notebooks/17-street-network-orientations.ipynb

{
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# City street network orientations\n",
    "\n",
    "Compare the spatial orientations of city street networks with OSMnx.\n",
    "\n",
    "  - [Overview of OSMnx](http://geoffboeing.com/2016/11/osmnx-python-street-networks/)\n",
    "  - [GitHub repo](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx)\n",
    "  - [Examples, demos, tutorials](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx-examples)\n",
    "  - [Documentation](https://osmnx.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)\n",
    "  - [Journal article/citation](http://geoffboeing.com/publications/osmnx-complex-street-networks/)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'0.9'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import osmnx as ox\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "ox.config(log_console=True, use_cache=True)\n",
    "weight_by_length = False\n",
    "\n",
    "ox.__version__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# define the study sites as label : query\n",
    "places = {'Atlanta'       : 'Atlanta, GA, USA',\n",
    "          'Boston'        : 'Boston, MA, USA',\n",
    "          'Buffalo'       : 'Buffalo, NY, USA',\n",
    "          'Charlotte'     : 'Charlotte, NC, USA',\n",
    "          'Chicago'       : 'Chicago, IL, USA',\n",
    "          'Cleveland'     : 'Cleveland, OH, USA',\n",
    "          'Dallas'        : 'Dallas, TX, USA',\n",
    "          'Houston'       : 'Houston, TX, USA',\n",
    "          'Denver'        : 'Denver, CO, USA',\n",
    "          'Detroit'       : 'Detroit, MI, USA',\n",
    "          'Las Vegas'     : 'Las Vegas, NV, USA',\n",
    "          'Los Angeles'   : {'city':'Los Angeles', 'state':'CA', 'country':'USA'},\n",
    "          'Manhattan'     : 'Manhattan, NYC, NY, USA',\n",
    "          'Miami'         : 'Miami, FL, USA',\n",
    "          'Minneapolis'   : 'Minneapolis, MN, USA',\n",
    "          'Orlando'       : 'Orlando, FL, USA',\n",
    "          'Philadelphia'  : 'Philadelphia, PA, USA',\n",
    "          'Phoenix'       : 'Phoenix, AZ, USA',\n",
    "          'Portland'      : 'Portland, OR, USA',\n",
    "          'Sacramento'    : 'Sacramento, CA, USA',\n",
    "          'San Francisco' : {'city':'San Francisco', 'state':'CA', 'country':'USA'},\n",
    "          'Seattle'       : 'Seattle, WA, USA',\n",
    "          'St Louis'      : 'St. Louis, MO, USA',\n",
    "          'Tampa'         : 'Tampa, FL, USA',\n",
    "          'Washington'    : 'Washington, DC, USA'}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>bbox_east</th>\n",
       "      <th>bbox_north</th>\n",
       "      <th>bbox_south</th>\n",
       "      <th>bbox_west</th>\n",
       "      <th>geometry</th>\n",
       "      <th>place_name</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>-84.289560</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.886823</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.647808</td>\n",
       "      <td>-84.551068</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-84.551068 33.720793, -84.550962 33...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-70.804488</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.396977</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.227911</td>\n",
       "      <td>-71.191260</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-71.19126 42.2828375, -71.1910708000...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-78.795168</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.966469</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.826039</td>\n",
       "      <td>-78.919453</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-78.9194528 42.9471686, -78.91913169...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Buffalo, Erie County, New York, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>-80.670104</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.393133</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.013174</td>\n",
       "      <td>-81.009554</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-81.00955399999999 35.151438, -81.00...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina,...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>-87.523984</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.023040</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.644531</td>\n",
       "      <td>-87.940101</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-87.940101 42.000926, -87.940032 41....</td>\n",
       "      <td>Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>-81.532744</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.604436</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.390628</td>\n",
       "      <td>-81.879094</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-81.8790937 41.396415, -81.879059100...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>-96.463632</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.023937</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.613216</td>\n",
       "      <td>-97.000482</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-97.00048200000001 32.622213, -96.9...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>-95.012052</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.110351</td>\n",
       "      <td>29.537070</td>\n",
       "      <td>-95.909742</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-95.2682133 29.9545607, -95.2683068...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Houston, Harris County, Texas, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>-104.599689</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.914209</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.614315</td>\n",
       "      <td>-105.109885</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-105.1098845 39.6270956, -105.107606...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Denver, Denver County, Colorado, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>-82.910439</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.450232</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.255192</td>\n",
       "      <td>-83.287959</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-83.287959 42.44268, -83.287852 42.4...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>-115.062066</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.380491</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.129554</td>\n",
       "      <td>-115.414628</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-115.414628 36.194632, -115.414529 3...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>-118.155295</td>\n",
       "      <td>34.337306</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.703622</td>\n",
       "      <td>-118.668187</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-118.6681867 34.1850794, -118.668180...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>-73.910187</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.877796</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.699682</td>\n",
       "      <td>-74.019442</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-74.01944159999999 40.7060712, -74.0...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Manhattan, New York County, New York City, New...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>-80.139157</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.855783</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.709052</td>\n",
       "      <td>-80.319760</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-80.31976 25.7624927, -80.319682 25....</td>\n",
       "      <td>Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>-93.193858</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.051250</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.890150</td>\n",
       "      <td>-93.329163</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-93.32916299999999 44.941422, -93.32...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>-81.227586</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.614283</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.348063</td>\n",
       "      <td>-81.507538</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-81.4237634 28.5070299, -81.4228179...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Orlando, Orange County, Florida, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>-74.955831</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.137959</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.867005</td>\n",
       "      <td>-75.280298</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-75.28029770000001 39.9750019, -75.2...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvani...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>-111.925520</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.918379</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.290374</td>\n",
       "      <td>-112.324029</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-112.3240289 33.5096918, -112.324028...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>-122.472025</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.652881</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.432536</td>\n",
       "      <td>-122.836749</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-122.72526 45.5255174, -122.7250967...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>-121.362740</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.685506</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.437574</td>\n",
       "      <td>-121.560120</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-121.56012 38.656339, -121.559298 38...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>-122.281780</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.929844</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.640314</td>\n",
       "      <td>-123.173825</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-123.173825 37.775727, -123.173763 ...</td>\n",
       "      <td>San Francisco, San Francisco City and County, ...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>-122.224433</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.734136</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.481002</td>\n",
       "      <td>-122.459696</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-122.459696 47.674269, -122.45962 47...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Seattle, King County, Washington, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>-90.166292</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.774340</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.532322</td>\n",
       "      <td>-90.320652</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-90.32065249999999 38.594204, -90.31...</td>\n",
       "      <td>St. Louis, City of St. Louis, Missouri, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>-82.253868</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.171360</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.821260</td>\n",
       "      <td>-82.586495</td>\n",
       "      <td>(POLYGON ((-82.5864954 27.9729922, -82.5858514...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>-76.909366</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.995852</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.791630</td>\n",
       "      <td>-77.119766</td>\n",
       "      <td>POLYGON ((-77.11976629999999 38.9342795, -77.1...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Washington, District of Columbia, USA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     bbox_east  bbox_north  bbox_south   bbox_west  \\\n",
       "0   -84.289560   33.886823   33.647808  -84.551068   \n",
       "1   -70.804488   42.396977   42.227911  -71.191260   \n",
       "2   -78.795168   42.966469   42.826039  -78.919453   \n",
       "3   -80.670104   35.393133   35.013174  -81.009554   \n",
       "4   -87.523984   42.023040   41.644531  -87.940101   \n",
       "5   -81.532744   41.604436   41.390628  -81.879094   \n",
       "6   -96.463632   33.023937   32.613216  -97.000482   \n",
       "7   -95.012052   30.110351   29.537070  -95.909742   \n",
       "8  -104.599689   39.914209   39.614315 -105.109885   \n",
       "9   -82.910439   42.450232   42.255192  -83.287959   \n",
       "10 -115.062066   36.380491   36.129554 -115.414628   \n",
       "11 -118.155295   34.337306   33.703622 -118.668187   \n",
       "12  -73.910187   40.877796   40.699682  -74.019442   \n",
       "13  -80.139157   25.855783   25.709052  -80.319760   \n",
       "14  -93.193858   45.051250   44.890150  -93.329163   \n",
       "15  -81.227586   28.614283   28.348063  -81.507538   \n",
       "16  -74.955831   40.137959   39.867005  -75.280298   \n",
       "17 -111.925520   33.918379   33.290374 -112.324029   \n",
       "18 -122.472025   45.652881   45.432536 -122.836749   \n",
       "19 -121.362740   38.685506   38.437574 -121.560120   \n",
       "20 -122.281780   37.929844   37.640314 -123.173825   \n",
       "21 -122.224433   47.734136   47.481002 -122.459696   \n",
       "22  -90.166292   38.774340   38.532322  -90.320652   \n",
       "23  -82.253868   28.171360   27.821260  -82.586495   \n",
       "24  -76.909366   38.995852   38.791630  -77.119766   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                             geometry  \\\n",
       "0   (POLYGON ((-84.551068 33.720793, -84.550962 33...   \n",
       "1   POLYGON ((-71.19126 42.2828375, -71.1910708000...   \n",
       "2   POLYGON ((-78.9194528 42.9471686, -78.91913169...   \n",
       "3   POLYGON ((-81.00955399999999 35.151438, -81.00...   \n",
       "4   POLYGON ((-87.940101 42.000926, -87.940032 41....   \n",
       "5   POLYGON ((-81.8790937 41.396415, -81.879059100...   \n",
       "6   (POLYGON ((-97.00048200000001 32.622213, -96.9...   \n",
       "7   (POLYGON ((-95.2682133 29.9545607, -95.2683068...   \n",
       "8   POLYGON ((-105.1098845 39.6270956, -105.107606...   \n",
       "9   POLYGON ((-83.287959 42.44268, -83.287852 42.4...   \n",
       "10  POLYGON ((-115.414628 36.194632, -115.414529 3...   \n",
       "11  POLYGON ((-118.6681867 34.1850794, -118.668180...   \n",
       "12  POLYGON ((-74.01944159999999 40.7060712, -74.0...   \n",
       "13  POLYGON ((-80.31976 25.7624927, -80.319682 25....   \n",
       "14  POLYGON ((-93.32916299999999 44.941422, -93.32...   \n",
       "15  (POLYGON ((-81.4237634 28.5070299, -81.4228179...   \n",
       "16  POLYGON ((-75.28029770000001 39.9750019, -75.2...   \n",
       "17  POLYGON ((-112.3240289 33.5096918, -112.324028...   \n",
       "18  (POLYGON ((-122.72526 45.5255174, -122.7250967...   \n",
       "19  POLYGON ((-121.56012 38.656339, -121.559298 38...   \n",
       "20  (POLYGON ((-123.173825 37.775727, -123.173763 ...   \n",
       "21  POLYGON ((-122.459696 47.674269, -122.45962 47...   \n",
       "22  POLYGON ((-90.32065249999999 38.594204, -90.31...   \n",
       "23  (POLYGON ((-82.5864954 27.9729922, -82.5858514...   \n",
       "24  POLYGON ((-77.11976629999999 38.9342795, -77.1...   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                           place_name  \n",
       "0                Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, USA  \n",
       "1          Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, USA  \n",
       "2                 Buffalo, Erie County, New York, USA  \n",
       "3   Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina,...  \n",
       "4                 Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, USA  \n",
       "5               Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA  \n",
       "6                   Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, USA  \n",
       "7                  Houston, Harris County, Texas, USA  \n",
       "8                Denver, Denver County, Colorado, USA  \n",
       "9                Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, USA  \n",
       "10               Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, USA  \n",
       "11   Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, USA  \n",
       "12  Manhattan, New York County, New York City, New...  \n",
       "13             Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA  \n",
       "14       Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota, USA  \n",
       "15               Orlando, Orange County, Florida, USA  \n",
       "16  Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvani...  \n",
       "17             Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, USA  \n",
       "18            Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon, USA  \n",
       "19     Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, USA  \n",
       "20  San Francisco, San Francisco City and County, ...  \n",
       "21              Seattle, King County, Washington, USA  \n",
       "22        St. Louis, City of St. Louis, Missouri, USA  \n",
       "23           Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, USA  \n",
       "24              Washington, District of Columbia, USA  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# verify OSMnx geocodes each query to what you expect\n",
    "gdf = ox.gdf_from_places(places.values())\n",
    "gdf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Get the street networks and their edge bearings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def reverse_bearing(x):\n",
    "    return x + 180 if x < 180 else x - 180"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "bearings = {}\n",
    "for place in sorted(places.keys()):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # get the graph\n",
    "    query = places[place]\n",
    "    G = ox.graph_from_place(query, network_type='drive')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # calculate edge bearings\n",
    "    Gu = ox.add_edge_bearings(ox.get_undirected(G))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    if weight_by_length:\n",
    "        # weight bearings by length (meters)\n",
    "        city_bearings = []\n",
    "        for u, v, k, d in Gu.edges(keys=True, data=True):\n",
    "            city_bearings.extend([d['bearing']] * int(d['length']))\n",
    "        b = pd.Series(city_bearings)\n",
    "        bearings[place] = pd.concat([b, b.map(reverse_bearing)]).reset_index(drop='True')\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        # don't weight bearings, just take one value per street segment\n",
    "        b = pd.Series([d['bearing'] for u, v, k, d in Gu.edges(keys=True, data=True)])\n",
    "        bearings[place] = pd.concat([b, b.map(reverse_bearing)]).reset_index(drop='True')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Visualize it"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def count_and_merge(n, bearings):\n",
    "    # make twice as many bins as desired, then merge them in pairs\n",
    "    # prevents bin-edge effects around common values like 0° and 90°\n",
    "    n = n * 2\n",
    "    bins = np.arange(n + 1) * 360 / n\n",
    "    count, _ = np.histogram(bearings, bins=bins)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # move the last bin to the front, so eg 0.01° and 359.99° will be binned together\n",
    "    count = np.roll(count, 1)\n",
    "    return count[::2] + count[1::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# function to draw a polar histogram for a set of edge bearings\n",
    "def polar_plot(ax, bearings, n=36, title=''):\n",
    "\n",
    "    bins = np.arange(n + 1) * 360 / n\n",
    "    count = count_and_merge(n, bearings)\n",
    "    _, division = np.histogram(bearings, bins=bins)\n",
    "    frequency = count / count.sum()\n",
    "    division = division[0:-1]\n",
    "    width =  2 * np.pi / n\n",
    "\n",
    "    ax.set_theta_zero_location('N')\n",
    "    ax.set_theta_direction('clockwise')\n",
    "\n",
    "    x = division * np.pi / 180\n",
    "    bars = ax.bar(x, height=frequency, width=width, align='center', bottom=0, zorder=2,\n",
    "                  color='#003366', edgecolor='k', linewidth=0.5, alpha=0.7)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    ax.set_ylim(top=frequency.max())\n",
    "    \n",
    "    title_font = {'family':'Century Gothic', 'size':24, 'weight':'bold'}\n",
    "    xtick_font = {'family':'Century Gothic', 'size':10, 'weight':'bold', 'alpha':1.0, 'zorder':3}\n",
    "    ytick_font = {'family':'Century Gothic', 'size': 9, 'weight':'bold', 'alpha':0.2, 'zorder':3}\n",
    "    \n",
    "    ax.set_title(title.upper(), y=1.05, fontdict=title_font)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    ax.set_yticks(np.linspace(0, max(ax.get_ylim()), 5))\n",
    "    yticklabels = ['{:.2f}'.format(y) for y in ax.get_yticks()]\n",
    "    yticklabels[0] = ''\n",
    "    ax.set_yticklabels(labels=yticklabels, fontdict=ytick_font)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    xticklabels = ['N', '', 'E', '', 'S', '', 'W', '']\n",
    "    ax.set_xticklabels(labels=xticklabels, fontdict=xtick_font)\n",
    "    ax.tick_params(axis='x', which='major', pad=-2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Anaconda\\envs\\ox\\lib\\site-packages\\matplotlib\\font_manager.py:1241: UserWarning: findfont: Font family ['Century Gothic'] not found. Falling back to DejaVu Sans.\n",
      "  (prop.get_family(), self.defaultFamily[fontext]))\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# create figure and axes\n",
    "n = len(places)\n",
    "ncols = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(n)))\n",
    "nrows = int(np.ceil(n / ncols))\n",
    "figsize = (ncols * 5, nrows * 5)\n",
    "fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize, subplot_kw={'projection':'polar'})\n",
    "\n",
    "# plot each city's polar histogram\n",
    "for ax, place in zip(axes.flat, sorted(places.keys())):\n",
    "    polar_plot(ax, bearings[place].dropna(), title=place)\n",
    "\n",
    "# add super title and save full image\n",
    "suptitle_font = {'family':'Century Gothic', 'fontsize':60, 'fontweight':'normal', 'y':1.07}\n",
    "fig.suptitle('City Street Network Orientation', **suptitle_font)\n",
    "fig.tight_layout()\n",
    "fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.35)\n",
    "fig.savefig('images/street-orientations.png', dpi=120, bbox_inches='tight')\n",
    "plt.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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