seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Boston \"Port of Boston\") along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the [Western Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere \"Western Hemisphere\").[\\[198\\]](#cite_note-203)\n\nIn the 2018 [Global Financial Centres Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index \"Global Financial Centres Index\"), Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive [financial services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services \"Financial services\") center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.[\\[199\\]](#cite_note-204) Boston-based [Fidelity Investments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments \"Fidelity Investments\") helped popularize the [mutual fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund \"Mutual fund\") in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[\\[200\\]](#cite_note-205) The city is home to the headquarters of [Santander Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Bank \"Santander Bank\"), and Boston is a center for [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital \"Venture capital\") firms. [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation \"State Street Corporation\"), which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and [publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing \"Publishing\") center[\\[201\\]](#cite_note-206)—[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt \"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt\") is headquartered within the city, along with [Bedford-St. Martin's Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford-St._Martin%27s \"Bedford-St. Martin's\") and [Beacon Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Press \"Beacon Press\"). [Pearson PLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC \"Pearson PLC\") publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to two [convention centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center \"Convention center\")—the [Hynes Convention Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynes_Convention_Center \"Hynes Convention Center\") in the Back Bay and the [Boston Convention and Exhibition Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center \"Boston Convention and Exhibition Center\") on the [South Boston waterfront](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston_waterfront \"South Boston waterfront\").[\\[202\\]](#cite_note-207) The [General Electric Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Corporation \"General Electric Corporation\") announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the [Seaport District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\") in Boston, from [Fairfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut \"Fairfield, Connecticut\"), Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of [higher education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education \"Higher education\").[\\[103\\]](#cite_note-GE-Boston-103) Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including [Converse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_\\(shoe_company\\) \"Converse (shoe company)\"), [New Balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Balance \"New Balance\"), and [Reebok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok \"Reebok\"). [Rockport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport_\\(company\\) \"Rockport (company)\"), [Puma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_\\(brand\\) \"Puma (brand)\") and [Wolverine World Wide, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide \"Wolverine World Wide\") headquarters or regional offices[\\[203\\]](#cite_note-208) are just outside the city.[\\[204\\]](#cite_note-209)\n\n### Primary and secondary education\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=20 \"Edit section: Primary and secondary education\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg)\n\n[Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\") was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the U.S.\n\nThe [Boston Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools \"Boston Public Schools\") enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including [Boston Latin Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_Academy \"Boston Latin Academy\"), [John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._O%27Bryant_School_of_Mathematics_%26_Science \"John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science\"), and the renowned [Boston Latin School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School \"Boston Latin School\"). The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[\\[19\\]](#cite_note-BPS-19) The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[\\[205\\]](#cite_note-210) There are private, parochial, and [charter schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_school \"Charter school\") as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the [Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METCO \"METCO\").[\\[206\\]](#cite_note-211) In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's [kindergarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten \"Kindergarten\") system a [savings account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_account \"Savings account\") containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[\\[207\\]](#cite_note-212)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_college_town_map.png)\n\nMap of Boston-area universities\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg)\n\n[Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\"), one of the country's top [business schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school \"Business school\")[\\[208\\]](#cite_note-213)\n\nSeveral of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[\\[209\\]](#cite_note-214) Three universities with a major presence in the city, [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\"), and [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\"), are just outside of Boston in the cities of [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\") and [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"), known as the _Brainpower Triangle_.[\\[210\\]](#cite_note-215) Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its [business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\") school and athletics facilities are in Boston's [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston \"Allston\") neighborhood, and its [medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), [dental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine \"Harvard School of Dental Medicine\"), and [public health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health \"Harvard School of Public Health\") schools are located in the [Longwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area \"Longwood Medical and Academic Area\") area.[\\[211\\]](#cite_note-216)The [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as \"[Boston Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Boston_Tech_\\(1865%E2%80%931916\\) \"History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\")\"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[\\[212\\]](#cite_note-217) [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\")'s main campus is north of the city in [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\") and [Medford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts \"Medford, Massachusetts\"), though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at [Tufts Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center \"Tufts Medical Center\").[\\[213\\]](#cite_note-218)\n\nGreater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[\\[214\\]](#cite_note-219) The city's largest private universities include [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\") (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[\\[215\\]](#cite_note-220) with its main campus along [Commonwealth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_\\(Boston\\) \"Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)\") and a medical campus in the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"), [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\") in the [Fenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore \"Fenway–Kenmore\") area,[\\[216\\]](#cite_note-221) [Suffolk University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University \"Suffolk University\") near [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\"), which includes [law school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School \"Suffolk University Law School\") and [business school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyer_Business_School \"Sawyer Business School\"),[\\[217\\]](#cite_note-222) and [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[\\[218\\]](#cite_note-223) Boston's only public university is the [University of Massachusetts Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\") on Columbia Point in [Dorchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts \"Dorchester, Massachusetts\"). [Roxbury Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College \"Roxbury Community College\") and [Bunker Hill Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Community_College \"Bunker Hill Community College\") are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[\\[219\\]](#cite_note-224)\n\nFive members of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities \"Association of American Universities\") are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and [Brandeis University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University \"Brandeis University\").[\\[220\\]](#cite_note-225) Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven [Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States#Universities_classified_as_%22R1:_Doctoral_Universities_%E2%80%93_Highest_Research_Activity%22 \"List of research universities in the United States\") as per the [Carnegie Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education \"Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education\"). This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[\\[221\\]](#cite_note-226) This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.[\\[222\\]](#cite_note-227)[\\[223\\]](#cite_note-228)\n\nSmaller private colleges include [Babson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College \"Babson College\"), [Bentley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_University \"Bentley University\"), [Boston Architectural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College \"Boston Architectural College\"), [Emmanuel College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)\"), [Fisher College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College \"Fisher College\"), [MGH Institute of Health Professions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions \"MGH Institute of Health Professions\"), [Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences \"Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences\"), [Simmons University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University \"Simmons University\"), [Wellesley College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College \"Wellesley College\"), [Wheelock College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelock_College \"Wheelock College\"), [Wentworth Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology \"Wentworth Institute of Technology\"), [New England School of Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_School_of_Law \"New England School of Law\") (originally established as America's first all female law school),[\\[224\\]](#cite_note-229) and [Emerson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College \"Emerson College\").[\\[225\\]](#cite_note-230) The region is also home to several [conservatories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school \"Music school\") and art schools, including the [New England Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\") (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),[\\[226\\]](#cite_note-231) the [Boston Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory \"Boston Conservatory\"), and [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\"), which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[\\[227\\]](#cite_note-232) Many [trade schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school \"Vocational school\") also exist in the city, such as the Boston Career Institute, the [North Bennet Street School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bennet_Street_School \"North Bennet Street School\"), Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center, and many others.[\\[228\\]](#cite_note-233)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_city_hall.jpg)\n\n[Boston City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Hall \"Boston City Hall\") is a [Brutalist-style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture \"Brutalist architecture\") landmark in the city.\n\nBoston has a [strong mayor–council government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government \"Mayor–council government\") system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. [Michelle Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wu \"Michelle Wu\") became mayor in November 2021, succeeding [Kim Janey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Janey \"Kim Janey\") who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following [Marty Walsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Walsh \"Marty Walsh\")'s confirmation to the position of [Secretary of Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor \"United States Secretary of Labor\") in the [Biden/Harris Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden \"Presidency of Joe Biden\"). Walsh's predecessor [Thomas Menino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menino \"Thomas Menino\")'s twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.[\\[229\\]](#cite_note-234) The [Boston City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council \"Boston City Council\") is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide \"at-large\" seats.[\\[230\\]](#cite_note-235) The School Committee, which oversees the [Boston Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools \"Boston Public Schools\"), is appointed by the mayor.[\\[231\\]](#cite_note-236) The city uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and [3-1-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-1-1 \"3-1-1\") to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[\\[232\\]](#cite_note-237)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg)\n\nChamber of the [Massachusetts House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives \"Massachusetts House of Representatives\") in the [Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House \"Massachusetts State House\")\n\nIn addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts [Department of Conservation and Recreation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation \"Department of Conservation and Recreation\"), the [Boston Public Health Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Health_Commission \"Boston Public Health Commission\"), the [Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority \"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority\"), and the [Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority \"Massachusetts Port Authority\"), play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in [state politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#Politics \"Massachusetts\").[\\[f\\]](#cite_note-240)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg)\n\nThe [Federal Reserve Bank of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston \"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston\") at 600 [Atlantic Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_\\(Boston\\) \"Atlantic Avenue (Boston)\")\n\nThe city has several federal facilities, including the [John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Office_Building \"John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building\"), the [Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_Jr._Federal_Building_\\(Boston\\) \"Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston)\"), the [John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._McCormack_Post_Office_and_Courthouse \"John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse\"), and the [Federal Reserve Bank of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston \"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston\").[\\[235\\]](#cite_note-241) The [United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit\") and the [United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts \"United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts\") are housed in The [John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Moakley_United_States_Courthouse \"John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse\").[\\[236\\]](#cite_note-242)[\\[237\\]](#cite_note-243)\n\nFederally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the [7th district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district \"Massachusetts's 7th congressional district\") and is represented by [Ayanna Pressley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley \"Ayanna Pressley\") while the remaining southern fourth is in the [8th district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district \"Massachusetts's 8th congressional district\") and is represented by [Stephen Lynch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_\\(politician\\) \"Stephen Lynch (politician)\"),[\\[238\\]](#cite_note-244) both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the [United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") is Democrat [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren \"Elizabeth Warren\"), first elected in 2012.[\\[239\\]](#cite_note-245) The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat [Ed Markey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey \"Ed Markey\"), who was elected in 2013 to succeed [John Kerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the [United States Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\").[\\[240\\]](#cite_note-246)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg)\n\nA [Boston Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department \"Boston Police Department\") cruiser on [Beacon Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Street \"Beacon Street\")\n\nBoston included $414 million in spending on the [Boston Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department \"Boston Police Department\") in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[\\[241\\]](#cite_note-Despite_Strong_Criticism_Of_Police_Spending,_Boston_City_Council_Passes_Budget-247)\n\nLike many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the [United States Attorney and District Attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney \"United States Attorney\")'s offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[\\[242\\]](#cite_note-End_of_a_Miracle-248)\n\nIn 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[\\[243\\]](#cite_note-BostonCrimeStats-249) Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[\\[244\\]](#cite_note-250)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_State_House_\\(49280448012\\).jpg)\n\nThe [Old State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_\\(Boston\\) \"Old State House (Boston)\"), a museum on the [Freedom Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Trail \"Freedom Trail\") near the site of the [Boston Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre \"Boston Massacre\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg)\n\nIn the 19th century, the [Old Corner Bookstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore \"Old Corner Bookstore\") became a gathering place for writers, including [Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), [Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\"), and [Margaret Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller \"Margaret Fuller\"). [James Russell Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell \"James Russell Lowell\") printed the first editions of _[The Atlantic Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly \"The Atlantic Monthly\")_ at the store.\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg)\n\n[Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston \"Symphony Hall, Boston\") at 301 Massachusetts Avenue, home of the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\")\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston,_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg)\n\n[Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\") at 465 [Huntington Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Avenue \"Huntington Avenue\")\n\nBoston shares many [cultural roots with greater New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_New_England \"Culture of New England\"), including a dialect of the non-[rhotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English \"Rhoticity in English\") Eastern [New England accent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_English \"New England English\") known as the [Boston accent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_accent \"Boston accent\")[\\[245\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorhees200952-251) and a [regional cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_cuisine \"New England cuisine\") with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[\\[246\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorhees2009148–151-252) Boston also has its own collection of [neologisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism \"Neologism\") known as _Boston slang_ and [sardonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardonic \"Sardonic\") humor.[\\[247\\]](#cite_note-253)\n\nIn the early 1800s, [William Tudor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tudor_\\(1779%E2%80%931830\\) \"William Tudor (1779–1830)\") wrote that Boston was \"'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[\\[248\\]](#cite_note-Vennochi-254) From this, Boston has been called the \"[Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") of America\" (also a nickname of [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"))[\\[249\\]](#cite_note-255) for its [literary culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre \"Literary genre\"), earning a reputation as \"the intellectual capital of the United States\".[\\[250\\]](#cite_note-auto-256)\n\nIn the nineteenth century, [Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), [Henry David Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\"), [Nathaniel Hawthorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne \"Nathaniel Hawthorne\"), [Margaret Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller \"Margaret Fuller\"), [James Russell Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell \"James Russell Lowell\"), and [Henry Wadsworth Longfellow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow \"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\") wrote in Boston. Some consider the [Old Corner Bookstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore \"Old Corner Bookstore\") to be the \"cradle of American literature\", the place where these writers met and where _[The Atlantic Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly \"The Atlantic Monthly\")_ was first published.[\\[251\\]](#cite_note-257) In 1852, the [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\") was founded as the first free library in the United States.[\\[250\\]](#cite_note-auto-256) Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the [Boston Book Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Book_Festival \"Boston Book Festival\").[\\[252\\]](#cite_note-258)[\\[253\\]](#cite_note-259)\n\nMusic is afforded a high degree of [civic support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_engagement \"Civic engagement\") in Boston. The [Boston Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\") is one of the \"[Big Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_\\(orchestras\\) \"Big Five (orchestras)\")\", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine _[Gramophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_\\(magazine\\) \"Gramophone (magazine)\")_ called it one of the \"world's best\" orchestras.[\\[254\\]](#cite_note-260) [Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston \"Symphony Hall, Boston\") (west of Back Bay) is home to the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\") and the related [Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Youth_Symphony_Orchestras \"Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras\"), which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,[\\[255\\]](#cite_note-261) and to the [Boston Pops Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pops_Orchestra \"Boston Pops Orchestra\"). The British newspaper _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")_ called Boston Symphony Hall \"one of the top venues for classical music in the world\", adding \"Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design\".[\\[256\\]](#cite_note-262) Other concerts are held at the [New England Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\")'s [Jordan Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hall_\\(Boston\\) \"Jordan Hall (Boston)\"). The [Boston Ballet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ballet \"Boston Ballet\") performs at the [Boston Opera House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_\\(1980\\) \"Boston Opera House (1980)\"). Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the [Boston Lyric Opera Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Lyric_Opera \"Boston Lyric Opera\"), [Opera Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Boston \"Opera Boston\"), [Boston Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Baroque \"Boston Baroque\") (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[\\[257\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011175-263) and the [Handel and Haydn Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_and_Haydn_Society \"Handel and Haydn Society\") (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[\\[258\\]](#cite_note-264) The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the [Boston Modern Orchestra Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Modern_Orchestra_Project \"Boston Modern Orchestra Project\") and [Boston Musica Viva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Musica_Viva \"Boston Musica Viva\").[\\[257\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011175-263) Several theaters are in or near the [Theater District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Street_Theatre_District \"Washington Street Theatre District\") south of Boston Common, including the [Cutler Majestic Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutler_Majestic_Theatre \"Cutler Majestic Theatre\"), [Citi Performing Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Performing_Arts_Center \"Citi Performing Arts Center\"), the [Colonial Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Theatre_\\(Boston\\) \"Colonial Theatre (Boston)\"), and the [Orpheum Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_\\(Boston\\) \"Orpheum Theatre (Boston)\").[\\[259\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201153–55-265)\n\nThere are several major annual events, such as [First Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Night \"First Night\") which occurs on New Year's Eve, the [Boston Early Music Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Early_Music_Festival \"Boston Early Music Festival\"), the annual [Boston Arts Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Arts_Festival \"Boston Arts Festival\") at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston [gay pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride \"Gay pride\") parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[\\[260\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011207-266) The city is the site of several events during the [Fourth of July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\\(United_States\\) \"Independence Day (United States)\") period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[\\[261\\]](#cite_note-267) and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\").[\\[262\\]](#cite_note-268)\n\nSeveral historic sites relating to the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\") period are preserved as part of the [Boston National Historical Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_National_Historical_Park \"Boston National Historical Park\") because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the [Freedom Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Trail \"Freedom Trail\"),[\\[263\\]](#cite_note-269) which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.[\\[264\\]](#cite_note-270)\n\nThe city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\") and the [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum \"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\").[\\[265\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011104–108-271) The [Institute of Contemporary Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston \"Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston\") is housed in a contemporary building designed by [Diller Scofidio + Renfro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro \"Diller Scofidio + Renfro\") in the [Seaport District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_District \"Seaport District\").[\\[266\\]](#cite_note-272) Boston's South End Art and Design District ([SoWa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoWa \"SoWa\")) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[\\[267\\]](#cite_note-273)[\\[268\\]](#cite_note-274) Columbia Point is the location of the [University of Massachusetts Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\"), the [Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate \"Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate\"), the [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum \"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum\"), and the [Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Archives \"Massachusetts Archives\"). The [Boston Athenæum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um \"Boston Athenæum\") (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[\\[269\\]](#cite_note-275) [Boston Children's Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum \"Boston Children's Museum\"), [Bull & Finch Pub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_%26_Finch_Pub \"Bull & Finch Pub\") (whose building is known from the television show _[Cheers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers \"Cheers\")_),[\\[270\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011164-276) [Museum of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_\\(Boston\\) \"Museum of Science (Boston)\"), and the [New England Aquarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Aquarium \"New England Aquarium\") are within the city.[\\[271\\]](#cite_note-277)\n\nBoston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston\") serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_\\(Boston\\) \"Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)\") (1875) in the South End, while the [Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Massachusetts \"Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts\") serves just under 200 congregations, with the [Cathedral Church of St. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul,_Boston \"Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Boston\") (1819) as its episcopal seat. [Unitarian Universalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association \"Unitarian Universalist Association\") has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The [Christian Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist \"Church of Christ, Scientist\") are headquartered in Back Bay at the [Mother Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist \"The First Church of Christ, Scientist\") (1894). The oldest church in Boston is [First Church in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_in_Boston \"First Church in Boston\"), founded in 1630.[\\[272\\]](#cite_note-278) [King's Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Chapel \"King's Chapel\") was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to [Unitarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism \"Unitarianism\") in 1785. Other churches include [Old South Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South_Church \"Old South Church\") (1669), Christ Church (better known as [Old North Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church \"Old North Church\"), 1723), the oldest church building in the city, [Trinity Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Boston \"Trinity Church, Boston\") (1733), [Park Street Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Street_Church \"Park Street Church\") (1809), and [Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_and_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help \"Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help\") on [Mission Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston \"Mission Hill, Boston\") (1878).[\\[273\\]](#cite_note-279)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg)\n\n[Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\"), the home stadium of the [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\"). Opened in 1912, Fenway Park is the [oldest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums \"List of Major League Baseball stadiums\") professional baseball stadium still in use.\n\nBoston has teams in [the four major North American men's professional sports leagues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\") plus [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\"). As of [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_by_number_of_professional_sports_championships \"List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships\"), the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).[\\[274\\]](#cite_note-280)\n\nThe [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\"), a founding member of the [American League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League \"American League\") of [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") in 1901, play their home games at [Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\"), near [Kenmore Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenmore_Square \"Kenmore Square\"), in the city's [Fenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore \"Fenway-Kenmore\") section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\"), the [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"), [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\"), and the [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\").[\\[275\\]](#cite_note-281) Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern [World Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\"), in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion [Boston Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americans \"Boston Americans\") and the NL champion [Pittsburgh Pirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\").[\\[276\\]](#cite_note-282)[\\[277\\]](#cite_note-283) Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the \"Boston Pilgrims\" appear to be unfounded.[\\[278\\]](#cite_note-284) Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the [National Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players \"National Association of Professional Base Ball Players\") in 1871, and of the [National League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_\\(baseball\\) \"National League (baseball)\") in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to [Milwaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\") after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") as the [Atlanta Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\").[\\[279\\]](#cite_note-285)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves,_February,_1_2009.jpg)\n\nThe [Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") of the [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") play at [TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\")\n\nThe [TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\"), formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished [Boston Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Garden \"Boston Garden\"), is above [North Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Station \"North Station\") and is the home of two major league teams: the [Boston Bruins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") of the [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") and the [Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") of the [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\"). The Bruins were the first American member of the [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") and an [Original Six](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Six \"Original Six\") franchise.[\\[280\\]](#cite_note-286) The Boston Celtics were founding members of the [Basketball Association of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America \"Basketball Association of America\"), one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[\\[281\\]](#cite_note-287) The Celtics have [won eighteen championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions \"List of NBA champions\"), the most of any NBA team.[\\[282\\]](#cite_note-288)\n\nWhile they have played in suburban [Foxborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts \"Foxborough, Massachusetts\") since 1971, the [New England Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") of the [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[\\[283\\]](#cite_note-289) They share [Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\") with the [New England Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution \"New England Revolution\") of [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\").[\\[284\\]](#cite_note-290)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG)\n\n[Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium \"Harvard Stadium\"), the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S.\n\nThe area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four [NCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") Division I members play in the area—[Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"), [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), and [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\"). Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the [Football Bowl Subdivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision \"NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision\"). Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the [Football Championship Subdivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision \"Football Championship Subdivision\"). These four universities participate in the [Beanpot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanpot_\\(ice_hockey\\) \"Beanpot (ice hockey)\"), an annual men's and women's [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey \"College ice hockey\") tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,[\\[285\\]](#cite_note-291) while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.[\\[286\\]](#cite_note-292)\n\nBoston has [Esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports \"Esports\") teams as well, such as the [Overwatch League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_League \"Overwatch League\") (OWL)'s [Boston Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Uprising \"Boston Uprising\"). Established in 2017,[\\[287\\]](#cite_note-293) they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[\\[288\\]](#cite_note-294) The [Boston Breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Breach \"Boston Breach\") is another esports team in the [Call of Duty League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_League \"Call of Duty League\") (CDL).[\\[289\\]](#cite_note-295)\n\nOne of the best-known sporting events in the city is the [Boston Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon \"Boston Marathon\"), the 26.2 mi (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual [marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon \"Marathon\"),[\\[290\\]](#cite_note-296) run on [Patriots' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriots%27_Day \"Patriots' Day\") in April. The [Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") traditionally play a home game starting around 11 A.M. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.[\\[291\\]](#cite_note-297) Another major annual event is the [Head of the Charles Regatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta \"Head of the Charles Regatta\"), held in October.[\\[292\\]](#cite_note-hocr-harvard-298)\n\nMajor sports teams\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nSport\n\nVenue\n\nCapacity\n\nFounded\n\nChampionships\n\n[Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\")\n\n[MLB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\")\n\nBaseball\n\n[Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\")\n\n37,755\n\n1903\n\n1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018\n\n[Boston Bruins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\")\n\n[NHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\")\n\nIce hockey\n\n[TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\")\n\n17,850\n\n1924\n\n1928–29, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1969–70, 1971–72, 2010–11\n\n[Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\")\n\n[NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\")\n\nBasketball\n\n[TD Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden \"TD Garden\")\n\n19,156\n\n1946\n\n1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1985–86, 2007–08, 2023–24\n\n[New England Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\")\n\n[NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\")\n\nAmerican football\n\n[Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\")\n\n65,878\n\n1960\n\n2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018\n\n[New England Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution \"New England Revolution\")\n\n[MLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\")\n\nSoccer\n\n[Gillette Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium \"Gillette Stadium\")\n\n20,000\n\n1996\n\nNone\n\n## Parks and recreation\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=26 \"Edit section: Parks and recreation\")\\]\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg)\n\nAerial view of [Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\") in [Downtown Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boston \"Downtown Boston\")\n\n[Boston Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common \"Boston Common\"), near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[\\[293\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200561-299) Along with the adjacent [Boston Public Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Garden_\\(Boston\\) \"Public Garden (Boston)\"), it is part of the [Emerald Necklace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Necklace \"Emerald Necklace\"), a string of parks designed by [Frederick Law Olmsted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted \"Frederick Law Olmsted\") to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the [Back Bay Fens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay_Fens \"Back Bay Fens\"), [Arnold Arboretum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum \"Arnold Arboretum\"), [Jamaica Pond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Pond \"Jamaica Pond\"), Boston's largest body of freshwater, and [Franklin Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Park_\\(Boston\\) \"Franklin Park (Boston)\"), the city's largest park and home of the [Franklin Park Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo \"Franklin Park Zoo\").[\\[294\\]](#cite_note-300) Another major park is the [Esplanade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Esplanade \"Charles River Esplanade\"), along the banks of the Charles River. The [Hatch Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Shell \"Hatch Shell\"), an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near [Castle Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Island_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Castle Island (Massachusetts)\") and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[\\[295\\]](#cite_note-301)\n\nBoston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, [The Trust for Public Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land \"Trust for Public Land\") reported Boston was tied with [Sacramento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California \"Sacramento, California\") and [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.[\\[296\\]](#cite_note-302)\n\n_[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")_ is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[\\[297\\]](#cite_note-encyclo_globe-303) and is generally acknowledged as its [paper of record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_of_record \"Paper of record\").[\\[298\\]](#cite_note-Boston_Globe_history-304) The city is also served by other publications such as the _[Boston Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald \"Boston Herald\")_, _[Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_\\(magazine\\) \"Boston (magazine)\") magazine_, _[DigBoston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigBoston \"DigBoston\")_, and the Boston edition of _[Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_International \"Metro International\")_. _[The Christian Science Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor \"The Christian Science Monitor\")_, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[\\[299\\]](#cite_note-csm-media-305) _The Boston Globe_ also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called _Teens in Print_ or _T.i.P._, which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[\\[300\\]](#cite_note-306) _[The Improper Bostonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improper_Bostonian \"The Improper Bostonian\")_, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019.\n\nThe city's growing [Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") population has given rise to a number of local and regional [Spanish-language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") newspapers. These include _[El Planeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Planeta \"El Planeta\")_ (owned by the former publisher of the _[Boston Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_\\(newspaper\\) \"The Phoenix (newspaper)\")_), _El Mundo_, and _La Semana_. _Siglo21_, with its main offices in nearby [Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts \"Lawrence, Massachusetts\"), is also widely distributed.[\\[301\\]](#cite_note-307)\n\nVarious LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as _The Rainbow Times_, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, _The Rainbow Times_ is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[\\[302\\]](#cite_note-308)\n\n### Radio and television\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=29 \"Edit section: Radio and television\")\\]\n\nBoston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[\\[303\\]](#cite_note-309) Several major [AM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting \"AM broadcasting\") stations include [talk radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\") [WRKO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRKO \"WRKO\"), [sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio \"Sports radio\")/talk station [WEEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEEI_\\(AM\\) \"WEEI (AM)\"), and [news radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio \"All-news radio\") [WBZ (AM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ_\\(AM\\) \"WBZ (AM)\"). WBZ is a 50,000 watt \"[clear channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station \"Clear-channel station\")\" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.[\\[304\\]](#cite_note-310) A variety of commercial [FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\") [radio formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format \"Radio format\") serve the area, as do [NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\") stations [WBUR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUR \"WBUR\") and [WGBH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_\\(FM\\) \"WGBH (FM)\"). College and university radio stations include [WERS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WERS \"WERS\") (Emerson), [WHRB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHRB \"WHRB\") (Harvard), [WUMB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUMB \"WUMB\") (UMass Boston), [WMBR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMBR \"WMBR\") (MIT), [WZBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZBC \"WZBC\") (Boston College), [WMFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMFO \"WMFO\") (Tufts University), [WBRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBRS \"WBRS\") (Brandeis University), [WRBB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRBB \"WRBB\") (Northeastern University) and [WMLN-FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMLN-FM \"WMLN-FM\") (Curry College).[\\[305\\]](#cite_note-311)\n\nThe Boston television [DMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_market_area \"Designated market area\"), which also includes [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\"), New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.[\\[306\\]](#cite_note-312) The city is served by stations representing every major [American network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_broadcast_television_networks \"List of United States broadcast television networks\"), including [WBZ-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-TV \"WBZ-TV\") 4 and its sister station [WSBK-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSBK-TV \"WSBK-TV\") 38 (the former a [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") [O&O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\"), the latter an [independent station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station_\\(North_America\\) \"Independent station (North America)\")), [WCVB-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVB-TV \"WCVB-TV\") 5 and its sister station [WMUR-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMUR-TV \"WMUR-TV\") 9 (both [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")), [WHDH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDH_\\(TV\\) \"WHDH (TV)\") 7 and its sister station [WLVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLVI \"WLVI\") 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a [CW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") affiliate), [WBTS-CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBTS-CD \"WBTS-CD\") 15 (an [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") O&O), and [WFXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFXT-TV \"WFXT-TV\") 25 ([Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\")). The city is also home to [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") member station [WGBH-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV \"WGBH-TV\") 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[\\[307\\]](#cite_note-313) which also operates [WGBX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBX \"WGBX\") 44. Spanish-language television networks, including [UniMás](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s \"UniMás\") ([WUTF-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUTF-TV \"WUTF-TV\") 27), [Telemundo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo \"Telemundo\") ([WNEU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNEU \"WNEU\") 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and [Univisión](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univisi%C3%B3n \"Univisión\") ([WUNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUNI \"WUNI\") 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU serving as network [owned-and-operated station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\"). Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby [Needham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts \"Needham, Massachusetts\") and [Newton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\") along the [Route 128 corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\").[\\[308\\]](#cite_note-314) Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.[\\[309\\]](#cite_note-315)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg)\n\n[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), one of the world's most prestigious medical schools\n\nMany of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area \"Longwood Medical and Academic Area\"), adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center \"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\"), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital \"Brigham and Women's Hospital\"), [Boston Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital \"Boston Children's Hospital\"), [Dana–Farber Cancer Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute \"Dana–Farber Cancer Institute\"), and [Joslin Diabetes Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center \"Joslin Diabetes Center\").[\\[310\\]](#cite_note-316) Prominent medical facilities, including [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital \"Massachusetts General Hospital\"), [Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Eye_and_Ear_Infirmary \"Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary\") and [Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaulding_Rehabilitation_Hospital \"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital\") are in the [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\") area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\").[\\[311\\]](#cite_note-317)\n\n[Tufts Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center \"Tufts Medical Center\") (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston \"Chinatown, Boston\") neighborhood, is affiliated with [Tufts University School of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine \"Tufts University School of Medicine\"). [Boston Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Medical_Center \"Boston Medical Center\"), in the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\") neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the [Boston University School of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine \"Boston University School of Medicine\").[\\[312\\]](#cite_note-318)[\\[313\\]](#cite_note-319) [St. Elizabeth's Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Medical_Center_\\(Boston\\) \"St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston)\") is in Brighton Center of the city's [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston \"Brighton, Boston\") neighborhood. [New England Baptist Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Baptist_Hospital \"New England Baptist Hospital\") is in Mission Hill. [The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA_Boston_Healthcare_System \"VA Boston Healthcare System\") in the [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston \"Jamaica Plain, Boston\") and [West Roxbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Boston \"West Roxbury, Boston\") neighborhoods.[\\[314\\]](#cite_note-320)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station,_July_2007.jpg)\n\nAn [MBTA Red Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_\\(MBTA\\) \"Red Line (MBTA)\") train departing Boston for [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"). Over 1.3 million Bostonians utilize the city's buses and trains daily as of 2013.[\\[315\\]](#cite_note-321)\n\n[Logan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport \"Logan International Airport\"), in [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\") and operated by the [Massachusetts Port Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority \"Massachusetts Port Authority\") (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[\\[316\\]](#cite_note-322) Nearby [general aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") airports are [Beverly Regional Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Regional_Airport \"Beverly Regional Airport\") and [Lawrence Municipal Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Municipal_Airport_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"Lawrence Municipal Airport (Massachusetts)\") to the north, [Hanscom Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanscom_Field \"Hanscom Field\") to the west, and [Norwood Memorial Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Memorial_Airport \"Norwood Memorial Airport\") to the south.[\\[317\\]](#cite_note-323) Massport also operates several major facilities within the [Port of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Boston \"Port of Boston\"), including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston \"South Boston\"), and other facilities in [Charlestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston \"Charlestown, Boston\") and [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\").[\\[318\\]](#cite_note-324)\n\nDowntown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a [planned grid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan \"Grid plan\"),[\\[319\\]](#cite_note-325) unlike those in later-developed [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston \"Back Bay, Boston\"), [East Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston \"East Boston\"), the [South End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Boston \"South End, Boston\"), and [South Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Boston \"South Boston, Boston\"). Boston is the eastern terminus of [I-90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90 \"Interstate 90\"), which in Massachusetts runs along the [Massachusetts Turnpike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike \"Massachusetts Turnpike\"). The [Central Artery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Artery \"Central Artery\") follows [I-93](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_93 \"Interstate 93\") as the primary north–south artery that carries most of the through traffic in downtown Boston. Other major highways include [US 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Massachusetts \"U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts\"), which carries traffic to the [North Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"North Shore (Massachusetts)\") and areas south of Boston, [US 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3 \"U.S. Route 3\"), which connects to the northwestern suburbs, [Massachusetts Route 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_3 \"Massachusetts Route 3\"), which connects to the [South Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_\\(Massachusetts\\) \"South Shore (Massachusetts)\") and [Cape Cod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod \"Cape Cod\"), and [Massachusetts Route 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2 \"Massachusetts Route 2\") which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is [Massachusetts Route 128](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128 \"Massachusetts Route 128\"), a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly [I-95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts \"Interstate 95 in Massachusetts\") and I-93).[\\[320\\]](#cite_note-326)\n\nWith nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the [fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_high_transit_ridership \"List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership\").[\\[321\\]](#cite_note-327) The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[\\[322\\]](#cite_note-328) Boston's public transportation agency, the [Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority \"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority\") (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the [Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas \"Americas\") and is the [fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership \"List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership\"),[\\[20\\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201142-20) with 65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.[\\[323\\]](#cite_note-light_rail-329) The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks as well as water shuttles.[\\[323\\]](#cite_note-light_rail-329)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg)\n\n[South Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Station \"South Station\"), the busiest rail hub in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England \"New England\"), is a terminus of [Amtrak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") and numerous [MBTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority \"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority\") rail lines.\n\n[Amtrak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: [South Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Station \"South Station\"), [North Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Station \"North Station\"), [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay_station \"Back Bay station\"), and [Route 128](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_128_station \"Route 128 station\"). South Station is a major [intermodal transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport \"Intermodal passenger transport\") hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's _[Northeast Regional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Regional \"Northeast Regional\")_, _[Acela Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acela_Express \"Acela Express\")_, and _[Lake Shore Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited \"Lake Shore Limited\")_ routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the _Acela Express_ and _Northeast Regional_.[\\[324\\]](#cite_note-330) Meanwhile, Amtrak's _[Downeaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downeaster_\\(train\\) \"Downeaster (train)\")_ to [Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine \"Brunswick, Maine\"), Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[\\[325\\]](#cite_note-331)\n\nNicknamed \"The Walking City\", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the [highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_most_pedestrian_commuters \"List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters\") out of the major American cities.[\\[326\\]](#cite_note-332) As of 2024, [Walk Score](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Score \"Walk Score\") ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.[\\[327\\]](#cite_note-WalkScore-333)\n\n[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg)\n\n[Bluebikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebikes \"Bluebikes\") in Boston\n\nBetween 1999 and 2006, _[Bicycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycling_\\(magazine\\) \"Bicycling (magazine)\")_ magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling;[\\[328\\]](#cite_note-334) regardless, it has one of the highest rates of [bicycle commuting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_commuting \"Bicycle commuting\").[\\[329\\]](#cite_note-335) In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking,[\\[330\\]](#cite_note-336)[\\[331\\]](#cite_note-337) and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[\\[332\\]](#cite_note-338) The bikeshare program [Bluebikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebikes \"Bluebikes\"), originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[\\[333\\]](#cite_note-339) logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[\\[334\\]](#cite_note-340) The neighboring municipalities of [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), [Somerville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"), and [Brookline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\") joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[\\[335\\]](#cite_note-341) In 2016, there were 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city, which in 2022 has increased to 400 stations with a total of 4,000 bikes.[\\[336\\]](#cite_note-342) [PBSC Urban Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBSC_Urban_Solutions \"PBSC Urban Solutions\") provides bicycles and technology for this [bike-sharing system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system \"Bicycle-sharing system\").[\\[337\\]](#cite_note-343)\n\n## International relations\n\n\\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit§ion=33 \"Edit section: International relations\")\\]\n\nThe City of Boston has eleven official [sister cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities \"Twin towns and sister cities\"):[\\[338\\]](#cite_note-344)\n\n*  [Kyoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto \"Kyoto\"), Japan (1959)\n*  [Strasbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\"), France (1960)\n*  [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), Spain (1980)\n*  [Hangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou \"Hangzhou\"), China (1982)\n*  [Padua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), Italy (1983)\n*  [City of Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Melbourne \"City of Melbourne\"), Australia (1985)\n*  [Beira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique \"Beira, Mozambique\"), Mozambique (1990)\n*  [Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), Taiwan (1996)\n*  [Sekondi-Takoradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi \"Sekondi-Takoradi\"), Ghana (2001)\n*  [Belfast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), Northern Ireland (2014)\n*  [Praia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia \"Praia\"), Cape Verde (2015)\n\nBoston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with five additional cities or regions:\n\n* [Outline of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Boston \"Outline of Boston\")\n* [Boston City League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_League \"Boston City League\") (high-school athletic conference)\n* [Boston Citgo Sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Citgo_Sign \"Boston Citgo Sign\")\n* [Boston nicknames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_nicknames \"Boston nicknames\")\n* [Boston–Halifax relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Halifax_relations \"Boston–Halifax relations\")\n* [List of diplomatic missions in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Boston \"List of diplomatic missions in Boston\")\n* [List of people from Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Boston \"List of people from Boston\")\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boston \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston\")\n* [USS _Boston_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boston \"USS Boston\"), seven ships\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-134 \"Jump up\")** The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.\n2. **[^](#cite_ref-138 \"Jump up\")** Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15.\n3. **[^](#cite_ref-142 \"Jump up\")** Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.\n4. **[^](#cite_ref-144 \"Jump up\")** Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[\\[140\\]](#cite_note-ThreadEx-143)\n5. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-fifteen_165-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-fifteen_165-1) From 15% sample\n6. **[^](#cite_ref-240 \"Jump up\")** Since the [Massachusetts State House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House \"Massachusetts State House\") is located in the city's [Beacon Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston \"Beacon Hill, Boston\") neighborhood, the term \"Beacon Hill\" is used as a [metonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonym \"Metonym\") for the Massachusetts state government.[\\[233\\]](#cite_note-238)[\\[234\\]](#cite_note-239)\n\n1. **[^](#cite_ref-1 \"Jump up\")** [\"List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments\"](https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm). _sec.state.ma.us_. [Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts \"Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406103933/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2016.\n2. **[^](#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_2-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\"](https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.\n3. **[^](#cite_ref-3 \"Jump up\")** [\"Geographic Names Information System\"](https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/617565). _edits.nationalmap.gov_. Retrieved May 5, 2023.\n4. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-QuickFacts_4-4) [\"QuickFacts: Boston city, Massachusetts\"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bostoncitymassachusetts/PST045222). _census.gov_. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.\n5. **[^](#cite_ref-urban_area_5-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas\"](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html). _census.gov_. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.\n6. **[^](#cite_ref-2020Pop_6-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"2020 Population and Housing State Data\"](https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html). United States Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html) from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.\n7. **[^](#cite_ref-7 \"Jump up\")** [\"Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (MSA)\"](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP14460). _fred.stlouisfed.org_.\n8. **[^](#cite_ref-8 \"Jump up\")** [\"ZIP Code Lookup – Search By City\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070903025217/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp). United States Postal Service. Archived from [the original](http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp) on September 3, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2009.\n9. **[^](#cite_ref-9 \"Jump up\")** ([Wells, John C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells \"John C. Wells\") (2008). _Longman Pronunciation Dictionary_ (3rd ed.). Longman. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4058-8118-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0\").)\n10. **[^](#cite_ref-10 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston by the Numbers: Land Area and Use\"](http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/86dd4b02-a7f3-499e-874e-53b7e8be4770#:~:text=%E2%80%94%20With%20a%20land%20area%20of,up%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Massachusetts.). Boston Redevelopment Authority. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180825134447/http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/86dd4b02-a7f3-499e-874e-53b7e8be4770#:~:text=%E2%80%94%20With%20a%20land%20area%20of,up%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Massachusetts.) from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n11. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonMetroPopulation_11-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates\"](https://archive.today/20200213114755/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/310M300US14460). [United States Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Archived from [the original](https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/310M300US14460) on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.\n12. **[^](#cite_ref-12 \"Jump up\")** [\"OMB Bulletin No. 20-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas\"](https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bulletin-20-01.pdf) (PDF). [United States Office of Management and Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget \"United States Office of Management and Budget\"). March 6, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200420165403/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bulletin-20-01.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2021.\n13. **[^](#cite_ref-13 \"Jump up\")** [\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA\"](https://archive.today/20200213085551/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/330M300US148). United States Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPANNRES/330M300US148) on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.\n14. **[^](#cite_ref-history_14-0 \"Jump up\")**\n15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199411–12_15-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), pp. 11–12.\n16. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-AboutBoston_16-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-AboutBoston_16-1) [\"About Boston\"](http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp). City of Boston. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093243/http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about.asp) from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016.\n17. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20058_17-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20058_17-1) [Morris 2005](#CITEREFMorris2005), p. 8.\n18. **[^](#cite_ref-18 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston Common | The Freedom Trail\"](https://www.thefreedomtrail.org/trail-sites/boston-common). _www.thefreedomtrail.org_. Retrieved February 8, 2024.\n19. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-BPS_19-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BPS_19-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-BPS_19-2) [\"BPS at a Glance\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070403011648/http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp). Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp#students) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.\n20. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull201142_20-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull201142_20-1) [Hull 2011](#CITEREFHull2011), p. 42.\n21. **[^](#cite_ref-AcademicRanking2_21-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"World Reputation Rankings\"](https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only). April 21, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160612000603/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only) from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.\n22. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonLargestBiotechHubWorld_22-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston is Now the Largest Biotech Hub in the World\"](https://www.epmscientific.com/blog/2023/02/boston-is-now-the-largest-biotech-hub). EPM Scientific. February 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.\n23. **[^](#cite_ref-VentureCapitalBoston1_23-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Venture Investment – Regional Aggregate Data\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160408104240/http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/). National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from [the original](http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/) on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.\n24. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Kirsner_24-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Kirsner_24-1) Kirsner, Scott (July 20, 2010). [\"Boston is #1 ... But will we hold on to the top spot? – Innovation Economy\"](http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/07/boston_is_1but_will_we_hold_on.html). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222353/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/07/boston_is_1but_will_we_hold_on.html) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2010.\n25. **[^](#cite_ref-25 \"Jump up\")** [Innovation that Matters 2016](http://www.1776.vc/reports/innovation-that-matters-2016/) (Report). US Chamber of Commerce. 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406112510/https://www.1776.vc/reports/innovation-that-matters-2016/) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2016.\n26. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonAIHub_26-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution\"](https://venturefizz.com/stories/boston/why-boston-will-be-star-ai-revolution#:~:text=Boston%20startups%20are%20working%20to,include%20Lightmatter%20and%20Forge.ai.). VentureFizz. October 24, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2023. Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back, and they're attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process.\n27. **[^](#cite_ref-BostonFinance_27-0 \"Jump up\")** [\\[1\\]](https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190805061330/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf) August 5, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Accessed October 7, 2018.\n28. **[^](#cite_ref-28 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Boston Economy in 2010\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120730182721/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications//TheBostonEconomyin2010.pdf) (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. January 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/PDF/ResearchPublications/TheBostonEconomyin2010.pdf) (PDF) on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n29. **[^](#cite_ref-transfer_of_wealth_29-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Transfer of Wealth in Boston\"](http://www.tbf.org/~/media/TBFOrg/Files/Reports/Wealth%20Transfer%20Report%202013.pdf) (PDF). [The Boston Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Foundation \"The Boston Foundation\"). March 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190412072452/https://www.tbf.org/~/media/TBFOrg/Files/Reports/Wealth) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2015.\n30. **[^](#cite_ref-30 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston Ranked Most Energy-Efficient City in the US\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070518/https://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=6332). City Government of Boston. September 18, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=6332) on March 30, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2015.\n31. **[^](#cite_ref-31 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston\"](https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/boston-massachusetts). _HISTORY_. March 13, 2019.\n32. **[^](#cite_ref-DNB1_32-0 \"Jump up\")**  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain \"Public domain\"): Goodwin, Gordon (1892). \"[Johnson, Isaac](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Johnson,_Isaac \"s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, Isaac\")\". _[Dictionary of National Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography \"Dictionary of National Biography\")_. Vol. 30. p. 15.\n33. **[^](#cite_ref-Weston_33-0 \"Jump up\")** Weston, George F. _Boston Ways: High, By & Folk_, Beacon Press: Beacon Hill, Boston, p.11–15 (1957).\n34. **[^](#cite_ref-34 \"Jump up\")** [\"Guide | Town of Boston | City of Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130420050502/https://www.cityofboston.gov/archivesandrecords/guide/town.asp). Archived from [the original](http://www.cityofboston.gov/archivesandrecords/guide/town.asp) on April 20, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.\n35. **[^](#cite_ref-KAY_35-0 \"Jump up\")** Kay, Jane Holtz, _[Lost Boston](https://books.google.com/books?id=AhX-TaJKC6AC)_, Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 2006. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781558495272](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558495272 \"Special:BookSources/9781558495272\"). Cf. [p.4](https://books.google.com/books?id=AhX-TaJKC6AC&q=botolph)\n36. **[^](#cite_ref-CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA_36-0 \"Jump up\")** Thurston, H. (1907). \"St. Botulph.\" _The Catholic Encyclopedia_. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from New Advent: [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm)\n37. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-jplains_37-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-jplains_37-1) [\"Native Americans in Jamaica Plain\"](https://www.jphs.org/colonial-era/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html). Jamaica Plains Historical Society. April 10, 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171210220202/https://www.jphs.org/colonial-era/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html) from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n38. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-nariver_38-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-nariver_38-1) [\"The Native Americans' River\"](http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hsb41/Changing_Course/native_americans.html). Harvard College. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150711052312/http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hsb41/Changing_Course/native_americans.html) from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n39. **[^](#cite_ref-39 \"Jump up\")** Bilis, Madeline (September 15, 2016). [\"TBT: The Village of Shawmut Becomes Boston\"](https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/09/15/shawmut-boston/). _Boston Magazine_. Retrieved December 18, 2023.\n40. **[^](#cite_ref-40 \"Jump up\")** [\"The History of the Neponset Band of the Indigenous Massachusett Tribe – The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag\"](https://massachusetttribe.org/the-history-of-the-neponset). Retrieved December 18, 2023.\n41. **[^](#cite_ref-41 \"Jump up\")** [\"Chickataubut\"](https://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut). The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190611090719/http://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut) from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n42. **[^](#cite_ref-42 \"Jump up\")** Morison, Samuel Eliot (1932). _English University Men Who Emigrated to New England Before 1646: An Advanced Printing of Appendix B to the History of Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century_. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 10.\n43. **[^](#cite_ref-43 \"Jump up\")** Morison, Samuel Eliot (1963). _The Founding of Harvard College_. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780674314504](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674314504 \"Special:BookSources/9780674314504\").\n44. **[^](#cite_ref-44 \"Jump up\")** Banks, Charles Edward (1937). _Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620–1650_. The Bertram press. p. 96.\n45. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646_45-0 \"Jump up\")** [Christopher 2006](#CITEREFChristopher2006), p. 46.\n46. **[^](#cite_ref-46 \"Jump up\")** [\"\"Growth\" to Boston in its Heyday, 1640s to 1730s\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723034439/http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf) (PDF). Boston History & Innovation Collaborative. 2006. p. 2. Archived from [the original](http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf) (PDF) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n47. **[^](#cite_ref-47 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston\"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Boston). [Encyclopedia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica \"Encyclopedia Britannica\"). April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.\n48. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-newamernation_48-4) Smith, Robert W. (2005). _Encyclopedia of the New American Nation_ (1st ed.). Detroit, MI: [Charles Scribner's Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons \"Charles Scribner's Sons\"). pp. 214–219. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0684313467](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684313467 \"Special:BookSources/978-0684313467\").\n49. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-empireontheedge_49-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-empireontheedge_49-1) Bunker, Nick (2014). _An Empire on the Edge: How Britain Came to Fight America_. Knopf. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0307594846](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307594846 \"Special:BookSources/978-0307594846\").\n50. **[^](#cite_ref-50 \"Jump up\")** Dawson, Henry B. (1858). [_Battles of the United States, by sea and land: embracing those of the Revolutionary and Indian Wars, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War; with important official documents_](https://archive.org/details/battlesofuniteds01daws_0). New York, NY: Johnson, Fry & Company.\n51. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20057_51-0 \"Jump up\")** [Morris 2005](#CITEREFMorris2005), p. 7.\n52. **[^](#cite_ref-52 \"Jump up\")** Morgan, Edmund S. (1946). \"Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act\". _The New England Quarterly_. **21** (4): 459–492. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.2307/361566](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F361566). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0028-4866](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [361566](https://www.jstor.org/stable/361566).\n53. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-frothingham_53-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-frothingham_53-1) Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1851). [_History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill_](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ). Little and Brown. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160623231826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ) from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2018.\n54. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-allemn_54-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-allemn_54-1) [French, Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_French \"Allen French\") (1911). [_The Siege of Boston_](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C). Macmillan.\n55. **[^](#cite_ref-1776book_55-0 \"Jump up\")** McCullough, David (2005). [_1776_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_\\(book\\) \"1776 (book)\"). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7432-2671-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4\").\n56. **[^](#cite_ref-56 \"Jump up\")** Hubbard, Robert Ernest. _Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the \"Father of Ohio,\"_ pp. 45–8, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4766-7862-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7\").\n57. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446_57-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), p. 46.\n58. **[^](#cite_ref-BosLitHist_58-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Home page\"](http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/) (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). _Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History_. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045450/http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2012.\n59. **[^](#cite_ref-BosLitHistMap_59-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862\"](http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf) (Exhibition). _Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History_. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025723/http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.\n60. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444_60-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), p. 44.\n61. **[^](#cite_ref-61 \"Jump up\")** B. Rosenbaum, Julia (2006). _Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity_. Cornell University Press. p. 45. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780801444708](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801444708 \"Special:BookSources/9780801444708\"). By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.\n62. **[^](#cite_ref-62 \"Jump up\")** C. Holloran, Peter (1989). _Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930_. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780838632970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838632970 \"Special:BookSources/9780838632970\").\n63. **[^](#cite_ref-63 \"Jump up\")** J. Harp, Gillis (2003). _Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism_. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780742571983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742571983 \"Special:BookSources/9780742571983\").\n64. **[^](#cite_ref-64 \"Jump up\")** Dilworth, Richardson (September 13, 2011). [_Cities in American Political History_](https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28). [SAGE Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications \"SAGE Publications\"). p. 28. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780872899117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872899117 \"Special:BookSources/9780872899117\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010051/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28) from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021.\n65. **[^](#cite_ref-65 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston African American National Historic Site\"](http://www.nps.gov/boaf/). National Park Service. April 28, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101106003641/http://www.nps.gov/boaf/) from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2007.\n66. **[^](#cite_ref-66 \"Jump up\")** [\"Fugitive Slave Law\"](http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm). The Massachusetts Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171027215133/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm) from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n67. **[^](#cite_ref-67 \"Jump up\")** [\"The \"Trial\" of Anthony Burns\"](http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm). The Massachusetts Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170922215411/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm) from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n68. **[^](#cite_ref-68 \"Jump up\")** [\"150th Anniversary of Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080520121923/http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html). Suffolk University. April 24, 2004. Archived from [the original](http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html) on May 20, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n69. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-city_charter_69-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-city_charter_69-1) State Street Trust Company; Walton Advertising & Printing Company (1922). [_Boston: one hundred years a city_](https://archive.org/stream/bostononehundred02stat/bostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt) (TXT). Vol. 2. Boston: State Street Trust Company. Retrieved April 20, 2009.\n70. **[^](#cite_ref-70 \"Jump up\")** [\"People & Events: Boston's Immigrant Population\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011184015/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html). WGBH/PBS Online (American Experience). 2003. Archived from [the original](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html) on October 11, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.\n71. **[^](#cite_ref-71 \"Jump up\")** [\"Immigration Records\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032711/http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html). The National Archives. Archived from [the original](https://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html) on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.\n72. **[^](#cite_ref-72 \"Jump up\")** Puleo, Stephen (2007). [\"Epilogue: Today\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC). [_The Boston Italians_](https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC) (illustrated ed.). Beacon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-8070-5036-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5036-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5036-1\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234949/https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC) from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2009.\n73. **[^](#cite_ref-73 \"Jump up\")** [\"Faith, Spirituality, and Religion\"](http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/). American College Personnel Association. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152524/http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2020.\n74. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286_74-0 \"Jump up\")** [Bolino 2012](#CITEREFBolino2012), pp. 285–286.\n75. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-landfills_75-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-landfills_75-1) [\"The History of Land Fill in Boston\"](http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm). iBoston.org. 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030505/http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm) from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2006.. Also see Howe, Jeffery (1996). [\"Boston: History of the Landfills\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070410073014/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html). Boston College. Archived from [the original](http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html) on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.\n76. **[^](#cite_ref-76 \"Jump up\")** _Historical Atlas of Massachusetts_. University of Massachusetts. 1991. p. 37.\n77. **[^](#cite_ref-77 \"Jump up\")** Holleran, Michael (2001). [\"Problems with Change\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC&pg=PA39). [_Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America_](https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC). [The Johns Hopkins University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press \"The Johns Hopkins University Press\"). p. 41. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-8018-6644-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6644-9 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6644-9\"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204135541/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2010.\n78. **[^](#cite_ref-78 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")_. March 26, 1892. p. 11. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045216/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html) from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2010.\n79. **[^](#cite_ref-79 \"Jump up\")** Rezendes, Michael (October 13, 1991). [\"Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035734/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991). _The Boston Globe_. p. 80. Archived from [the original](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.\n80. **[^](#cite_ref-80 \"Jump up\")** Estes, Andrea; Cafasso, Ed (September 9, 1991). [\"Flynn offers to annex Chelsea\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035906/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9,+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea). _[Boston Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald \"Boston Herald\")_. p. 1. Archived from [the original](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9%2C+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.\n81. **[^](#cite_ref-81 \"Jump up\")** [\"Horticultural Hall, Boston - Lost New England\"](https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/). _Lost New England_. January 18, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083542/https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/) from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n82. **[^](#cite_ref-82 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Tennis and Racquet Club (T&R)\"](http://tandr.org/). _The Tennis and Racquet Club (T&R)_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210120223258/http://tandr.org/) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n83. **[^](#cite_ref-83 \"Jump up\")** [\"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum | Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\"](https://www.gardnermuseum.org/). _www.gardnermuseum.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210405144803/https://www.gardnermuseum.org/) from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n84. **[^](#cite_ref-84 \"Jump up\")** [\"Fenway Studios\"](https://fenwaystudios.org/). _fenwaystudios.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210210235011/https://fenwaystudios.org/) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n85. **[^](#cite_ref-85 \"Jump up\")** [\"Jordan Hall History\"](https://necmusic.edu/jordan-hall). _necmusic.edu_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511042514/https://necmusic.edu/jordan-hall) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n86. **[^](#cite_ref-86 \"Jump up\")** [\"How the Longfellow Bridge Got its Name\"](https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/longfellow-bridge-got-name/). November 23, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065319/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/longfellow-bridge-got-name/) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n87. **[^](#cite_ref-87 \"Jump up\")** Guide, Boston Discovery. [\"Make Way for Ducklings | Boston Discovery Guide\"](https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/make-way-for-ducklings.html). _www.boston-discovery-guide.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224075716/https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/make-way-for-ducklings.html) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n88. **[^](#cite_ref-88 \"Jump up\")** Tikkanen, Amy (April 17, 2023). [\"Fenway Park\"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Fenway-Park). [Encyclopedia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica \"Encyclopedia Britannica\"). Retrieved May 3, 2023.\n89. **[^](#cite_ref-89 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston Bruins History\"](https://www.nhl.com/bruins/team/history). _Boston Bruins_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210201205300/https://www.nhl.com/bruins/team/history) from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.\n90. **[^](#cite_ref-90 \"Jump up\")** [\"Lt. General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport : A history\"](http://web.mit.edu/rama/www/logan_history.htm). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20030503173451/http://web.mit.edu/rama/www/logan_history.htm) from the original on May 3, 2003. Retrieved September 21, 2021.\n91. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluestoneStevenson200213_91-0 \"Jump up\")** [Bluestone & Stevenson 2002](#CITEREFBluestoneStevenson2002), p. 13.\n92. **[^](#cite_ref-92 \"Jump up\")** Collins, Monica (August 7, 2005). [\"Born Again\"](http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165937/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2007.\n93. **[^](#cite_ref-93 \"Jump up\")** Roessner, Jane (2000). [_A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point – A Community History_](https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes). Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. [80](https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes/page/80). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-55553-436-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-436-3 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-436-3\").\n94. **[^](#cite_ref-Roessner_94-0 \"Jump up\")** Cf. Roessner, p.293. \"The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992.\"\n95. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994195_95-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), p. 195.\n96. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994194–195_96-0 \"Jump up\")** [Kennedy 1994](#CITEREFKennedy1994), pp. 194–195.\n97. **[^](#cite_ref-97 \"Jump up\")** Hampson, Rick (April 19, 2005). [\"Studies: Gentrification a boost for everyone\"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm). _USA Today_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203315/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm) from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2009.\n98. **[^](#cite_ref-Heudorfer_98-0 \"Jump up\")** Heudorfer, Bonnie; Bluestone, Barry. [\"The Greater Boston Housing Report Card\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061108003526/http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf) (PDF). Center for Urban and Regional Policy (CURP), Northeastern University. p. 6. Archived from [the original](http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf) (PDF) on November 8, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2016.\n99. **[^](#cite_ref-99 \"Jump up\")** Feeney, Mark; Mehegan, David (April 15, 2005). [\"Atlantic, 148-year institution, leaving city\"](http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221240/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2007.\n100. **[^](#cite_ref-100 \"Jump up\")** [\"FleetBoston, Bank of America Merger Approved by Fed\"](http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/). _The Boston Globe_. March 9, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101331/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n101. **[^](#cite_ref-101 \"Jump up\")** Abelson, Jenn; Palmer, Thomas C. Jr. (July 29, 2005). [\"It's Official: Filene's Brand Will Be Gone\"](http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053514/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2013.\n102. **[^](#cite_ref-102 \"Jump up\")** Glaberson, William (June 11, 1993). [\"Largest Newspaper Deal in U.S. – N.Y. Times Buys Boston Globe for $1.1 Billion\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151). _Pittsburgh Post-Gazette_. p. B-12. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015226/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151) from the original on May 11, 2021. 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[\"Marathon injury toll jumps to 260\"](http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/marathon_injury_toll_jumps_to_260). _Boston Herald_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130424191621/http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/marathon_injury_toll_jumps_to_260) from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.\n106. **[^](#cite_ref-106 \"Jump up\")** Golen, Jimmy (April 13, 2023). [\"Survival diaries: Decade on, Boston Marathon bombing echoes\"](https://apnews.com/article/boston-marathon-bombing-survivors-9a0bcba9158e42efa2149cb7cb8b218e). [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). Retrieved August 17, 2024.\n107. **[^](#cite_ref-107 \"Jump up\")** [\"The life and death of Boston's Olympic bid\"](https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2016/08/04/the-life-and-death-of-bostons-olympic-bid). August 4, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210510215450/https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2016/08/04/the-life-and-death-of-bostons-olympic-bid) from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2017.\n108. **[^](#cite_ref-108 \"Jump up\")** Futterman, Matthew (September 13, 2017). [\"Los Angeles Is Officially Awarded the 2028 Olympics\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/los-angeles-is-officially-awarded-the-2028-olympics-1505327430). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")_. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225210/https://www.wsj.com/articles/los-angeles-is-officially-awarded-the-2028-olympics-1505327430) from the original on March 8, 2021. 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Retrieved November 18, 2023.\n132. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-6) [_**h**_](#cite_ref-NWS_Boston,_MA_\\(BOX\\)_132-7) [\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\"](https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=box). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"). 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Retrieved July 18, 2020.\n143. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston_147-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston_147-1) [\"Boston, Massachusetts, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data\"](https://www.weather-us.com/en/massachusetts-usa/boston-climate). Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.\n144. **[^](#cite_ref-2010_Census_148-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1\"](http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk). _American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts_. United States Census Bureau. 2010.\n145. **[^](#cite_ref-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates_149-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates\"](http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US25&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-T1&-ds_name=PEP_2009_EST&-_lang=en&-format=ST-9&-_sse=on). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n146. **[^](#cite_ref-1990_Census_150-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts\"](http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp1/cp-1-23.pdf) (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n147. **[^](#cite_ref-1980_Census_151-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_maABC-01.pdf) (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n148. **[^](#cite_ref-1950_Census_152-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1950 Census of Population\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf) (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. 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Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n151. **[^](#cite_ref-1870_Census_155-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1870 Census of the Population\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-05.pdf) (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n152. **[^](#cite_ref-1860_Census_156-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1860 Census\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-08.pdf) (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.\n153. **[^](#cite_ref-1850_Census_157-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"1850 Census\"](http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf) (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. 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Retrieved August 17, 2020.\n156. **[^](#cite_ref-160 \"Jump up\")** [\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020−2022\"](https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html). [United States Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Retrieved November 25, 2023.\n157. **[^](#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_161-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Census of Population and Housing\"](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html). Census.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html) from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.\n158. **[^](#cite_ref-162 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston, MA | Data USA\"](https://datausa.io/profile/geo/boston-ma/). _datausa.io_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220331105713/https://datausa.io/profile/geo/boston-ma/) from the original on March 31, 2022. 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152313/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/) from the original on March 8, 2021.\n180. **[^](#cite_ref-185 \"Jump up\")** [\"America's Changing Religious Landscape\"](https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/). [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center \"Pew Research Center\"): Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054944/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/) from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2015.\n181. **[^](#cite_ref-186 \"Jump up\")** [\"The Association of Religion Data Archives – Maps & Reports\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131736/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/m/14460/rcms2010_14460_metro_name_2010.asp). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114553/https://www.bostonpublicschools.org/cms/lib07/MA01906464/Centricity/Domain/238/BPS%20at%20a%20Glance%2014-0502.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2014.\n206. **[^](#cite_ref-211 \"Jump up\")** [\"Metco Program\"](http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/). Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education. June 16, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301041505/http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2013.\n207. **[^](#cite_ref-212 \"Jump up\")** Amir Vera (September 10, 2019). [\"Boston is giving every public school kindergartner $50 to promote saving for college or career training\"](https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/us/boston-public-schools-kindergartners-college-trnd/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211113151358/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/boston-education-overview-brainpower-triangle) from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.\n210. **[^](#cite_ref-215 \"Jump up\")** [\"Brainpower Triangle Cambridge Massachusetts – New Media Technology and Tech Clusters\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160714170557/http://www.thenew-media.info/cambridge-usa.htm). _The New Media_. Archived from [the original](http://www.thenew-media.info/cambridge-usa.htm) on July 14, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.\n211. **[^](#cite_ref-216 \"Jump up\")** Kladko, Brian (April 20, 2007). [\"Crimson Tide\"](http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2007/04/23/story2.html). _Boston Business Journal_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010056/https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2007/04/23/story2.html) from the original on April 18, 2022. 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August 2, 2002. p. 52. Retrieved August 16, 2024.\n318. **[^](#cite_ref-324 \"Jump up\")** [\"About Port of Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130225202220/http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx). Massport. 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.massport.com/port-of-boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx) on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.\n319. **[^](#cite_ref-325 \"Jump up\")** Shurtleff, Arthur A. (January 1911). [\"The Street Plan of the Metropolitan District of Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101029071305/http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/shurbos.htm). _Landscape Architecture 1_: 71–83. Archived from [the original](http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/shurbos.htm) on October 29, 2010.\n320. **[^](#cite_ref-326 \"Jump up\")** [\"Massachusetts Official Transportation Map\"](https://www.mass.gov/doc/official-transportation-map-english/download). Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.\n321. **[^](#cite_ref-327 \"Jump up\")** [\"Census and You\"](https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/pio/cay961a2.pdf) (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406104429/https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/pio/cay961a2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007.\n322. **[^](#cite_ref-328 \"Jump up\")** [\"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map\"](http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html). _Governing_. December 9, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html) from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.\n323. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](#cite_ref-light_rail_329-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-light_rail_329-1) [\"Boston: Light Rail Transit Overview\"](http://www.lightrailnow.org/facts/fa_bos001.htm). Light Rail Progress. May 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210406104432/https://www.lightrailnow.org/facts/fa_bos001.htm) from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2007.\n324. **[^](#cite_ref-330 \"Jump up\")** [\"Westwood—Route 128 Station, MA (RTE)\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080822004651/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550818&ssid=93). Amtrak. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550818&ssid=93) on August 22, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007.\n325. **[^](#cite_ref-331 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston—South Station, MA (BOS)\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080418170534/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93). Amtrak. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93) on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007.\n326. **[^](#cite_ref-332 \"Jump up\")** Of cities over 250,000 [\"Carfree Database Results – Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000)\"](http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0.). Bikes at Work Inc. 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190239/http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=*&lower_pop=250000&upper_pop=999999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0.) from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007.\n327. **[^](#cite_ref-WalkScore_333-0 \"Jump up\")** [\"Boston\"](http://www.walkscore.com/MA/Boston). _Walk Score_. 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.\n328. **[^](#cite_ref-334 \"Jump up\")** Zezima, Katie (August 8, 2009). [\"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html). _The New York Times_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309215959/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2015.\n329. **[^](#cite_ref-335 \"Jump up\")** [\"Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them – Another Look\"](http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf) (PDF). Dill bike facilities. 2003. p. 5. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070613235942/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP178/Dill_bike_facilities.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.\n330. **[^](#cite_ref-336 \"Jump up\")** Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). [\"Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html). _The New York Times_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309215959/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2009.\n331. **[^](#cite_ref-337 \"Jump up\")** [\"A Future Best City: Boston\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100211195827/https://pikroll.com/best-touring-bikes/). Rodale Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.bicycling.com/article/0,6610,s1-2-13-17078-1,00.html) on February 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.\n332. **[^](#cite_ref-338 \"Jump up\")** [\"Is Bicycle Commuting Really Catching On? And if So, Where?\"](http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2011/09/substantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation/161/). The Atlantic Media Company. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121021223406/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2011/09/substantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation/161/) from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011.\n333. **[^](#cite_ref-339 \"Jump up\")** Moskowitz, Eric (April 21, 2011). [\"Hub set to launch bike-share program\"](http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194948/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/) from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013.\n334. **[^](#cite_ref-340 \"Jump up\")** Fox, Jeremy C. (March 29, 2012). [\"Hubway bike system to be fully launched by April 1\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120514180018/http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-29/yourtown/31255679_1_bike-stations-miles-of-bike-lane-new-bike-lines). _The Boston Globe_. Archived from [the original](http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-29/yourtown/31255679_1_bike-stations-miles-of-bike-lane-new-bike-lines) on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.\n335. **[^](#cite_ref-341 \"Jump up\")** Franzini, Laura E. (August 8, 2012). [\"Hubway expands to Brookline, Somerville, Cambridge\"](http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2012/08/hubway_expands_to_brookline_so.html). _The Boston Globe_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220558/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2012/08/hubway_expands_to_brookline_so.html) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2013.\n336. **[^](#cite_ref-342 \"Jump up\")** [\"Hubway Bikes Boston | PBSC\"](https://www.pbsc.com/city/boston/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160817000736/https://www.pbsc.com/city/boston/) from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.\n337. **[^](#cite_ref-343 \"Jump up\")** RedEye (May 8, 2015). [\"Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations\"](http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160815075453/http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html) from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.\n338. **[^](#cite_ref-344 \"Jump up\")** [\"Sister Cities\"](https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities). City of Boston. July 18, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195041/https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n339. **[^](#cite_ref-345 \"Jump up\")** [\"Friendly Cities\"](http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm). Guangzhou People's Government. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213249/http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n340. **[^](#cite_ref-346 \"Jump up\")** City of Boston (February 10, 2016). [\"MAYOR WALSH SIGNS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH LYON, FRANCE VICE-MAYOR KARIN DOGNIN-SAUZE\"](https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze). City of Boston. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031456/https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n341. **[^](#cite_ref-347 \"Jump up\")** [\"CITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINS BOSTON, COPENHAGEN IN CLIMATE MEMORANDUM OF COLLABORATION\"](https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration). City of Cambridge. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195049/https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2017.\n342. **[^](#cite_ref-348 \"Jump up\")** Boston City TV (April 4, 2017). [\"Memorandum of Understanding with Mexico City's Mayor Mancera – Promo\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8ug7joD9aw). City of Boston. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/F8ug7joD9aw) from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n343. **[^](#cite_ref-349 \"Jump up\")** Derry City & Strabane District Council (November 17, 2017). [\"Ireland North West and City of Boston sign MOU\"](http://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston). Derry City & Strabane District Council. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210305082231/https://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston) from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.\n\n* Bluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). _The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis_. Russell Sage Foundation. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-61044-072-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-072-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-072-1\").\n* Bolino, August C. (2012). _Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society_. iUniverse. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4759-3376-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-3376-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-3376-5\").\n* Christopher, Paul J. (2006). _50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit_. Encouragement Press, LLC. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-933766-01-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933766-01-0 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-933766-01-0\").\n* Hull, Sarah (2011). _The Rough Guide to Boston_ (6 ed.). Penguin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4053-8247-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8247-2 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8247-2\").\n* Kennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). _Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630_. University of Massachusetts Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-87023-923-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-923-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-923-6\").\n* Morris, Jerry (2005). [_The Boston Globe Guide to Boston_](https://archive.org/details/bostonglobeguide00jerr). Globe Pequot. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7627-3430-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3430-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3430-6\").\n* Vorhees, Mara (2009). _Lonely Planet Boston City Guide_ (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-74179-178-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-178-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-178-5\").\n\n* Beagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006). _Boston: A Pictorial Celebration_. Sterling Publishing Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4027-1977-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-1977-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-1977-6\").\n* Brown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). [_Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub_](https://archive.org/details/bostonssecretspa0000unse) (1st ed.). Globe Pequot. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7627-5062-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5062-7 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5062-7\").\n* Hantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (200). _City in Time: Boston_. Sterling Publishing Company8. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-4027-3300-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3300-0 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3300-0\").\n* Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). [_Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980_](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-313-21134-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21134-8 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21134-8\"). Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980—see [index at pp. 406–411](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1/page/406/mode/2up) for list.\n* O'Connell, James C. (2013). [_The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth_](https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5SjKPbaGoC). MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-262-01875-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01875-3 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01875-3\").\n* O'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). _Boston: A to Z_. Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-674-00310-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00310-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00310-1\").\n* Price, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). [_Boston's Immigrants, 1840–1925_](https://books.google.com/books?id=RbMBOZux_Js). Arcadia Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7524-0921-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-0921-4 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-0921-4\").\\[_[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot \"Wikipedia:Link rot\")_\\]\n* Krieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. (2001). _Mapping Boston_. MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-262-61173-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61173-2 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61173-2\").\n* Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). [_Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston_](https://archive.org/details/gaininggroundhis0000seas). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press \"MIT Press\"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-262-19494-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19494-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19494-5\").\n* Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). [_Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000_](https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0) (2nd ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-55849-201-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-201-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-201-1\").\n* Southworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). _AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods_ (3rd ed.). Globe Pequot. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-7627-4337-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4337-7 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4337-7\").\n* Vrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). [_When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac_](https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv_0). Northeastern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1-55553-620-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-620-6 \"Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-620-6\").\n* Whitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). [_Boston: A Topographical History_](https://archive.org/details/bostontopographi00whit_1) (3rd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-0-674-00268-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00268-5 \"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00268-5\").\n\n* [Official website](http://boston.gov/)\n* [Visit Boston](http://www.bostonusa.com/), official tourism website\n*  Geographic data related to [Boston](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2315704) at [OpenStreetMap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap \"OpenStreetMap\")\n* [\"Boston\"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Boston) . [_The New Student's Reference Work_](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work) . 1914.\n* [\"Boston\"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boston_\\(Massachusetts\\)) . _[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition \"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\")_. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–296.\n* [Historical Maps of Boston](https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=%22Boston+%28Mass.%29--Maps%22&search_field=subject) from the [Norman B. Leventhal Map Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_B._Leventhal_Map_Center \"Norman B. Leventhal Map Center\") at the [Boston Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library \"Boston Public Library\")\n* [Boston](https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Massachusetts/Localities/B/Boston) at [Curlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie \"Curlie\")",
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+ "text": "Boston UniversityBostoniaBU TodayThe Brinkcgs bacteria homepage loop from Boston University on VimeoBU TodayBU TodayBU TodayBU Today\nNotice of Non-Discrimination: Boston University prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, natural or protective hairstyle, religion, sex or gender, age, national origin, ethnicity, shared ancestry and ethnic characteristics, physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, genetic information, pregnancy or pregnancy-related condition, military service, marital, parental, veteran status, or any other legally protected status in any and all educational programs or activities operated by Boston University. Retaliation is also prohibited. Please refer questions or concerns about Title IX, discrimination based on any other status protected by law or BU policy, or retaliation to Boston University’s Executive Director of Equal Opportunity/Title IX Coordinator, at titleix@bu.edu or (617) 358-1796. Read Boston University’s full Notice of Nondiscrimination.",
+ "markdown": "# Boston UniversityBostoniaBU TodayThe Brinkcgs bacteria homepage loop from Boston University on VimeoBU TodayBU TodayBU TodayBU Today\n\n**Notice of Non-Discrimination:** Boston University prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, natural or protective hairstyle, religion, sex or gender, age, national origin, ethnicity, shared ancestry and ethnic characteristics, physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, genetic information, pregnancy or pregnancy-related condition, military service, marital, parental, veteran status, or any other legally protected status in any and all educational programs or activities operated by Boston University. Retaliation is also prohibited. Please refer questions or concerns about Title IX, discrimination based on any other status protected by law or BU policy, or retaliation to Boston University’s Executive Director of Equal Opportunity/Title IX Coordinator, at titleix@bu.edu or (617) 358-1796. Read Boston University’s full [Notice of Nondiscrimination](https://www.bu.edu/policies/boston-university-notice-of-nondiscrimination/).",
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+ "uniqueKey": "9d3cd5f4-9453-4e12-9d65-fe5470aababd",
+ "requestStatus": "handled",
+ "debug": {
+ "timeMeasures": [
+ {
+ "event": "request-received",
+ "timeMs": 0,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 0
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "before-cheerio-queue-add",
+ "timeMs": 109,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 109
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "cheerio-request-handler-start",
+ "timeMs": 4409,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 4300
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "before-playwright-queue-add",
+ "timeMs": 4414,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "playwright-request-start",
+ "timeMs": 46599,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 42185
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "playwright-wait-dynamic-content",
+ "timeMs": 56599,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 10000
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "playwright-remove-cookie",
+ "timeMs": 56704,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 105
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "playwright-parse-with-cheerio",
+ "timeMs": 58172,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 1468
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "playwright-process-html",
+ "timeMs": 59308,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 1136
+ },
+ {
+ "event": "playwright-before-response-send",
+ "timeMs": 59365,
+ "timeDeltaPrevMs": 57
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+ },
+ "metadata": {
+ "author": null,
+ "title": "Boston.com: Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to do",
+ "description": "What Boston cares about right now: Get breaking updates on news, sports, and weather. Local alerts, things to do, and more on Boston.com.",
+ "keywords": null,
+ "languageCode": "en-US",
+ "url": "https://www.boston.com/"
+ },
+ "text": "Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doBack ButtonSearch IconFilter IconUser-Sync\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\nUser-Sync",
+ "markdown": "# Local breaking news, sports, weather, and things to doBack ButtonSearch IconFilter IconUser-Sync\n\nSome areas of this page may shift around if you resize the browser window. Be sure to check heading and document order.\n\n\n\nUser-Sync\n\n",
+ "html": null
+}]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/performance_measures.md b/data/performance_measures.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d0df32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/performance_measures.md
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# Memory 2GB, Max Results 1, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+'request-received' => [ 0, 0, 0 ],
+'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [ 147, 124, 115 ],
+'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [ 2428, 2400, 2668 ],
+'before-playwright-queue-add' => [ 91, 83, 86 ],
+'playwright-request-start' => [ 29301, 9102, 8706 ],
+'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [ 10086, 1001, 10000 ],
+'playwright-remove-cookie' => [ 697, 422, 2100 ],
+'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [ 2315, 484, 13892 ],
+'playwright-process-html' => [ 4296, 2091, 5099 ],
+'playwright-before-response-send' => [ 401, 297, 10 ]
+
+AVG:
+request-received: 0 s
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 129
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 2499
+before-playwright-queue-add: 87
+playwright-request-start: 15703
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 7029
+playwright-remove-cookie: 1073
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 5564
+playwright-process-html: 3829
+playwright-before-response-send: 236
+Time taken for each request: [ 49762, 16004, 42676 ]
+Time taken on average 36147.333333333336
+
+```
+
+# Memory 2GB, Max Results 5, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+ 'request-received' => [
+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+ 0, 0, 0
+ ],
+ 'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [
+ 117, 117, 117, 117,
+ 117, 124, 124, 124,
+ 124, 124, 192, 192,
+ 192, 192, 192
+ ],
+ 'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [
+ 4691, 4691, 4691, 4691,
+ 4691, 2643, 2643, 2643,
+ 2643, 2643, 2690, 2690,
+ 2690, 2690, 2690
+ ],
+ 'before-playwright-queue-add' => [
+ 131, 131, 131, 131, 131, 17,
+ 17, 17, 17, 17, 70, 70,
+ 70, 70, 70
+ ],
+ 'playwright-request-start' => [
+ 30964, 30554, 73656,
+ 85353, 118157, 26266,
+ 29180, 75575, 88773,
+ 90977, 20893, 18280,
+ 66584, 74592, 103678
+ ],
+ 'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [
+ 1207, 10297, 2595,
+ 1008, 20897, 1010,
+ 1004, 4799, 3204,
+ 2204, 1186, 1009,
+ 1006, 3197, 10001
+ ],
+ 'playwright-remove-cookie' => [
+ 1181, 1600, 2812, 2897,
+ 2409, 3498, 8494, 2298,
+ 1091, 2986, 2312, 4193,
+ 3240, 917, 601
+ ],
+ 'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [
+ 2726, 21001, 24109,
+ 35499, 3820, 2000,
+ 6895, 2400, 1120,
+ 1224, 24199, 5298,
+ 952, 2383, 6331
+ ],
+ 'playwright-process-html' => [
+ 4585, 6206, 10700,
+ 14115, 2870, 2217,
+ 15325, 1609, 1183,
+ 4184, 2604, 14626,
+ 302, 1812, 3482
+ ],
+ 'playwright-before-response-send' => [
+ 113, 592, 478, 100, 17,
+ 487, 7499, 189, 13, 106,
+ 199, 4190, 3, 2, 90
+ ]
+}
+request-received: 0
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 144
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 3341
+before-playwright-queue-add: 73
+playwright-request-start: 62232
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 4308
+playwright-remove-cookie: 2702
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 9330
+playwright-process-html: 5721
+playwright-before-response-send: 939
+Time taken for each request: [
+ 45715, 75189, 119289,
+ 143911, 153109, 38262,
+ 71181, 89654, 98168,
+ 104465, 54345, 50548,
+ 75039, 85855, 127135
+]
+```
+
+# Memory 4GB, Max Results 1, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+'request-received' => [ 0, 0, 0 ],
+'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [ 143, 101, 125 ],
+'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [ 2850, 2625, 2436 ],
+'before-playwright-queue-add' => [ 18, 8, 9 ],
+'playwright-request-start' => [ 12201, 8973, 4378 ],
+'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [ 6946, 1083, 10009 ],
+'playwright-remove-cookie' => [ 173, 735, 584 ],
+'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [ 791, 389, 5709 ],
+'playwright-process-html' => [ 2104, 874, 2015 ],
+'playwright-before-response-send' => [ 207, 111, 11 ]
+
+AVG:
+request-received: 0
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 123
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 2637
+before-playwright-queue-add: 12
+playwright-request-start: 8517
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 6013
+playwright-remove-cookie: 497
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 2296
+playwright-process-html: 1664
+playwright-before-response-send: 110
+Time taken for each request: [ 25433, 14899, 25276 ]
+Time taken on average 21869.333333333332
+```
+
+# Memory 4GB, Max Results 3, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+Average time for each time measure event: Map(10) {
+ 'request-received' => [
+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+ 0, 0, 0, 0
+ ],
+ 'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [
+ 157, 157, 157,
+ 107, 107, 107,
+ 122, 122, 122
+ ],
+ 'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [
+ 1699, 1699, 1699,
+ 4312, 4312, 4312,
+ 2506, 2506, 2506
+ ],
+ 'before-playwright-queue-add' => [
+ 10, 10, 10, 13, 13,
+ 13, 5, 5, 5
+ ],
+ 'playwright-request-start' => [
+ 16249, 17254, 26159,
+ 6726, 9821, 11124,
+ 7349, 8212, 29345
+ ],
+ 'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [
+ 1110, 10080, 10076,
+ 6132, 1524, 18367,
+ 3077, 2508, 10001
+ ],
+ 'playwright-remove-cookie' => [
+ 1883, 914, 133,
+ 1176, 5072, 241,
+ 793, 4234, 120
+ ],
+ 'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [
+ 1203, 1490, 801,
+ 698, 2919, 507,
+ 798, 1378, 2756
+ ],
+ 'playwright-process-html' => [
+ 2597, 1304, 1398,
+ 1099, 6756, 1031,
+ 2110, 5416, 2028
+ ],
+ 'playwright-before-response-send' => [
+ 105, 112, 74,
+ 501, 3381, 26,
+ 101, 1570, 69
+ ]
+}
+request-received: 0 s
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 129 s
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 2839 s
+before-playwright-queue-add: 9 s
+playwright-request-start: 14693 s
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 6986 s
+playwright-remove-cookie: 1618 s
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 1394 s
+playwright-process-html: 2638 s
+playwright-before-response-send: 660 s
+Time taken for each request: [
+ 25013, 33020,
+ 40507, 20764,
+ 33905, 35728,
+ 16861, 25951,
+ 46952
+]
+Time taken on average 30966.777777777777
+```
+
+# Memory 4GB, Max Results 5, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+ 'request-received' => [
+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+ 0, 0, 0
+ ],
+ 'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [
+ 195, 195, 195, 195,
+ 195, 130, 130, 130,
+ 130, 130, 109, 109,
+ 109, 109, 109
+ ],
+ 'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [
+ 2288, 2288, 2288, 2288,
+ 2288, 2762, 2762, 2762,
+ 2762, 2762, 4300, 4300,
+ 4300, 4300, 4300
+ ],
+ 'before-playwright-queue-add' => [
+ 103, 103, 103, 103, 103, 16,
+ 16, 16, 16, 16, 5, 5,
+ 5, 5, 5
+ ],
+ 'playwright-request-start' => [
+ 17899, 18621, 37100,
+ 56307, 61701, 6888,
+ 12091, 36292, 35101,
+ 44008, 9857, 12664,
+ 36950, 44076, 42185
+ ],
+ 'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [
+ 1004, 1001, 10001,
+ 1001, 10000, 2999,
+ 15808, 1094, 6002,
+ 10002, 2809, 1088,
+ 1001, 1002, 10000
+ ],
+ 'playwright-remove-cookie' => [
+ 997, 4378, 1096, 1891,
+ 546, 3698, 687, 1500,
+ 1591, 104, 1189, 6905,
+ 1299, 143, 105
+ ],
+ 'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [
+ 1413, 4604, 3906, 5612,
+ 2192, 2901, 538, 908,
+ 398, 824, 1893, 2493,
+ 514, 639, 1468
+ ],
+ 'playwright-process-html' => [
+ 2524, 1717, 3692, 4489,
+ 3889, 6667, 810, 1293,
+ 302, 1278, 3518, 4522,
+ 297, 636, 1136
+ ],
+ 'playwright-before-response-send' => [
+ 94, 194, 7, 20, 187,
+ 4733, 387, 12, 12, 7,
+ 209, 2210, 191, 53, 57
+ ]
+}
+request-received: 0 s
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 145
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 3117
+before-playwright-queue-add: 41
+playwright-request-start: 31449
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 4987
+playwright-remove-cookie: 1742
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 2020
+playwright-process-html: 2451
+playwright-before-response-send: 558
+Time taken for each request: [
+ 26517, 33101, 58388,
+ 71906, 81101, 30794,
+ 33229, 44007, 46314,
+ 59131, 23889, 34296,
+ 44666, 50963, 59365
+]
+Time taken on average 46511.13333333333
+
+```
+
+# Memory 8GB, Max Results 1, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+Average time for each time measure event: Map(10) {
+ 'request-received' => [ 0, 0, 0 ],
+ 'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [ 132, 157, 128 ],
+ 'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [ 2354, 2606, 2609 ],
+ 'before-playwright-queue-add' => [ 13, 7, 12 ],
+ 'playwright-request-start' => [ 7214, 8876, 5463 ],
+ 'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [ 6502, 2432, 6927 ],
+ 'playwright-remove-cookie' => [ 100, 114, 141 ],
+ 'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [ 483, 388, 477 ],
+ 'playwright-process-html' => [ 1056, 509, 724 ],
+ 'playwright-before-response-send' => [ 124, 10, 21 ]
+}
+request-received: 0 s
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 139 s
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 2523 s
+before-playwright-queue-add: 11 s
+playwright-request-start: 7184 s
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 5287 s
+playwright-remove-cookie: 118 s
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 449 s
+playwright-process-html: 763 s
+playwright-before-response-send: 52 s
+Time taken for each request: [ 17978, 15099, 16502 ]
+Time taken on average 16526.333333333332
+```
+
+# Memory 8GB, Max Results 3, Proxy: auto
+
+```text
+Average time for each time measure event: Map(10) {
+ 'request-received' => [
+ 0, 0, 0, 0,
+ 0, 0, 0, 0
+ ],
+ 'before-cheerio-queue-add' => [
+ 148, 148, 178,
+ 178, 178, 167,
+ 167, 167
+ ],
+ 'cheerio-request-handler-start' => [
+ 2421, 2421, 2486,
+ 2486, 2486, 2474,
+ 2474, 2474
+ ],
+ 'before-playwright-queue-add' => [
+ 19, 19, 27, 27,
+ 27, 9, 9, 9
+ ],
+ 'playwright-request-start' => [
+ 11465, 12067,
+ 5774, 4998,
+ 14786, 4785,
+ 5145, 9222
+ ],
+ 'playwright-wait-dynamic-content' => [
+ 1826, 10001, 1003,
+ 1309, 10001, 1001,
+ 1196, 2051
+ ],
+ 'playwright-remove-cookie' => [
+ 463, 99, 392,
+ 2817, 136, 195,
+ 102, 127
+ ],
+ 'playwright-parse-with-cheerio' => [
+ 662, 497, 627,
+ 490, 439, 154,
+ 132, 86
+ ],
+ 'playwright-process-html' => [
+ 1959, 1011, 1237,
+ 3201, 301, 200,
+ 513, 243
+ ],
+ 'playwright-before-response-send' => [
+ 37, 98, 65,
+ 1086, 42, 4,
+ 102, 15
+ ]
+}
+request-received: 0 s
+before-cheerio-queue-add: 166 s
+cheerio-request-handler-start: 2465 s
+before-playwright-queue-add: 18 s
+playwright-request-start: 8530 s
+playwright-wait-dynamic-content: 3549 s
+playwright-remove-cookie: 541 s
+playwright-parse-with-cheerio: 386 s
+playwright-process-html: 1083 s
+playwright-before-response-send: 181 s
+Time taken for each request: [
+ 19000, 26361,
+ 11789, 16592,
+ 28396, 8989,
+ 9840, 14394
+]
+Time taken on average 16920.125
+```
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef91bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7493 @@
+{
+ "name": "rag-web-browser",
+ "version": "0.0.1",
+ "lockfileVersion": 3,
+ "requires": true,
+ "packages": {
+ "": {
+ "name": "rag-web-browser",
+ "version": "0.0.1",
+ "license": "ISC",
+ "dependencies": {
+ "@crawlee/memory-storage": "^3.11.1",
+ "@mozilla/readability": "^0.5.0",
+ "apify": "^3.2.3",
+ "cheerio": "^1.0.0",
+ "crawlee": "^3.11.1",
+ "joplin-turndown-plugin-gfm": "^1.0.12",
+ "jsdom": "^24.1.1",
+ "playwright": "^1.47.0",
+ "turndown": "^7.2.0",
+ "uuid": "^10.0.0"
+ },
+ "devDependencies": {
+ "@apify/eslint-config-ts": "^0.3.0",
+ "@apify/tsconfig": "^0.1.0",
+ "@types/turndown": "^5.0.5",
+ "@types/uuid": "^10.0.0",
+ "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^6.7.2",
+ "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^6.7.2",
+ "eslint": "^8.50.0",
+ "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0",
+ "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.29.1",
+ "tsx": "^4.6.2",
+ "typescript": "^5.3.3"
+ },
+ "engines": {
+ "node": ">=18.0.0"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/consts": {
+ "version": "2.29.0",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/consts/-/consts-2.29.0.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-+P9voQVy9j2mq0PDGgj+Ftdd2ZTimwYdaxzdu1aHw5iQXTHHJVH9x4rjMNTdmGhZP/znExmvU1tRFEyy29Vjmg=="
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/datastructures": {
+ "version": "2.0.2",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/datastructures/-/datastructures-2.0.2.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-IN9A0s2SCHoZZE1tf4xKgk4fxHM5/0I/UrXhWbn/rSv7E5sA2o0NyHdwcMY2Go9f5qd+E7VAbX6WnESTE6GLeA=="
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/eslint-config": {
+ "version": "0.3.4",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/eslint-config/-/eslint-config-0.3.4.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-OAo1daRVA0TXtEbDEuM3q2A9muPOJuC0VI9YiBXrRYMMrhWBzUlY22xTYAqEUzjgjz+aqVWOEy+z5EkBjmc6Uw==",
+ "dev": true,
+ "dependencies": {
+ "eslint-config-airbnb": "^19.0.0",
+ "eslint-config-airbnb-base": "^15.0.0",
+ "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^2.5.0",
+ "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.25.3",
+ "eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y": "^6.5.1",
+ "eslint-plugin-react": "^7.27.0",
+ "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "^4.3.0"
+ },
+ "peerDependencies": {
+ "eslint": "*"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/eslint-config-ts": {
+ "version": "0.3.0",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/eslint-config-ts/-/eslint-config-ts-0.3.0.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-yl2dVGdYe7TH+ApXHx5nb+Fd9NiuMOgZDH4u1s4hTe21K6LmqxWQtPAZZ1BjaUZMa/R+dl2Osfr30myLo0mKsQ==",
+ "dev": true,
+ "dependencies": {
+ "@apify/eslint-config": "^0.3.3",
+ "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^3.5.5",
+ "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5",
+ "eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y": "^6.7.1",
+ "eslint-plugin-react": "^7.32.2",
+ "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "^4.6.0"
+ },
+ "peerDependencies": {
+ "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "*",
+ "@typescript-eslint/parser": "*",
+ "eslint": "*",
+ "typescript": "*"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/eslint-config/node_modules/eslint-import-resolver-typescript": {
+ "version": "2.7.1",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/eslint-import-resolver-typescript/-/eslint-import-resolver-typescript-2.7.1.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-00UbgGwV8bSgUv34igBDbTOtKhqoRMy9bFjNehT40bXg6585PNIct8HhXZ0SybqB9rWtXj9crcku8ndDn/gIqQ==",
+ "dev": true,
+ "dependencies": {
+ "debug": "^4.3.4",
+ "glob": "^7.2.0",
+ "is-glob": "^4.0.3",
+ "resolve": "^1.22.0",
+ "tsconfig-paths": "^3.14.1"
+ },
+ "engines": {
+ "node": ">=4"
+ },
+ "peerDependencies": {
+ "eslint": "*",
+ "eslint-plugin-import": "*"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/input_secrets": {
+ "version": "1.1.53",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/input_secrets/-/input_secrets-1.1.53.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-jBWrsuPm5tIYgJBgFNi5n1K7P0J8tvkzrttw5TTlTopdphqz5fHJBHhAnWP99s7mS6yx/5Jo7mgwQNafVIdDaQ==",
+ "dependencies": {
+ "@apify/log": "^2.5.5",
+ "@apify/utilities": "^2.10.6",
+ "ow": "^0.28.2"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/log": {
+ "version": "2.5.5",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/log/-/log-2.5.5.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-eO7xNH89urnenB+BDdtm565qAbSt741NNVKWaoJniEziDa1oRBfPieaikVSizyfrgjhiH+3W/tnWTU9VJWi2rw==",
+ "dependencies": {
+ "@apify/consts": "^2.29.0",
+ "ansi-colors": "^4.1.1"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/ps-tree": {
+ "version": "1.2.0",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/ps-tree/-/ps-tree-1.2.0.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-VHIswI7rD/R4bToeIDuJ9WJXt+qr5SdhfoZ9RzdjmCs9mgy7l0P4RugQEUCcU+WB4sfImbd4CKwzXcn0uYx1yw==",
+ "dependencies": {
+ "event-stream": "3.3.4"
+ },
+ "bin": {
+ "ps-tree": "bin/ps-tree.js"
+ },
+ "engines": {
+ "node": ">= 0.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/pseudo_url": {
+ "version": "2.0.46",
+ "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@apify/pseudo_url/-/pseudo_url-2.0.46.tgz",
+ "integrity": "sha512-dWjSN94lVbxrBbwChF7k4KT8xAMe/fUxFFekzxtUDZVKX0YE+4vqTTV5Ow9rcOcysRsD9idiHRdYOoaFcNhhzw==",
+ "dependencies": {
+ "@apify/log": "^2.5.5"
+ }
+ },
+ "node_modules/@apify/timeout": {
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+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39e9ce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+{
+ "name": "rag-web-browser",
+ "version": "0.0.1",
+ "type": "module",
+ "description": "RAG Web Browser - run Google Search queries and extract content from the top search results.",
+ "engines": {
+ "node": ">=18.0.0"
+ },
+ "dependencies": {
+ "@crawlee/memory-storage": "^3.11.1",
+ "@mozilla/readability": "^0.5.0",
+ "apify": "^3.2.3",
+ "cheerio": "^1.0.0",
+ "crawlee": "^3.11.1",
+ "joplin-turndown-plugin-gfm": "^1.0.12",
+ "jsdom": "^24.1.1",
+ "playwright": "^1.47.0",
+ "turndown": "^7.2.0",
+ "uuid": "^10.0.0"
+ },
+ "devDependencies": {
+ "@apify/eslint-config-ts": "^0.3.0",
+ "@apify/tsconfig": "^0.1.0",
+ "@types/turndown": "^5.0.5",
+ "@types/uuid": "^10.0.0",
+ "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^6.7.2",
+ "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^6.7.2",
+ "eslint": "^8.50.0",
+ "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0",
+ "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.29.1",
+ "tsx": "^4.6.2",
+ "typescript": "^5.3.3"
+ },
+ "scripts": {
+ "start": "npm run start:dev",
+ "start:prod": "node dist/main.js",
+ "start:dev": "tsx src/main.ts",
+ "build": "tsc",
+ "lint": "eslint ./src --ext .ts",
+ "lint:fix": "eslint ./src --ext .ts --fix",
+ "test": "echo \"Error: oops, the actor has no tests yet, sad!\" && exit 1"
+ },
+ "author": "Apify",
+ "license": "ISC"
+}
diff --git a/src/const.ts b/src/const.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd1eb5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/const.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+export enum ContentCrawlerStatus {
+ PENDING = 'pending',
+ HANDLED = 'handled',
+ FAILED = 'failed',
+}
diff --git a/src/crawlers.ts b/src/crawlers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89482ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/crawlers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { MemoryStorage } from '@crawlee/memory-storage';
+import { RequestQueue } from 'apify';
+import { CheerioAPI } from 'cheerio';
+import {
+ CheerioCrawler,
+ CheerioCrawlerOptions,
+ CheerioCrawlingContext,
+ log,
+ PlaywrightCrawler,
+ PlaywrightCrawlerOptions,
+ PlaywrightCrawlingContext,
+ RequestOptions,
+} from 'crawlee';
+import { ServerResponse } from 'http';
+
+import { scrapeOrganicResults } from './google-search/google-extractors-urls.js';
+import { failedRequestHandlerPlaywright, requestHandlerPlaywright } from './playwright-req-handler.js';
+import { createResponse, addEmptyResultToResponse, sendResponseError } from './responses.js';
+import { PlaywrightScraperSettings, UserData } from './types.js';
+import { addTimeMeasureEvent, createRequest } from './utils.js';
+
+const crawlers = new Map();
+const client = new MemoryStorage({ persistStorage: false });
+
+export function getSearchCrawlerKey(cheerioCrawlerOptions: CheerioCrawlerOptions) {
+ return JSON.stringify(cheerioCrawlerOptions);
+}
+
+export function getPlaywrightCrawlerKey(
+ playwrightCrawlerOptions: PlaywrightCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightScraperSettings: PlaywrightScraperSettings,
+) {
+ return JSON.stringify(playwrightCrawlerOptions) + JSON.stringify(playwrightScraperSettings);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates and starts a Google search crawler and Playwright content crawler with the provided configurations.
+ */
+export async function createAndStartCrawlers(
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions: CheerioCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightCrawlerOptions: PlaywrightCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightScraperSettings: PlaywrightScraperSettings,
+ startCrawlers: boolean = true,
+) {
+ const crawler1 = await createAndStartSearchCrawler(cheerioCrawlerOptions, startCrawlers);
+ const crawler2 = await createAndStartCrawlerPlaywright(playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings);
+ return [crawler1, crawler2];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates and starts a Google search crawler with the provided configuration.
+ */
+async function createAndStartSearchCrawler(
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions: CheerioCrawlerOptions,
+ startCrawler: boolean = true,
+) {
+ const key = getSearchCrawlerKey(cheerioCrawlerOptions);
+ if (crawlers.has(key)) {
+ return crawlers.get(key);
+ }
+
+ log.info(`Creating new cheerio crawler with key ${key}`);
+ const crawler = new CheerioCrawler({
+ ...(cheerioCrawlerOptions as CheerioCrawlerOptions),
+ requestQueue: await RequestQueue.open(key, { storageClient: client }),
+ requestHandler: async ({ request, $: _$ }: CheerioCrawlingContext) => {
+ // NOTE: we need to cast this to fix `cheerio` type errors
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData!, 'cheerio-request-handler-start');
+ const $ = _$ as CheerioAPI;
+
+ log.info(`Search-crawler requestHandler: Processing URL: ${request.url}`);
+ const organicResults = scrapeOrganicResults($);
+
+ // filter organic results to get only results with URL
+ let results = organicResults.filter((result) => result.url !== undefined);
+
+ // limit the number of search results to the maxResults
+ results = results.slice(0, request.userData?.maxResults ?? results.length);
+ log.info(`Extracted ${results.length} results: \n${results.map((r) => r.url).join('\n')}`);
+
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData!, 'before-playwright-queue-add');
+ const responseId = request.uniqueKey;
+ for (const result of results) {
+ const r = createRequest(result, responseId, request.userData.timeMeasures!);
+ await addPlaywrightCrawlRequest(r, responseId, request.userData.playwrightCrawlerKey!);
+ }
+ },
+ failedRequestHandler: async ({ request }, err) => {
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData!, 'cheerio-failed-request');
+ log.error(`Google-search-crawler failed to process request ${request.url}, error ${err.message}`);
+ const errorResponse = { errorMessage: err.message };
+ sendResponseError(request.uniqueKey, JSON.stringify(errorResponse));
+ },
+ });
+ if (startCrawler) {
+ crawler.run().then(
+ () => log.warning(`Google-search-crawler has finished`),
+ () => {},
+ );
+ log.info('Google-search-crawler has started 🫡');
+ }
+ crawlers.set(key, crawler);
+ log.info(`Number of crawlers ${crawlers.size}`);
+ return crawler;
+}
+
+async function createAndStartCrawlerPlaywright(
+ crawlerOptions: PlaywrightCrawlerOptions,
+ settings: PlaywrightScraperSettings,
+ startCrawler: boolean = true,
+) {
+ const key = getPlaywrightCrawlerKey(crawlerOptions, settings);
+ if (crawlers.has(key)) {
+ return crawlers.get(key);
+ }
+
+ log.info(`Creating new playwright crawler with key ${key}`);
+ const crawler = new PlaywrightCrawler({
+ ...(crawlerOptions as PlaywrightCrawlerOptions),
+ keepAlive: crawlerOptions.keepAlive,
+ requestQueue: await RequestQueue.open(key, { storageClient: client }),
+ requestHandler: (context: PlaywrightCrawlingContext) => requestHandlerPlaywright(context, settings),
+ failedRequestHandler: ({ request }, err) => failedRequestHandlerPlaywright(request, err),
+ });
+
+ if (startCrawler) {
+ crawler.run().then(
+ () => log.warning(`Crawler playwright has finished`),
+ () => {},
+ );
+ log.info('Crawler playwright has started 💪🏼');
+ }
+ crawlers.set(key, crawler);
+ log.info(`Number of crawlers ${crawlers.size}`);
+ return crawler;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds a search request to the Google search crawler.
+ * Create a response for the request and set the desired number of results (maxResults).
+ */
+export const addSearchRequest = async (
+ request: RequestOptions,
+ response: ServerResponse | null,
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions: CheerioCrawlerOptions,
+) => {
+ const key = getSearchCrawlerKey(cheerioCrawlerOptions);
+ const crawler = crawlers.get(key);
+
+ if (!crawler) {
+ log.error(`Cheerio crawler not found: key ${key}`);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (response) {
+ createResponse(request.uniqueKey!, response);
+ log.info(`Created response for request ${request.uniqueKey}, request.url: ${request.url}`);
+ }
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData!, 'before-cheerio-queue-add');
+ await crawler.requestQueue!.addRequest(request);
+ log.info(`Added request to cheerio-google-search-crawler: ${request.url}`);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds a content crawl request to the Playwright content crawler.
+ * Get existing crawler based on crawlerOptions and scraperSettings, if not present -> create new
+ */
+export const addPlaywrightCrawlRequest = async (
+ request: RequestOptions,
+ responseId: string,
+ playwrightCrawlerKey: string,
+) => {
+ const crawler = crawlers.get(playwrightCrawlerKey);
+ if (!crawler) {
+ log.error(`Playwright crawler not found: key ${playwrightCrawlerKey}`);
+ return;
+ }
+ await crawler.requestQueue!.addRequest(request);
+ // create an empty result in search request response
+ // do not use request.uniqueKey as responseId as it is not id of a search request
+ addEmptyResultToResponse(responseId, request);
+ log.info(`Added request to the playwright-content-crawler: ${request.url}`);
+};
diff --git a/src/defaults.json b/src/defaults.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34b4607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/defaults.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+ "debugMode": false,
+ "dynamicContentWaitSecs": 10,
+ "initialConcurrency": 5,
+ "keepAlive": true,
+ "maxConcurrency": 10,
+ "maxRequestRetries": 1,
+ "maxRequestRetriesSearch": 3,
+ "maxResults": 3,
+ "minConcurrency": 3,
+ "outputFormats": ["text"],
+ "proxyConfiguration": { "useApifyProxy": true },
+ "proxyGroupSearch": "GOOGLE_SERP",
+ "query": "",
+ "readableTextCharThreshold": 100,
+ "removeCookieWarnings": true,
+ "requestTimeoutSecs": 60,
+ "requestTimeoutContentCrawlSecs": 30
+}
diff --git a/src/errors.ts b/src/errors.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a855394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export class UserInputError extends Error {
+ constructor(message: string) {
+ super(message);
+ this.name = 'UserInputError';
+ }
+}
diff --git a/src/google-search/google-extractors-urls.ts b/src/google-search/google-extractors-urls.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76488ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/google-search/google-extractors-urls.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import type { CheerioAPI } from 'cheerio';
+import type { Element } from 'domhandler';
+
+import type { OrganicResult } from '../types.js';
+
+/**
+ * Deduplicates search results based on their title and URL (source @apify/google-search).
+ */
+export const deduplicateResults = (results: T[]): T[] => {
+ const deduplicatedResults = [];
+ const resultHashes = new Set();
+ for (const result of results) {
+ // date defaults to now so it is not stable
+ const hash = JSON.stringify({ title: result.title, url: result.url });
+ if (!resultHashes.has(hash)) {
+ deduplicatedResults.push(result);
+ resultHashes.add(hash);
+ }
+ }
+ return deduplicatedResults;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Extracts search results from the given selectors (source: @apify/google-search).
+ */
+const extractResultsFromSelectors = ($: CheerioAPI, selectors: string[]) => {
+ const searchResults = [];
+ const selector = selectors.join(', ');
+ for (const resultEl of $(selector)) {
+ searchResults.push(
+ ...$(resultEl)
+ .map((_i, el) => parseResult($, el as Element))
+ .toArray(),
+ );
+ }
+ return searchResults;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parses a single organic search result (source: @apify/google-search).
+ */
+const parseResult = ($: CheerioAPI, el: Element) => {
+ $(el).find('div.action-menu').remove();
+
+ const descriptionSelector = '.VwiC3b span';
+ const searchResult: OrganicResult = {
+ description: ($(el).find(descriptionSelector).text() || '').trim(),
+ title: $(el).find('h3').first().text() || '',
+ url: $(el).find('a').first().attr('href') || '',
+ };
+
+ return searchResult;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Extracts organic search results from the given Cheerio instance (source: @apify/google-search).
+ */
+export const scrapeOrganicResults = ($: CheerioAPI) => {
+ const resultSelectors2023January = [
+ '.hlcw0c', // Top result with site links
+ '.g.Ww4FFb', // General search results
+ '.MjjYud .g', // General catch all. Used for one main + one nested from the same site. Added in Jun 2023, not very good selector
+ '.g .tF2Cxc>.yuRUbf', // old search selector 2021 January
+ '.g [data-header-feature="0"]', // old search selector 2022 January
+ '.g .rc', // very old selector
+ ];
+
+ if (areTheResultsSuggestions($)) {
+ return [];
+ }
+
+ const searchResults = extractResultsFromSelectors($, resultSelectors2023January);
+ return deduplicateResults(searchResults);
+};
+
+/**
+ * If true, the results are not inherent to the given query, but to a similar suggested query
+ */
+const areTheResultsSuggestions = ($: CheerioAPI) => {
+ // Check if the message "No results found" is shown
+ return $('div#topstuff > div.fSp71d').children().length > 0;
+};
diff --git a/src/input.ts b/src/input.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abd28e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/input.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import { Actor } from 'apify';
+import { BrowserName, CheerioCrawlerOptions, log, PlaywrightCrawlerOptions } from 'crawlee';
+import { firefox } from 'playwright';
+
+import defaults from './defaults.json' with { type: 'json' };
+import { UserInputError } from './errors.js';
+import type { Input, PlaywrightScraperSettings } from './types.js';
+
+/**
+ * Processes the input and returns the settings for the crawler (adapted from: Website Content Crawler).
+ */
+
+export async function processInput(originalInput: Partial) {
+ const input: Input = { ...(defaults as unknown as Input), ...originalInput };
+
+ if (input.dynamicContentWaitSecs >= input.requestTimeoutSecs) {
+ input.dynamicContentWaitSecs = Math.round(input.requestTimeoutSecs / 2);
+ }
+
+ const {
+ debugMode,
+ dynamicContentWaitSecs,
+ initialConcurrency,
+ keepAlive,
+ minConcurrency,
+ maxConcurrency,
+ maxRequestRetries,
+ maxRequestRetriesSearch,
+ outputFormats,
+ proxyConfiguration,
+ proxyGroupSearch,
+ readableTextCharThreshold,
+ removeCookieWarnings,
+ } = input;
+
+ // Log level can be controlled by the debugMode. We'll set it to DEBUG for all users for better debugging.
+ log.setLevel(log.LEVELS.DEBUG);
+
+ const proxySearch = await Actor.createProxyConfiguration({ groups: [proxyGroupSearch] });
+ const cheerioCrawlerOptions: CheerioCrawlerOptions = {
+ keepAlive,
+ maxRequestRetries: maxRequestRetriesSearch,
+ proxyConfiguration: proxySearch,
+ autoscaledPoolOptions: { desiredConcurrency: 1 },
+ };
+ const proxy = await Actor.createProxyConfiguration(proxyConfiguration);
+ const playwrightCrawlerOptions: PlaywrightCrawlerOptions = {
+ headless: true,
+ keepAlive,
+ maxRequestRetries,
+ proxyConfiguration: proxy,
+ requestHandlerTimeoutSecs: input.requestTimeoutContentCrawlSecs,
+ launchContext: {
+ launcher: firefox,
+ },
+ browserPoolOptions: {
+ fingerprintOptions: {
+ fingerprintGeneratorOptions: {
+ browsers: [BrowserName.firefox],
+ },
+ },
+ retireInactiveBrowserAfterSecs: 60,
+ },
+ autoscaledPoolOptions: {
+ desiredConcurrency: initialConcurrency === 0 ? undefined : Math.min(initialConcurrency, maxConcurrency),
+ maxConcurrency,
+ minConcurrency,
+ },
+ };
+
+ const playwrightScraperSettings: PlaywrightScraperSettings = {
+ debugMode,
+ dynamicContentWaitSecs,
+ maxHtmlCharsToProcess: 1.5e6,
+ outputFormats,
+ readableTextCharThreshold,
+ removeCookieWarnings,
+ };
+
+ return { input, cheerioCrawlerOptions, playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings };
+}
+
+export async function checkInputsAreValid(input: Partial) {
+ if (!input.query) {
+ throw new UserInputError('The "query" parameter must be provided and non-empty');
+ }
+ if (input.maxResults !== undefined && input.maxResults <= 0) {
+ throw new UserInputError('The "maxResults" parameter must be greater than 0');
+ }
+}
diff --git a/src/main.ts b/src/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1e735b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { Actor } from 'apify';
+import { log } from 'crawlee';
+import { createServer, IncomingMessage, ServerResponse } from 'http';
+
+import { addSearchRequest, createAndStartCrawlers, getPlaywrightCrawlerKey } from './crawlers.js';
+import { UserInputError } from './errors.js';
+import { checkInputsAreValid, processInput } from './input.js';
+import { addTimeoutToAllResponses, sendResponseError } from './responses.js';
+import { Input } from './types.js';
+import { parseParameters, checkForExtraParams, createSearchRequest, addTimeMeasureEvent } from './utils.js';
+
+await Actor.init();
+
+const ROUTE_SEARCH = '/search';
+
+Actor.on('migrating', () => {
+ addTimeoutToAllResponses(60);
+});
+
+async function getSearch(request: IncomingMessage, response: ServerResponse) {
+ try {
+ const requestReceivedTime = Date.now();
+ const params = parseParameters(request.url?.slice(ROUTE_SEARCH.length, request.url.length) ?? '');
+ log.info(`Received query parameters: ${JSON.stringify(params)}`);
+ checkForExtraParams(params);
+
+ // Process the query parameters the same way se normal inputs
+ const {
+ input,
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightScraperSettings,
+ } = await processInput(params as Partial);
+
+ await checkInputsAreValid(input);
+
+ // playwrightCrawlerKey is used to identify the crawler that should process the search results
+ const playwrightCrawlerKey = getPlaywrightCrawlerKey(playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings);
+ await createAndStartCrawlers(cheerioCrawlerOptions, playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings);
+
+ const req = createSearchRequest(
+ input.query,
+ input.maxResults,
+ playwrightCrawlerKey,
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions.proxyConfiguration,
+ );
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(req.userData!, 'request-received', requestReceivedTime);
+ await addSearchRequest(req, response, cheerioCrawlerOptions);
+ setTimeout(() => {
+ sendResponseError(req.uniqueKey!, 'Timed out');
+ }, input.requestTimeoutSecs * 1000);
+ } catch (e) {
+ const error = e as Error;
+ const errorMessage = { errorMessage: error.message };
+ const statusCode = error instanceof UserInputError ? 400 : 500;
+ log.error(`UserInputError occurred: ${error.message}`);
+ response.writeHead(statusCode, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+ response.end(JSON.stringify(errorMessage));
+ }
+}
+
+const server = createServer(async (req, res) => {
+ log.info(`Request received: ${req.method} ${req.url}`);
+
+ if (req.url?.startsWith(ROUTE_SEARCH)) {
+ if (req.method === 'GET') {
+ await getSearch(req, res);
+ } else if (req.method === 'HEAD') {
+ res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+ res.end();
+ } else {
+ res.writeHead(400, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+ res.end(JSON.stringify({ errorMessage: 'Bad request' }));
+ }
+ } else {
+ res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+ res.end(
+ JSON.stringify({
+ message: 'RAG-Web-Browser is running in standby mode, sent GET request to "/search?query=apify"',
+ }),
+ );
+ }
+});
+
+const { input, cheerioCrawlerOptions, playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings } = await processInput(
+ (await Actor.getInput>()) ?? ({} as Input),
+);
+
+log.info(`Loaded input: ${JSON.stringify(input)},
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions: ${JSON.stringify(cheerioCrawlerOptions)},
+ playwrightCrawlerOptions: ${JSON.stringify(playwrightCrawlerOptions)},
+ playwrightScraperSettings ${JSON.stringify(playwrightScraperSettings)}
+`);
+
+if (Actor.getEnv().metaOrigin === 'STANDBY') {
+ log.info('Actor is running in STANDBY mode with default parameters. '
+ + 'Changing these parameters on the fly is not supported at the moment.');
+
+ const port = Actor.isAtHome() ? process.env.ACTOR_STANDBY_PORT : 3000;
+ server.listen(port, async () => {
+ // Pre-create default crawlers
+ log.info(`RAG-Web-Browser is listening for user requests`);
+ await createAndStartCrawlers(cheerioCrawlerOptions, playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings);
+ });
+} else {
+ log.info('Actor is running in the NORMAL mode');
+ try {
+ const startedTime = Date.now();
+ await checkInputsAreValid(input);
+
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions.keepAlive = false;
+ playwrightCrawlerOptions.keepAlive = false;
+
+ // playwrightCrawlerKey is used to identify the crawler that should process the search results
+ const playwrightCrawlerKey = getPlaywrightCrawlerKey(playwrightCrawlerOptions, playwrightScraperSettings);
+ const [searchCrawler, playwrightCrawler] = await createAndStartCrawlers(
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightCrawlerOptions,
+ playwrightScraperSettings,
+ false,
+ );
+
+ const req = createSearchRequest(
+ input.query,
+ input.maxResults,
+ playwrightCrawlerKey,
+ cheerioCrawlerOptions.proxyConfiguration,
+ );
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(req.userData!, 'actor-started', startedTime);
+ await addSearchRequest(req, null, cheerioCrawlerOptions);
+ log.info(`Running search crawler with request: ${JSON.stringify(req)}`);
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(req.userData!, 'before-cheerio-run', startedTime);
+ await searchCrawler!.run();
+
+ log.info(`Running content crawler with request: ${JSON.stringify(req)}`);
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(req.userData!, 'before-playwright-run', startedTime);
+ await playwrightCrawler!.run();
+ } catch (e) {
+ const error = e as Error;
+ await Actor.fail(error.message as string);
+ }
+ await Actor.exit();
+}
diff --git a/src/performance-measures.ts b/src/performance-measures.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77fa360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/performance-measures.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { Actor } from 'apify';
+
+/**
+ * Compute average time for each time measure event
+ */
+
+// const datasetId = 'aDnsnaBqGb8eTdpGv'; // 2GB, maxResults=1
+// const datasetId = 'giAPLL8dhd2PDqPlf'; // 2GB, maxResults=5
+// const datasetId = 'VKzel6raVqisgIYfe'; // 4GB, maxResults=1
+// const datasetId = 'KkTaLd70HbFgAO35y'; // 4GB, maxResults=3
+// const datasetId = 'fm9tO0GDBUagMT0df'; // 4GB, maxResults=5
+// const datasetId = '6ObH057Icr9z1bgXl'; // 8GB, maxResults=1
+const datasetId = 'lfItikr0vAXv7oXwH'; // 8GB, maxResults=3
+
+// set environment variables APIFY_TOKEN
+process.env.APIFY_TOKEN = '';
+
+const dataset = await Actor.openDataset(datasetId, { forceCloud: true });
+const remoteDataset = await dataset.getData();
+
+const timeMeasuresMap = new Map();
+const timeMeasuresTimeTaken = [];
+
+// compute average time for the timeMeasures
+for (const item of remoteDataset.items) {
+ const { timeMeasures } = item.crawl.debug;
+
+ for (const measure of timeMeasures) {
+ if (!timeMeasuresMap.has(measure.event)) {
+ timeMeasuresMap.set(measure.event, []);
+ }
+ timeMeasuresMap.set(measure.event, [...timeMeasuresMap.get(measure.event)!, measure.timeDeltaPrevMs]);
+
+ if (measure.event === 'playwright-before-response-send') {
+ timeMeasuresTimeTaken.push(measure.timeMs);
+ }
+ }
+}
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+console.log('Average time for each time measure event:', timeMeasuresMap);
+
+for (const [key, value] of timeMeasuresMap) {
+ const sum = value.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+ const avg = sum / value.length;
+ // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+ console.log(`${key}: ${avg.toFixed(0)} s`);
+}
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+console.log('Time taken for each request:', timeMeasuresTimeTaken);
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+console.log('Time taken on average', timeMeasuresTimeTaken.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) / timeMeasuresTimeTaken.length);
diff --git a/src/playwright-req-handler.ts b/src/playwright-req-handler.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..374729a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/playwright-req-handler.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { Actor } from 'apify';
+import { load } from 'cheerio';
+import { htmlToText, log, PlaywrightCrawlingContext, sleep, Request } from 'crawlee';
+
+import { ContentCrawlerStatus } from './const.js';
+import { addResultToResponse, sendResponseIfFinished } from './responses.js';
+import { Output, PlaywrightScraperSettings, UserData } from './types.js';
+import { addTimeMeasureEvent, transformTimeMeasuresToRelative } from './utils.js';
+import { processHtml } from './website-content-crawler/html-processing.js';
+import { htmlToMarkdown } from './website-content-crawler/markdown.js';
+
+/**
+ * Waits for the `time` to pass, but breaks early if the page is loaded (source: Website Content Crawler).
+ */
+async function waitForPlaywright({ page }: PlaywrightCrawlingContext, time: number) {
+ // Early break is possible only after 1/3 of the time has passed (max 3 seconds) to avoid breaking too early.
+ const hardDelay = Math.min(1000, Math.floor(0.3 * time));
+ await sleep(hardDelay);
+
+ return Promise.race([page.waitForLoadState('networkidle', { timeout: 0 }), sleep(time - hardDelay)]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Waits for the `time`, but checks the content length every half second and breaks early if it hasn't changed
+ * in last 2 seconds (source: Website Content Crawler).
+ */
+export async function waitForDynamicContent(context: PlaywrightCrawlingContext, time: number) {
+ if (context.page) {
+ await waitForPlaywright(context, time);
+ }
+}
+
+function isValidContentType(contentType: string | undefined) {
+ return ['text', 'html', 'xml'].some((type) => contentType?.includes(type));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generic handler for processing the page content (adapted from: Website Content Crawler).
+ */
+export async function requestHandlerPlaywright(
+ context: PlaywrightCrawlingContext,
+ settings: PlaywrightScraperSettings,
+) {
+ const { request, contentType, page, response, closeCookieModals } = context;
+
+ log.info(`Processing URL: ${request.url}`);
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData, 'playwright-request-start');
+ if (settings.dynamicContentWaitSecs > 0) {
+ await waitForDynamicContent(context, settings.dynamicContentWaitSecs * 1000);
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData, 'playwright-wait-dynamic-content');
+ }
+
+ if (page && settings.removeCookieWarnings) {
+ await closeCookieModals();
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData, 'playwright-remove-cookie');
+ }
+
+ // Parsing the page after the dynamic content has been loaded / cookie warnings removed
+ const $ = await context.parseWithCheerio();
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData, 'playwright-parse-with-cheerio');
+
+ const { responseId } = request.userData;
+ const headers = response?.headers instanceof Function ? response.headers() : response?.headers;
+ // @ts-expect-error false-positive?
+ if (!$ || !isValidContentType(headers['content-type'])) {
+ log.info(`Skipping URL ${request.loadedUrl} as it could not be parsed.`, contentType as object);
+ const resultSkipped: Output = {
+ crawl: {
+ httpStatusCode: response?.status(),
+ httpStatusMessage: "Couldn't parse the content",
+ loadedAt: new Date(),
+ uniqueKey: request.uniqueKey,
+ requestStatus: ContentCrawlerStatus.FAILED,
+ },
+ metadata: { url: request.url },
+ googleSearchResult: request.userData.googleSearchResult!,
+ query: request.userData.query,
+ text: request.userData.googleSearchResult?.description || '',
+ };
+ log.info(`Adding result to the Apify dataset, url: ${request.url}`);
+ await context.pushData(resultSkipped);
+ if (responseId) {
+ addResultToResponse(responseId, request.uniqueKey, resultSkipped);
+ sendResponseIfFinished(responseId);
+ }
+ return;
+ }
+
+ const $html = $('html');
+ const html = $html.html()!;
+ const processedHtml = await processHtml(html, request.url, settings, $);
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData, 'playwright-process-html');
+
+ const isTooLarge = processedHtml.length > settings.maxHtmlCharsToProcess;
+ const text = isTooLarge ? load(processedHtml).text() : htmlToText(load(processedHtml));
+
+ const result: Output = {
+ crawl: {
+ httpStatusCode: page ? response?.status() : null,
+ httpStatusMessage: 'OK',
+ loadedAt: new Date(),
+ uniqueKey: request.uniqueKey,
+ requestStatus: ContentCrawlerStatus.HANDLED,
+ },
+ googleSearchResult: request.userData.googleSearchResult!,
+ metadata: {
+ author: $('meta[name=author]').first().attr('content') ?? null,
+ title: $('title').first().text(),
+ description: $('meta[name=description]').first().attr('content') ?? null,
+ keywords: $('meta[name=keywords]').first().attr('content') ?? null,
+ languageCode: $html.first().attr('lang') ?? null,
+ url: request.url,
+ },
+ text,
+ query: request.userData.query,
+ markdown: settings.outputFormats.includes('markdown') ? htmlToMarkdown(processedHtml) : null,
+ html: settings.outputFormats.includes('html') ? processedHtml : null,
+ };
+
+ addTimeMeasureEvent(request.userData, 'playwright-before-response-send');
+ if (settings.debugMode) {
+ result.crawl.debug = { timeMeasures: transformTimeMeasuresToRelative(request.userData.timeMeasures!) };
+ }
+ log.info(`Adding result to the Apify dataset, url: ${request.url}`);
+ await context.pushData(result);
+
+ log.info(`Adding result to response: ${request.userData.responseId}, request.uniqueKey: ${request.uniqueKey}`);
+ // Get responseId from the request.userData, which corresponds to the original search request
+ if (responseId) {
+ addResultToResponse(responseId, request.uniqueKey, result);
+ sendResponseIfFinished(responseId);
+ }
+}
+
+export async function failedRequestHandlerPlaywright(request: Request, err: Error) {
+ log.error(`Playwright-content-crawler failed to process request ${request.url}, error ${err.message}`);
+ request.userData.timeMeasures!.push({ event: 'playwright-failed-request', time: Date.now() });
+ const { responseId } = request.userData;
+ if (responseId) {
+ const resultErr: Output = {
+ crawl: {
+ httpStatusCode: 500,
+ httpStatusMessage: err.message,
+ loadedAt: new Date(),
+ uniqueKey: request.uniqueKey,
+ requestStatus: ContentCrawlerStatus.FAILED,
+ },
+ googleSearchResult: request.userData.googleSearchResult!,
+ metadata: {
+ url: request.url,
+ title: request.userData.googleSearchResult?.title,
+ },
+ text: request.userData.googleSearchResult?.description || '',
+ };
+ log.info(`Adding result to the Apify dataset, url: ${request.url}`);
+ await Actor.pushData(resultErr);
+ addResultToResponse(responseId, request.uniqueKey, resultErr);
+ sendResponseIfFinished(responseId);
+ }
+}
diff --git a/src/responses.ts b/src/responses.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08821eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/responses.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import { log } from 'apify';
+import { RequestOptions } from 'crawlee';
+import { ServerResponse } from 'http';
+
+import { ContentCrawlerStatus } from './const.js';
+import { Output, UserData } from './types.js';
+
+class ResponseData {
+ response: ServerResponse;
+ resultsMap: Map;
+
+ constructor(response: ServerResponse) {
+ this.response = response;
+ this.resultsMap = new Map();
+ }
+}
+
+const responseData = new Map();
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to get response object by responseId.
+ */
+const getResponse = (responseId: string): ResponseData | null => {
+ const res = responseData.get(responseId);
+ if (res) return res;
+
+ return null;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a response object for a search request
+ * (for content crawler requests there is no need to create a response object).
+ */
+export const createResponse = (responseId: string, response: ServerResponse) => {
+ responseData.set(responseId, new ResponseData(response));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Add empty result to response object when the content crawler request is created.
+ * This is needed to keep track of all results and to know that all results have been handled.
+ */
+export const addEmptyResultToResponse = (responseId: string, request: RequestOptions) => {
+ const res = getResponse(responseId);
+ if (!res) return;
+
+ const result: Partial