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<title>Nondestructive Testing - Nicholas S Selby</title><meta property="og:site_name" content="Nicholas S Selby">
<meta property="og:title" content="Nondestructive Testing">
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<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">Working under the direction of Professors <a href="https://ce.gatech.edu/people/Faculty/761/overview" target="_blank" style="font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">Laurence Jacobs</a> and <a href="http://www.me.gatech.edu/staff/torello" target="_blank" style="font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">David Torello</a> at Georgia Tech, I designed and implemented a novel air-coupled transducer calibration technique.<br></div>
<h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="font-size: 30px !important; line-height: 36px !important;">Problem</h2>
<span class="imgPusher" style="float: right; height: 184px; font-size: 16px !important;"></span><span style="display: table; width: 339px; position: relative; float: right; max-width: 100%; clear: right; margin-top: 20px; font-size: 16px !important;"><a style="font-size: 16px !important;"><img src="resources/211734861.JPG" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; border-width:1px;padding:3px; max-width:100%" alt="Picture" class="galleryImageBorder wsite-image"></a><span style="display: table-caption; caption-side: bottom; margin-top: -10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 14.4px !important;" class="wsite-caption"></span></span>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: justify; display: block; font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">How
do you measure the strength of a material without breaking it? When
evaluating the wear and tear of bridges, airplane wings, and nuclear
reactor walls, nondestructive material testing techniques are
invaluable. Due to their precision and flexibility, ultrasonic
transducers are often used to estimate the remaining life of important
components in structures. However, due to practical constraints such as
the surface roughness of the material being tested, methods that work in
perfect laboratory conditions cannot be employed directly in the field.<br><br>To
solve this problem, some researchers are turning to air-coupled
transducers for their low cost and greater robustness to surface
conditions. By moving the transducer off of direct contact with the part
being tested, we no longer need to worry about ensuring perfect
coupling between the face of the transducer and the material surface.
However, air-coupled transducers require performing a precise
calibration to work, and there exists no method to do so in the field.<br></div>
<hr style="width: 100%; clear: both; visibility: hidden; font-size: 16px !important;">
<h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="font-size: 30px !important; line-height: 36px !important;">Nonlinearity</h2>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">When
an acoustic wave travels through a material, defects in the material
called "nonlinearities" transfer some of the acoustic energy in the
fundamental frequency of the wave into harmonics. Simply put, if a 2 MHz
wave enters a damaged material, nonlinearities in the material will
generate a second acoustic wave at 4 MHz, twice the frequency of the
input wave. The strength of the generated harmonic relative to that of
the fundamental tells us how damaged, or nonlinear, the material is.
When a transducer produces an acoustic wave at one end of an object, we
model the wave as a sum of Gaussians which each propagate through the
material as Gaussians, picking up nonlinearity as they travel. By
measuring the accumulated nonlinearity, we can calculate how damaged the
material is.<br></div>
<h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="font-size: 30px !important; line-height: 36px !important;">Solution</h2>
<span class="imgPusher" style="float: left; height: 0px; font-size: 16px !important;"></span><span style="display: table; width: 301px; position: relative; float: left; max-width: 100%; clear: left; margin-top: 0px; font-size: 16px !important;"><a style="font-size: 16px !important;"><img src="resources/proj-ndte_1.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; border-width:1px;padding:3px; max-width:100%" alt="Picture" class="galleryImageBorder wsite-image"></a><span style="display: table-caption; caption-side: bottom; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: 14.4px !important;" class="wsite-caption"></span></span>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: justify; display: block; font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">We
designed an experiment in which we generated an acoustic wave at the
base of a material with a known nonlinearity. We used our nonlinear
modelling technique to analytically determine the magnitude of both the
fundamental and harmonic components at the opposite surface. To confirm
our model, we used a laser interferometer to measure the physical
surface displacement. After confirming our model, we then repeated the
experiment replacing the laser interferometer with a much less
expensive, but uncalibrated, air-coupled transducer. By propagating the
model from the surface of the material through the air to the
transducer, we could directly link the transducer output in Volts to the
physical strength of the propagating waves. This experimental
voltage-to-pressure mapping is unique to the transducer and can be used
in future experiments to easily determine material nonlinearity.<br><br>Our
method worked! We tested the calibration on two common materials,
aluminum and silicon, and were able to determine the nonlinearity of
both materials to high accuracy. I presented our methodology at
the <em style="font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation</em> conference and we published our work in the journal <em style="font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">Ultrasonics</em>. You can download our paper <a href="http://www.mit.edu/~nselby/resources/determination_of_absolute_material_nonlinearity_with_air-coupled_ultrasonic_receivers.pdf" target="_blank" style="font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">here</a> and my poster <a href="http://www.mit.edu/~nselby/resources/qnde.pdf" target="_blank" style="font-size: 21px !important; line-height: 30px !important;">here</a>.<br></div>
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