wiki.txt

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ODL and general python thingies
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
LCR/ODL/odl/examples/convolution_class.py

Difference()._apply: 
what does rhs.asarray()? acces to numpy array. Does this also work 
for Rn?
what does out[:] do? Access to numpy array? (it is the same type as 
rhs?
Copy because direct acces via
out[0][:-1,:] = asarr[1:,:]-asarr[:-1,:] not possible?
why not using slice object as in numpy.gradient or numpy.diff
self.domain in call of adjoint should be self.range?

if l is instance of  odl.discr.l2_discr.Vector, what does l[:] return

Why ndarray acces 'directly' via asarray while in 
LCR/ODL/odl/examples/tomography_simrec2d.py
access is via data.ntuples.data?
Why is data stored in different attributes?
if v is instance of odl.discr.l2_discr.Vector.data, then v.ntuples.data
if v is instance of odl.Rn, in v.data

Again comparing the above files? Why is the adjoint initialized in
__init__ for the Projector but not in Difference?


What to use for an operator? How to adopt operator for different
spaces?

How to implement operator that are used in optimization regarding the
domain? Use of original or vectorized (ravel) arrays?


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% PyCharm
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
keymaps

Alt + Home: Navigation bar pops up

Following three work in Editor and completion popup list
Ctrl+Q View | Quick Documentation
Alt+Shift+P View | Parameter Info
Ctrl+Alt+G Navigate | Declaration

Ctrl + X, B Pops up switcher dialogue window. Similiar to emacs
behavior.

Alt + Y Choose content to paste (selection windows pops up)

Ctrl + Shift + F7 (Edit | Find | Highlight Usages in File) to quickly
highlight usages of some

F3, Shift+F3 Navigate through highlighted usages
ESCAPE, ESCAPE Remove highlighting

Ctrl + Shift + Backspace (Navigate | Last Edit Location)

Alt + Shift + P when between parentheses of a method call lists valid
parameters

Alt + Shift + Q Indentation of text

Ctrl + Shift + P Pylint

Ctrl + Alt + G Open declaration

Alt + Enter Show intention and quick fixes

Ctrl + Shif + J Smart line join

Alt + / Basic code completion

Alt + Up/Down Move between methods in Editor
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% GIT
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Using GitHub API with personal access token (in the case that the use
of ssh is restricted and standard https authentication with username
and password fails):

Go to github, navigate to Setting -> Applications
Generate Personal access token AND SAVE IT.
Use name of token as user name and the access token as password.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Save username and password or name token and token, respectively using
credetnial helper

git config credential.helper store and then make a push/pull/etc that
requires a authentication
----------------------------------------------------------------------
show list of tracked files

git ls-tree -r master --name-only
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NVIDIA
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CUDA version

nvcc --version

gives the CUDA compiler version (which matches the toolkit version).

From application code, you can query the runtime API version with

cudaRuntimeGetVersion()

or the driver API version with

cudaDriverGetVersion()

As Daniel points out, deviceQuery is an SDK sample app that queries
the above, along with device capabilities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ubuntu start screen freezes and/or login screen is looping after
entering password

Probable cause: X-server was not configured probably after CUDA
installation

Solution:

Boot in recovery mode and try to login via terminal

Remove /home/USER/.Xauthority

reboot

ALTERNATIVELY:
instead of remove .Xauthority run 
sudo nvidia-xconfig

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Installation of NVIDIA driver with dkms support

The following relates to the installation of the NVIDIA driver only
and not to CUDA. In the case the CUDA toolkit installer is used,
download the (latest) driver seperately or extract it from the bundled
installer

cuda_*_linux.run --extract=<ABSOLUTE_PATH>

For newer driver releases, steps 0-2 are not needed.


0. uninstall current driver, probably X-server needs to be stopped
beforehand:

sudo ./*.run -uninstall

1. Build driver modules for the current kernel

sudo sh ./<DRIVER>.run -K

2. Reboot:

sudo reboot

No need to reboot multiple times and switch adapters.
Reference: Ubuntu Wiki: Nvidia Manual - Kernel and Mesa Updates


Make sure to use the same gcc/g++ version with which the kernel was
build and stop the X-server (see xstop alias in .bashrc for Ubuntu
12.04):

To be complete, For driver release >=304 it is possible to register
its module to DKMS. DKMS will take care of building it for each newly
installed kernel.

3. Install DKMS (For some reasons, it may not be installed already)

sudo apt-get install dkms

4. Reinstall nVidia driver with DKMS option.

sudo sh ./<DRIVER>.run --dkms

5. After this, it should be no need to redo the steps above any
more. A way to verify/check after new kernel install:

dkms status

References:

Registering the NVIDIA Kernel Module with DKMS
sh ./<DRIVER>.run --advanced-options

----------------------------------------------------------------------
to unistall driver run: nvidia-unistall
----------------------------------------------------------------------
to unistall cuda toolkit run uninstall scritp in
/usr/local/cuda.*.*/bin
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Inormation about GPUs nvidia-smi -l
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% PYTHON
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Investigating Inheritance

If you want to find out whether a class is a subclass of another, you
can use the built-in method issubclass:

>>> issubclass(SPAMFilter, Filter)
True
>>> issubclass(Filter, SPAMFilter)
False

     If you have a class and want to know its base classes, you can
access its special attribute __bases__:

>>> SPAMFilter.__bases__
(<class __main__.Filter at 0x171e40>,)
>>> Filter.__bases__
()
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Statement after import __metaclass__ = type not needed when inheriting
from object class CLASSNAME(object)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
In-place type conversion of numpy.ndarray

You can make a view with a different dtype (as long as the itemsize
remains the same), and then copy in-place into the view:

import numpy as np
x = np.arange(10, dtype='int32')
y = x.view('float32')
y[:] = x

print(y)

yields

array([ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  9.], dtype=float32)

To show the conversion was in-place, note that copying from x to y
altered x:

print(x)

prints

array([         0, 1065353216, 1073741824, 1077936128, 1082130432,
       1084227584, 1086324736, 1088421888, 1090519040, 1091567616])
----------------------------------------------------------------------
PYLINT 

reduce output via disabling reports:
pylint -rn
is equal to 
pylint –reports=n

Get rid of messages like :
Module MODULE has no MEMBER member (no-member)
pylint  --extension-pkg-whitelist=MODUL

Get help on messages, e.g.
C:342, 0: Invalid constant name "sets" (invalid-name)

pylint --help-msg=invalid-name
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ipython notebooks in pychamr IDE, as of 2015-08-24

only works with ipython version 2.4.1 since In Ipython 3.0 the kernel
messaging protocol and notebook format have changed.

sudo -H pip install 'ipython==2.4.1'
----------------------------------------------------------------------
matplotlib: animated plotting within loop

import matplotlib
matplotlib.use("qt4agg")
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()
axis = fig.add_subplot(111)

for i in range(30000):
    axis.plot(i,i,'o')
    if i > 5:
        plt.pause(1)
plt.close()
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Install python related package using pip
sudo -H pip install PACKAGE

List outdated packages
pip list --outdated

resolve dependencies before installation using:
sudo apt-get build-dep PACKAGE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
pip VS apt

Ubuntu Oneiric (and I expect newer versions too) install pip packages
to /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages, and apt packages to
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages. So just check the former directory
and sudo pip uninstall every package you find there.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ODL
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ODLpp make error

Error message while make:

[ 40%] Building CXX object ODLpp/CMakeFiles/odlpp_cuda.dir/cuda.cpp.o
/home/jmoosmann/git/LCR/ODLpp/ODLpp/cuda.cpp:2:31: fatal error: numpy/numpyconfig.h: No such file or directory
 #include <numpy/numpyconfig.h>
                               ^
compilation terminated.
make[2]: *** [ODLpp/CMakeFiles/odlpp_cuda.dir/cuda.cpp.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [ODLpp/CMakeFiles/odlpp_cuda.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [all] Error 2


Solution:
Set
PYTHON_NUMPY_INCLUDE_DIR
to
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Build python wrapper for C code
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------

copy arbitrary lib*py and modify:
lib*py.cpp
CMakeLists.txt
setup.py

----------------------------------------

Install python wrapper for wavelet library

enter build directory 
ccmake ../ 
or 
cmake-gui ../ 

configure following
Ungrouped Entries
  OPTIMIZATION ON
  HIGH_PRECISION ON
  MEX_ENABLED OFF
PYTHON
  PYTHON_ENABLE ON

make

sudo make libwaveletspyInstall

----------------------------------------

Write python wrapper

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Find installation location of module

When you import a module, you usually can check the __file__ attribute
of the module to see where the module is in your filesystem:

module __file__ attribute

import numpy
numpy.__file__

BUT! The file attribute is not present for C modules that are
statically linked into the interpreter; for extension modules loaded
dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname of the shared
library file


import imp
imp.find_module('NameOfModule')
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Search path

import sys
print '\n'.join(sys.path)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
examine your local namespace:

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(locals())
----------------------------------------------------------------------
RL: building

RLcpp: building

cd build
cmake ../
make
sudo make PyInstall

----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% IPYTHON
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Reloading submodules in IPython
IPython comes with some automatic reloading magic:

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

It will reload all changed modules every time before executing a new
line. The way this works is slightly different than dreload. Some
caveats apply, type %autoreload? to see what can go wrong.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
NOTES KTH MEDICAL IMAGING: Software, toolboxes, installation,
reconstruction, bugs, 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------

TESTING NIFTY TOOLBOX

Running tt_demo_mlem_conebeam in Matlab

results in Matlab crash: segemention violation

terminal output:

[NiftyReg CUDA ERROR] file '/home/jmoosmann/Software/NiftyRec/NiftyRec-2.0.1/transmission-lib_gpu/_tt_line_backproject_ray_gpu_kernels.cu' in line 213 : invalid device symbol.

line 213f of _tt_line_backproject_ray_gpu_kernels.cu:

    CUDA_SAFE_CALL( cudaMemcpyToSymbol("c_invViewMatrix_bk", invViewMatrix, sizeofMatrix, 0, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice) );
//    CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cudaMemcpy(c_invViewMatrix_bk, invViewMatrix, sizeofMatrix, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

No error messages occurs when using CPU instead of GPU (GPU=0).


REINSTALLING NIFTYREC

Toggling option NiftyRec_COMPILE_DOC when configruing with cmake-gui, error message occurs:

CMake Warning (dev) in documentation/manual/CMakeLists.txt:
  Syntax Warning in cmake code at

    /home/jmoosmann/Software/NiftyRec/NiftyRec-2.0.1/documentation/manual/CMakeLists.txt:8:63

  Argument not separated from preceding token by whitespace.
This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.

Inserting white space in the above CMakeLists.txt solves the problem.



NIFTYREC PYTHON

to load NiftyRec module within python via

from NiftyRec import NiftyRec

environment variables have to set beforehand

add 

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib/:/usr/local/cuda/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

to $HOME/.profile

Take care of the exact name of the cuda library: lib or lib64.


NIFTYREC MATLAB

tt_project_ray_mex takes as optional argument #9 USE_GPU=[0,1] which,
however, has no effect. Computation is always executed on GPU. Tested
with tt_demo_project_mod = modified version of tt_demo_project.


WALNUT DATA

for proper ground truth reconstruction from unprocessed sinogram with
1200 projections:

- replicate padding to remove incomplete data ring, symmetric padding
not working for cone-beam setup

- hot pixel filter removes broken pixel line artifacts, use of dark
  (not dead) pixel filter smears out some fine structures, do not use
  dark pixel filter

--------------
freeglut:
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglut.so

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Basic VI commands and principles
----------------------------------------------------------------------
vi has two modes: the command mode and the insert mode. In command
mode, letters of the keyboard will be interpreted as commands. When
you are in insert mode the same letters of the keyboard will type or
edit text. vi always starts out in command mode.  You can type i to
enter the insert mode. If you wish to leave insert mode and return to
the command mode, hit the ESC key. If you're not sure where you are,
hit ESC a couple of times and that should put you back in command
mode.


Change from the command mode to the insert mode: i

If the Backspace key doesn't work properly on your system, try using
the Ctrl h key combination.

If you've just finished typing text, you're still in insert mode and
will need to press ESC to return to the command mode.


Closing and Saving Files

:w	to save your file but not quit vi (this is good to do periodically in
	case of machine crash!).
:q	to quit if you haven't made any edits.
:wq	to quit and save edits (basically the same as ZZ).
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
FIREFOX
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Add-ons:
Adblock Plus
FireGestures
Instant Fox
Location Bar Enhancer
QuickFox Notes
QuickWiki
Xmarks
Colorful Tabs
Youtube High Definition
Turn off the lights
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Firefox: Bookmarking not possible

Close Firefox completely

Open the Firefox profile folder (~/.mozilla/firefox/t*)

Delete or rename all files named "places.sqlite", including
"places.sqlite-journal" and any "places.sqlite.corrupt" files, if
found (but first, see below, if a places.sqlite.corrupt file exists).
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove unwanted language packs

They are located in (or similiar)

/usr/lib/firefox-addons/extensions

sudo rm /usr/lib/firefox-addons/extensions/langpack-en-ZA@firefox.mozilla.org.xpi

Also check removing packages such as hunspell-en-ca hunspell-de-at etc.

sudo apt-get purge hunspell-en-ca myspell-en-au myspell-en-za
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
THUNDERBIRD
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Set up POP in mail clients

Standard configuration instructions:
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: 	pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995
Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS or SSL: 	smtp.gmail.com
Use Authentication: Yes
Port for TLS/STARTTLS: 587
Port for SSL: 465
Server timeouts 	Greater than 1 minute, we recommend 5
Full Name or Display Name: 	[your name]
Account Name or User Name: 	your full email address (including @gmail.com or @your_domain.com)
Email Address: 	your email address (username@gmail.com or username@your_domain.com)
Password: 	your Gmail password
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Thunderbird LDAP search is VERY slow on a large LDAP installation (MS
AD in this case)

Problem: after configuring an LDAP directory in the thunderbird
address book, searching for entriers takes forever but doesn't find
anything.

Started wireshark, found out that a query is sent to the server
alright. After 60 seconds, the server came back with a timeout failure
(which the TB UI doesn't show, but the packet can be seen in
wireshark).

Looking at the LDAP query string shows why: it's a logical "or" of
email, name, first name, last name, all of them using a "contains"
operator: (|(email=*XXX*)(sn=*XXX*)) etc. This means the LDAP server
can't use indexes, so it has to do four full table scans which take
forever.

The LDAP query string can be set in a hidden configuration option
called "mail.addr_book.quicksearchquery.format", which is documented
in https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Thunderbird/Hidden_prefs - it says
the default string is
pref("mail.addr_book.quicksearchquery.format","?(or(PrimaryEmail,c,@V)(DisplayName,c,@V)(FirstName,c,@V)(LastName,c,@V))");
with the c meaning "contains". However, it doesn't list any other
possibilities to use instead of "c", it just refers to the source
code.

That can be viewed at
http://dxr.mozilla.org/comm-central/comm-central/mailnews/addrbook/src/nsAbQueryStringToExpression.cpp.html#l278

where "bw" stands for "begins with".

So, i changed the preference to
"?(or(PrimaryEmail,bw,@V)(DisplayName,bw,@V)(FirstName,bw,@V)(LastName,bw,@V))");

and look what happens - querys are fast again. Of course, you won't
find anything containing your query anymore, just strings that begin
with your query - but that's what you want in most cases anyway, and a
working "starts with" is better than a non-functional "includes" in
any case.

config editor is found under: 
 Einstellungen... > Erweitert > Allgemein > Konfiguration bearbeiten..
----------------------------------------------------------------------


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
LINUX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Update PCI hardware database
update-pciids
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Graphical user interfaces/backends

GTK+

or the GIMP toolkit, multiplattform toolkit for creating GUI, written
in C/C++

python backend: PyGTK: for creating programs with a GUI using python,
multiplattform, free

Qt
independent technology for cross-platform development


----------------------------------------------------------------------
*.desktop files: Use of relative paths for scripts and icons

For scripts use relative paths w.r.t. to HOME directory simply without
leading slash, e.g. to start the script under $HOME/bin/script.sh
simply use Exec=bin/script.sh

For icons its differnt. There use default search paths for icons and
.png files instead of jpg. Default search paths are:
$HOME/.icons, /usr/share/icons or /usr/share/pixmaps
(convention for the freedesktop)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
very fast image viewer from command line

feh

view images in order using feh

feh `ls -v *.png`
----------------------------------------------------------------------
pdf manipulation in linux: 

pdftk

pdfmod: edit PDFs by moving pages around and deleting them. It’s in apt.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Disable ssh root login

sudo emacs /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Change PermitRootLogin without-password -> PermitRootLogin no

Restart ssh daemon
sudo service ssh restart
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Search for package using command line:
apt-cache search *
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic" does not exist.

sudo apt-get install xfonts-cyrillic



sudo apt-get install xfonts-100dpi

sudo apt-get install xfonts-75dpi

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Stop X-server

for UBUNTU 14.04 or higher

sudo service lightdm stop

for UBUNTU 14.04 or higher

sudo service gdm stop

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Redirect output in bash

foo > stdout.txt 2> stderr.txt

or 

foo 1> stdout.txt 2> stderr.txt

or both in the same file

foo > allout.txt 2>&1

to append output to file use >> instead of >

redirect stderr to stdout, then print combined streams and save them
to out.log

2>&1 | tee out.log

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Grafisches Frontend um .deb Pakte zu installieren: gdebi

(ansonsten mit: sudo dpkg -i Paketnname.deb
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Adobe Reader acroread: Text in inaktiven Tabs nicht
lesbar. Hintergrund hat die gleich Farbe wie der Text

Ambiance theme:

cd /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/gtk-2.0

sudo gedit gtkrc

>>>change fg_color from #4c4c4c to #000000

 

Radiance theme:

cd /usr/share/themes/Radiance/gtk-2.0

sudo gedit gtkrc

>>>change fg_color from #4c4c4c to #000000
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Konvertieren von Videos/Movies in fuer Microsoft Powerpoint 64-bit
passendes Format mittels Kommando: avconv, Output Dateiname: avi,
Codec: msmpeg4

avconv -c msmpeg 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
kill PID = kill-15 PID
more powerful kill signal:
kill -9 PID
or 
kill -SIGKILL PID
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Inormation about GPUs
nvidia-smi -l
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Admin / root / sudo Rechte wiederherstellen
Im recovery mode starten, root shell ausfuehren
Schreibschutz entfernen: mount -o remount,rw / 
USER der Gruppe sudo hinzufuegen: adduser USER sudo
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Grafikkarte ermitteln
lspci -nnk | grep -i VGA -A2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Rechnernamen aendern

Diese Änderungen sollte man in einer Rootshell oder im Recovery Modus
vollziehen, da sonst das Risiko besteht, dass man sich aus dem Rechner
aussperrt.

Der Rechnername muss in zwei Dateien geändert werden. Die Änderungen
kann man mit jedem beliebigen Editor ausführen.

Zum einen muss die Datei /etc/hostname angepasst werden:

meinrechnername

Zum anderen muss die Datei /etc/hosts geändert werden:

127.0.0.1       localhost
127.0.1.1       meinrechnername
...

Danach kann der Rechnername mittels des Befehls

sudo hostname -F /etc/hostname 

gesetzt werden.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Rootshell
sudo -i
exit
----------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE ON RECUSRSIVELY COPYING HIDDEN FILES

Do NOT copy files within a directory using an asterisk:
cp -r DIR1/* DIR2

The asterisk won't match hidden files starting with "."

Instead simply use the command without any asterisk:
cp -r DIR1 DIR2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
SSH port forwarding (ssh tunnel)
moosmann@iss-moosmann:~$ ssh -f -L 12345:anka-nc-gpu1:22 anka8.fzk.de -p24 -N
moosmann@iss-moosmann:~$ ssh -p12345 hp9361@localhost

Eine ssh Verbindung wird mit anka8,port 24 aufgebaut. Der lokale
Laptop port 12345 (-L 12345) wird dann uber anka8,port 24 auf
anka-nc-gpu1,port 22 gemappt. D.h. anka-nc-gpu1 ist über den lokalen
Port 12345 ansprechbar. D.h. weiterhin das man sich auf anka-nc-gpu1
einloggt über den lokalen Port 12345 aber mit entsprechendem
Nutzernamen: ssh -p12345 hp9361@localhost.

 -N 

Do not execute a remote command. This is useful for just forwarding
  ports (protocol version 2 only).

 -L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport

Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be
forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side. This works by
allocating a socket to listen to port on the local side, optionally
bound to the specified bind_address. Whenever a connection is made to
this port, the connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a
connection is made to host port hostport from the remote machine.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Environment Variable

Display Environment Variable
$ set
$ printenv
$ env

Change or Set Environment Variable
You can use the following command to change the environment variable
for the current session as per your shell.

For Korn shell (KSH)
var=value
export var
 
To set JAVA_PATH, enter:
JAVA_PATH=/opt/jdk/bin
export JAVA_PATH

For Bourne shell (sh and bash)
export var=value
To set PATH, enter:
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/bin:/usr/local/bin:$HOME/bin
----------------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/shm
Introduction:
/dev/shm is nothing but implementation of traditional shared memory concept. It is an efficient means of passing data between programs. One program will create a memory portion, which other processes (if permitted) can access. This will result into speeding up things on Linux. shm / shmfs is also known as tmpfs, which is a common name for a temporary file storage facility on many Unix-like operating systems. It is intended to appear as a mounted file system, but one which uses virtual memory instead of a persistent storage device. If you type mount command you will see /dev/shm as a tempfs file system. Therefore, it is a file system, which keeps all files in virtual memory. Everything in tmpfs is temporary in the sense that no files will be created on your hard drive. If you unmount a tmpfs instance, everything stored therein is lost. By default almost all Linux distros configured to use /dev/shm.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Reverting Guake terminal tab names back to 'Terminal #'

easiest way not to use vte prompt as tab names is to use the 
`gconf-editor`:

gconftool-2 --set /apps/guake/general/use_vte_titles --type boolean false
----------------------------------------------------------------------
obere Leiste fehlt
unity --reset
unity --replace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Open images from command line
xdg-open IMAGE
eog -f IMAGE
gnome-open IMAGE
fbi (http://linux.bytesex.org/fbida/)

Open videos form command line (even virtual console)
mplayer
----------------------------------------------------------------------
cal, ncal — displays a calendar and the date of Easter
----------------------------------------------------------------------
find
find Startverzeichnis [Optionen] Test Aktion

Beispiele:
find / -name "[Xx]*"

find / -name "*.txt" -size +12000c

findet also alle Dateien des gesamten Verzeichnisbaums, die auf .txt
enden und größer als 12000 Byte sind

find / -nouser -exec rm {} \;

Nach der Aktion -exec folgt also der normale Programmaufruf für rm.
Statt einer Datei existiert der Platzhalter „{}“ (zwei geschweifte
Klammern). Dieser steht für alle Dateien, die find findet.
Abgeschlossen werden muss der Befehl mit \; (Backslash, Semikolon).

find / -nouser -exec rm {} +

Das find-Kommando sammelt dabei solange Dateinamen bis die
Längenbegrenzung für die Argumentliste erreicht ist. Das Leerzeichen,
das Zeilenende und ähnliche Zeichen in Dateinamen werden dabei korrekt
an das Programm rm übergeben.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
tar: erstellen, entpacken, ansehen

Archive mit Inhalt von /etc und /home erstellen:

tar cvf test.tar /etc/ /home/
tar cvf - /etc /home | gzip > test.tar.gz
tar czvf test.tar.gz /etc/ /home/         # *GNU tar* Kurzform
tar -czvf test.tar.gz /etc/ /home/        # *GNU tar* Alternative

Archive entpacken:

tar xvf test.tar
gunzip < test.tar.gz | tar xvf -
tar xzvf test.tar.gz                      # *GNU tar* Kurzform
tar -xzvf test.tar.gz                     # *GNU tar* Alternative

Archivinhalt ansehen:

tar tvf test.tar
gunzip < test.tar.gz | tar tf -
tar tzvf test.tar.gz                      # *GNU tar* Kurzform
tar -tzvf test.tar.gz                     # *GNU tar* Alternative
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Find Number of CPU Cores Command
nproc
lscpu
less /proc/cpuinfo
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Paketquellen im Terminal hinzufuegen

sudo add-apt-repository 'deb PFAD/ZUR/QUELLE DISTRIBUTION KOMPONENTEN' 

also z.B.:

sudo add-apt-repository 'deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main restricted universe multiverse' 

Danach müssen die Quellen immer mittels des Befehls apt-get update
aktualisiert werden, erst dann können Pakete aus der neuen Quelle
hinzugefügt werden.

Gegebenenfalls muss noch ein Schlüssel zur Authentifizierung der
Quelle hinzugefügt werden.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ps

report a snapshot of the current processes. To see every process on
the system using standard syntax:

ps -e 

Display user-oriented format:

SHOW ABSOLUTE COMMAND PATHS PLUS PARAMETERS. It also causes the
command arguments to be printed (like -f). ps u
----------------------------------------------------------------------
psgrep

find distinct process in processes list

alias psgrep='ps -eo pid,user,ni,%cpu,%mem,time,etime,start,comm,cmd | grep -e PID -e'

psgrep COMMAND

----------------------------------------------------------------------
cron 

crontab - maintain crontab files for individual users
crontab [-u user] [-l | -r | -e] file

The -e option is used to edit the current crontab using the editor
specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables. After you
exit from the editor, the modified crontab will be installed
automatically.

Die Struktur ist wie folgt zu verstehen:

* * * * * auszuführender Befehl
┬ ┬ ┬ ┬ ┬
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └──── Wochentag (0-7) (Sonntag =0 oder =7)
│ │ │ └────── Monat (1-12)
│ │ └──────── Tag des Monats (1-31)
│ └────────── Stunde (0-23)
└──────────── Minute (0-59)

Beispiele von Crontabs:

#M    S   T   M  W    Befehl
5     *   *   *  *    /usr/bin/message.sh     #Befehl wird fünf Minuten nach jeder vollen Stunde aufgerufen.
*/5   *   *   *  *    /usr/bin/message.sh     #Befehl wird alle 5 Minuten aufgerufen (die Schrittweite wird durch */Schrittweite angegeben).
59    23  *   *  0    gzip /var/log/messages  #Befehl wird einmal pro Woche sonntags um 23:59 Uhr ausgeführt.
0     0   *   *  *    gzip /var/log/auth.log  #Befehl wird täglich um 00:00 Uhr ausgeführt.
20,30 1   *   *  1-5  /usr/bin/work.sh        #Befehl wird montags bis freitags jeweils um 01:20 und 01:30 ausgeführt.
0     1   1-7 12 1    /usr/bin/work.sh        #Befehl wird am 1. bis 7. Dezember sowie an jedem Montag im Dezember um ein Uhr nachts ausgeführt.


MAILTO=""
#M   S   T   M  W    Befehl
*/30 *   *   *  *    rsync -av /mnt/tomoraid-LSDF/users/moosmann/matlab/ $HOME/matlab_rsync/  #rsync matlab scripts on tomoraid3 to home folder

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cron Job Prevent the sending of errors and output

To prevent the sending of errors and output, add any one of the following at the end of the line for each cron job to redirect output to /dev/null.
>/dev/null 2>&1.
OR
&> /dev/null
OR
set MAILTO="" variable at the start of your crontab file. This will also disable email. Edit/Open your cron jobs
$ crontab -e
At the top of the file, enter:
MAILTO=""
Save and close the file.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Nautilus bookmarks are stored in ~/.gtk-bookmarks

Nautilus uses uniform resource identifier (URI) syntax for bookmarks.
Special URIs include:
Code

computer:/// - mounted devices and network
file:/// - local files
network:/// - available networks
burn:/// - burning media
smb:/// - windows/samba networks
x-nautilus-desktop:/// - desktop objects and icons
trash:/// - local trash
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Convert the AVI video to MP4 using command line
mencoder input.avi -o output.mp4 -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg1video -of mpeg
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Terminal type: Print type and echo TERM
tset -r
tset -rs
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU info: cores, etc
cat /proc/cpuinfo
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Show your L1 and L2 cache related information
dmesg | grep cache
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Restore window manager:
gtk-window-decorator --replace &
emerald --replace &
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Redirect output:
>   Redirect standard output
>&  Redirect standard output and standard error
<   Redirect standard input
>!  Redirect standard output; overwrite file if it exists
>&! Redirect standard output and standard error; overwrite file if it exists
|   Redirect standard output to another command (pipe)
>>  Append standard output
>>& Append standard output and standard error
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Suppress standard output and standard error for shell (Redirection to
nowhere: /dev/null)
COMMAND >&/dev/null
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Suche MUSTER in allen Dateien im aktuellen Ordner (.) und allen
Unterordner und gebe den Pfad der Datei bei erfolgreicher Suche in der
Konsole aus:
find . -exec grep "MUSTER" '{}' /dev/null \; -print
Bei Gebrauch mit -name -print weglassen
----------------------------------------------------------------------
SHELL LOOPs
for f in ABS{1..4}; do head "./$f/$f.par"; done
for f in *{1..4}.par; do echo "check: $f"; done
for f in /ABS{1..4}; do echo ".$f$f.par"; done
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Counting number of files in current directory
ls -l | wc -l  counts the number of lines in the output of ls -l

Recursively count files in linux directory
find DIR_NAME -type f -print | wc -l
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Get computer's IP adress (LAN)
/sbin/ifconfig
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abhaengigkeiten installieren
apt-get build-dep
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Permission right: 
The first char is for the user, second for the group
and the third is for other.  
Octal specification: The high bit (4) is
for read access, the middle bit (2) os for write access, and the low
bit (1) is for execute access.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
IDs OF USERS AND GROUPS
superuserrights are necessary

id    print real and effective user and group IDs
addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group

Add an existing user to an existing group. If called with two
non-option arguments, adduser will add an existing user to an existing
group.

adduser user group
----------------------------------------------------------------------
FUSE: operating on files on a remote computer using just a secure
shell login on the remote computer
SSHFS: filesystem client based on ssh
sshfs [user@]host:[dir] mountpoint [options]
Beispiel: sshfs moosmann@anka-tomo2.ka.fzk.de:/home/moosmann /home/moosmann/external_mounts/home_tomo2 -o uid=1000 -o gid=1009
groups and members are listed in /etc/groups
print all gid's/groupnames a user belongs to
id -G user
id -Gn user  
unmounting
fusermount -u FOLDER
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Print system information
uname
----------------------------------------------------------------------
free
----------------------------------------------------------------------
SCREEN session:
start screen session with name NAME: screen -S NAME
screen -r  resume detached screen session
screen -list list detached screen session 
Befehle um die screen session anzusteuern mit C-a einleiten:
C-a d    detach screen from this terminal
C-a D D  detach an logut
C-a c    start new screen tab (subsession)
C-a "    lists all windows in a session
C-a A    enter name for current window
C-a S    Split the current region into two new ones.
C-a TAB  zwischen subsessins wechseln
C-a k
C-a C-k     (kill)        Destroy current window.
C-a q
C-a C-q     (xon)	Send a control-q to the current window.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
convert multiple images preserving filenames (here: tif to png)
for file in *.tif ; do convert "$file" "${file/%tif/png}" ; done
or
format=eps;echo $format;for file in *.$format ; do convert "$file" "${file/%$format/png}";done
or define function
function imconverter ()
{
  echo -e '\nConvert' $1' images to' $2' images\n'
  for file in *.$1;do convert "$file" "${file/%$1/$2}";done
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
if default application (nautilus) to open a folder changed then the
file mimeapps.list was changed/is misconfigured
~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list. Solution: in
'inode/directory' change it to 'inode/directory=nautilus.desktop;'
----------------------------------------------------------------------
When window frames disappear / Wenn Fensterrahmen verschwinden
GNOME:  gtk-window-decorator & 
	bzw. um Compiz zu beenden
	nohup metacity --replace & 
KDE:	kde-window-decorator & 
	bzw. um Compiz zu beenden
	kwin --replace & 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ls-R database
The "database" read by Kpathsea is a line-oriented file of plain text.
The format is that generated by GNU (and perhaps other) ls programs
given the `-R' option, as follows.
 * Blank lines are ignored.
 * If a line begins with `/' and ends with a colon, it's the name of a
   directory.
 * All other lines name entries in the most recently seen directory.
   `/''s in such lines will produce possibly-strange results.
 * Files with no preceding directory line are ignored. 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Hide current working directory in terminal
export PS1='$(ppwd \l)\u@\h > '
----
export PS1='\u@\h: '

That results in oli@bert: for my prompt.

If you really want something as minimalist as you ask for, try this:

export PS1='> '

You can attach that to the end of your ~/.bashrc file to have it persist between logins.

You can also get creative with some colours. Here's what I use on my servers:

export PS1='\[\033[0;35m\]\h\[\033[0;33m\] \w\[\033[00m\]: '
--------
Just to expand on Oli's answer (and so that I have a bookmark for those short-hand symbols):

The bash prompt (stefano@linux:~$) is only the first of a couple of prompts you might see,:

    PS1: The default promt you see when you open a shell

    It's value is stored in an environment variable called PS1. To see its value, type

    echo $PS1

    This will give you something like

    \[\e]0;\u@\h: \w\a\]${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$

    To change it, you can set a new value for the variable:

    export PS1="\u > "

    This will result in a prompt like this:

    stefano > 

    PS2: is your secondary prompt. This get's shown when a command is not finished. Type echo "asd and hit enter, the secondary prompt will let you enter more lines until you close the inverted commas.

    PS3 is the prompt used for select(2)

    PS4 is the prompt used for alt text stack traces (default: +)

To make the changes permanent, you append them to the end of .bash_profile (or .bashrc, see this question) in your home directory.

Here's a more or less complete list of shorthand that you can use when composing these:

    \a     The 'bell' charakter
    \A     24h Time
    \d     Date (e.g. Tue Dec 21)
    \e     The 'escape' charakter
    \h     Hostname (up to the first ".")
    \H     Hostname
    \j     No. of jobs currently running (ps)
    \l     Current tty
    \n     Line feed
    \t     Time (hh:mm:ss)
    \T     Time (hh:mm:ss, 12h format)
    \r     Carriage return
    \s     Shell (i.e. bash, zsh, ksh..)
    \u     Username
    \v     Bash version
    \V     Full Bash release string
    \w     Current working directory
    \W     Last part of the current working directory
    \!     Current index in history
    \#     Command index
    \$     A "#" if you're root, else "$"
    \\     Literal Backslash
    \@     Time (12h format with am/pm)

You can of course insert any literal string, and any command:

export PS1="\u \$(pwd) > "

Where $(pwd) stands in place of "the output of" pwd.

    If the command substitution is escaped, as in \$(pwd), it's evaluated every time the prompt is displayed, otherwise, as in $(pwd), it's only evaluated once when bash is started.

If you want your prompt to feature colours, you can use bash's colour codes to do it. The code consists of three parts:

40;33;01

    The first part before the semicolon represents the text style.
        00=none
        01=bold
        04=underscore
        05=blink
        07=reverse
        08=concealed

    The second and third part are the colour and the background color:
        30=black
        31=red
        32=green
        33=yellow
        34=blue
        35=magenta
        36=cyan
        37=white

Each part can be omitted, assuming starting on the left. i.e. "1" means bold, "1;31" means bold and red. And you would get your terminal to print in colour by escaping the instruction with \33[ and ending it with an m. 33, or 1B in hexadecimal, is the ascii sign "ESCAPE" (a special character in the ascii character set). Example:

"\33[1;31mHello World\33[m"

Prints "Hello World" in bright red.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
echo 	Ausgabe von Text, Formatierte Ausgabe von Text

Die beste Hilfe zu dem Befehl echo erhält man mit "info echo". Die Manual-Seite
"man 1 echo" enthält weniger Informationen.

Der Befehl echo leitet eine Zeichenfolge zur Standard-Ausgabe und kann verwendet werden für:
•   	Die einfache unformatierte Textausgabe
• 	Die formatierte Textausgabe
• 	Um Text in eine Datei zu schreiben und
diese dabei ggf. auch zu Erstellen.

Der Befehl lautet:

echo [Option] [Zeichenfolge]

Wobei die Option -e mit Hilfe von Steuerzeichen eine formatierte Ausgabe erzeugt. Hier die meiner Ansicht nach wichtigsten Steuerzeichen:
\a                   	Warnton
\f 	Form-Feed
\n 	Neue Zeile
\t 	Horizontaler Tab
\\ 	Backslash
\NNN 	Das Zeichen dessen ASCII-Code das Äquivalent zu
NNN Oktal ist. Wenn NNN keine gültige Oktalzahl
ist, wird "\NNN" ausgedruckt.

Weitere Escape-Zeichen s. info echo.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Check mouse and keyboard strokes: xev
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Festplatten formatieren/ Formatierung
grafisch/GUI: gparted
----------------------------------------------------------------------
FEDORA

gnome-terminal doesn't start anymore with error message:

GConf Error: Configuration server couldn't be contacted: D-BUS error:
The GConf daemon is currently shutting down.

Solution: killall gconfg-2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
KIT - ISS - LAS - Uni Ka
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
VPN to KIT
grafisch: jnc kit
commando zeile: jnc -n kit
config file: ~/.juniper_networks/network_connect/config/kit.conf
Info:
http://www.scc.kit.edu/dienste/vpn.php
Zugang:
https://vpn.kit.edu/dana-na/auth/url_default/welcome.cgi
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ab sofort kann ein JIRA-Issue per Mail an jira@iss.fzk.de kommentiert
werden. Im Subject muß nur die Issue-ID stehen. Der Text wird dann als
Kommentar hinzugefügt.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
UBUNTU
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Programme kompilieren

siehe
http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/programme_kompilieren

Bibliotheksuche via commando zeile
apt-file -l find libgtk | grep dev 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Befehl ausführen, Short Cut
Alt + F2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Alte Laufleisten (Scrollleisten) nutzen

Um die alten (aus GNOME 2 bekannten) Laufleisten wieder herzustellen,
verwendet man die folgenden Kommandos in einem Terminal [1] :

sudo apt-get remove overlay-scrollbar 
sudo bash 
echo "export LIBOVERLAY_SCROLLBAR=0" > /etc/X11/Xsession.d/80-disableoverlayscrollbars 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Script: Change primary monitor / monitor switch
#!/bin/bash
# Author: Andrew Martin
# Credit: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1309247
echo "Enter the primary display from the following:"			# prompt for the display
xrandr --prop | grep "[^dis]connected" | cut --delimiter=" " -f1	# query connected monitors
 
read choice								# read the users's choice of monitor
 
xrandr --output $choice --primary					# set the primary monitor
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Short cut to open GNOME-terminal in Ubuntu:
Ctrrl+Alt+T works by default in Ubuntu 11.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sicherheit/Passwortabfrage aendern unter /usr/share/polkit-1/actions
bei <allow_active> Wert (yes/no/auth_admin_keep) aendern
Passwortabfrage bei Proxywechsel ausschalten:
    com.ubuntu.systemservice.policy
       com.ubuntu.systemservice.setproxy
          <allow_active> auth_admin_keep -> yes
Following change seems no longer to be necessary in Ubuntu 11.10 and 12.04
   org.gnome.gconf.defaults.policy
	org.gnome.gconf.defaults.set-system
            <allow_active>auth_admin -> yes
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Proxyausnahmen in Ubuntu 11.10
17. Oktober 2011

Seit ein paar Tagen läuft bei mir das neue Ubuntu 11.10 Oneiric
Ocelot. Neben zahlreichen netten Änderungen gibt es aber auch seltsame
Entscheidungen.

So ist beispielsweise die Einstellung eines Netzwerk-Proxy aus einer
eigenen Anwendung in die Systemeinstellungen unter Netzwerk gewandert.
Was aber noch schlimmer ist, ist die Tatsache, dass die Einstellungen
für Proxy-Ausnahmen überhaupt nicht mehr vorhanden sind.

Um entsprechende Ausnahmen dennoch einzurichten muss man den
dconf-editor bemühen. Dort werden die Ausnahmen unter system – proxy
manuell in den Schlüssel ignore-hosts eingetragen. Die Beschreibung
erklärt, dass Hostnamen (auch mit Wildcards wie *.domain.com),
IP-Adressen und Netzmasken zulässig sind.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGE KEYBOARD LAYOUT VIA SHORTCUT / TASTATUR LAYOUT ÄNDERN MIT TASTENKOMBINATION
Shift + Caps Lock (Umschalt- und Feststelltaste)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Disable window maximize when titlebar dragged to top of screen?
Personally I think The Grid plugin has some neat features in it like
letting you resize windows using Ctrl+Alt+Number Pad.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
If you want to keep that functionality but remove the Maximize when
you drag a window to the top do the following:

- Open CompizConfig Settings Manager
- Click on the "Grid" in the "Window Management" category
- Click on the "Edges" tab
- Open the "Resize Actions" drop down
- Change the "Top Edge" drop down to "None"
- Close CompizConfig and you're all done.

Note that if you don't have the CompizConfig Setting Manager
installed, you can use gconf-editor (start it from terminal) and go to:

- apps -> compiz-1 -> pluging -> grid -> screen0 -> options -> top_edge_action

set this value to 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Which gcc version is in use
gcc --version
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Compiler optimisation flags
GCC

In addition to the architecture independent -O[0123s] option
hierarchy, architecture dependent optimisations are controlled by the
-march=<cpu-type> and -mtune=<cpu-type> options. The <cpu-type>
argument (not surprisingly) describes the type of cpu for which to
optimise the compiled code. The -mtune option will generate code that
is optimised for the given cpu type which will nevertheless run on cpu
types other than the optimisation target. On the other hand, -march
will attempt to optimise more aggressively at the expense of reducing
portability to other cpu types. Optimisations implied by -mtune are a
subset of -march optimisations, and thus it is only necessary to
specify -march if the the maximum level of optimisation is desired.

With version of gcc before 4.3, 32-bit code should be compiled with
the "prescott" as the cpu-type argument to -march or -mtune whereas
64-bit code should use the "nocona" argument. Gcc 4.3 however
introduces "core2" as a valid argument to the -mtune and -march
options which should be used. Alternatively, as of gcc 4.2, the
"native" argument is supported. This will automatically determine the
cpu-type on which compilation is taking place and apply optimisations
specific to that cpu.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
For people who have an Intel Pentium4 [Solo/Dual/Quad] Core processor can setup:
   $ export CXXFLAGS="-march=nocona -msse -msse2 -msse3"
For people who have an Intel Atom processor can setup:
   $ export CXXFLAGS="-march=atom -msse -msse2 -msse3"
For people who have an AMD (mobile) Athlon 64/FX/Sempron:
  $  export CXXFLAGS="-march=k8-sse3 -msse -msse2 -msse3"
----------------------------------------------------------------------
apt/aptitude search and install
apt-cache search PAKET
sudo apt-get install PAKET
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
UBUNTU UNITY
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Clear/Prevent Recent Documents under Files & Folders in Ubuntu Unity
This post was written by admin on March 23, 2011
Posted Under: General

First of all, open up a terminal window for commands:

1.) To clear recent documents, use:

rm ~/.local/share/zeitgeist/activity.sqlite
zeitgeist-daemon --replace

2.) To prevent new items from being created, use:

echo -n > ~/.recently-used.xbel
sudo chattr +i .recently-used.xbel

If you change your mind, use this to restore:

sudo chattr -i .recently-used.xbel

UPDATE: ACTIVITY LOG MANAGER has been released. This is a GUI tool
that allows you to tweak the Zeitgeist history: you can delete part of
the Zeitgeist history, blacklist some applications or prevent logging
certain types of files as well as blacklist folders.

Install it using the commands below:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:zeitgeist/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
zeitgeist-daemon --replace
sudo apt-get install activity-log-manager

----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
EMACS 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Reload config file

use the command load-file 

M-x load-file

then press return twice to accept the default filename, which is the
current file being edited

Alternatively, move the point to the end of any sexp and press C-x C-e
to execute just that sexp.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Disable suspend mode (Ctrl z) in emacs:

Here is how you can unbind the key and (optionally) bind that key
sequence to Undo

Add the following to your .emacs file:
	
;; Unbind Pesky Sleep Button
(global-unset-key [(control z)])
(global-unset-key [(control x)(control z)])

If you’d also like to bind the undo function to this key as it is now free to use, add the following lines as well:
	
;; Windows Style Undo
(global-set-key [(control z)] 'undo)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Insert a non-graphic character type C-q (quote-insert)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
M-x goto-line: M-g g
----------------------------------------------------------------------
check spelling of current word: M-$
----------------------------------------------------------------------
WINDOWS/LINUX: Replace control characters: 
C-q C-m	gives ^M
M-x 	replace-string C-q C-m
M-x 	query-replace C-q C-m
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change font size in the buffer
`C-x C-+’ and ‘C-x C--’ to increase or decrease the buffer text size
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Nach der Installation von Emacs findet sich eine aktuelle Version der
Referenzkarte im Verzeichnis /usr/share/emacs/Version/etc/refcards/.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
copy/kill a rectangular selection

C-x r k
    Kill the text of the region-rectangle, saving its contents as the “last killed rectangle” (kill-rectangle).
C-x r d
    Delete the text of the region-rectangle (delete-rectangle).
C-x r y
    Yank the last killed rectangle with its upper left corner at point (yank-rectangle).
C-x r o
    Insert blank space to fill the space of the region-rectangle (open-rectangle). This pushes the previous contents of the region-rectangle rightward.
C-x r c
    Clear the region-rectangle by replacing all of its contents with spaces (clear-rectangle). 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
emacs server mode

    Run the command server-start in an existing Emacs process: either
    type M-x server-start, or put the expression (server-start) in
    your init file (see Init File). The existing Emacs process is the
    server; when you exit Emacs, the server dies with the Emacs
    process.

    Run Emacs as a daemon, using the ‘--daemon’ command-line
    option. See Initial Options. When Emacs is started this way, it
    calls server-start after initialization, and returns control to
    the calling terminal instead of opening an initial frame; it then
    waits in the background, listening for edit requests.

Either way, once an Emacs server is started, you can use a shell
command called emacsclient to connect to the Emacs process and tell it
to visit a file. You can then set the EDITOR environment variable to
‘emacsclient’, so that external programs will use the existing Emacs
process for editing.

The simplest way to use the emacsclient program is to run the shell
command ‘emacsclient file’, where file is a file name. This connects
to an Emacs server, and tells that Emacs process to visit file in one
of its existing frames—either a graphical frame, or one in a text
terminal (see Frames). You can then select that frame to begin
editing.

/usr/bin/emacsclient -a /usr/bin/emacs FILE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Case senstive incremental search: 

Toggle on case sensitivity via M-c after incremental search, C-s, has
started
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
EMACS: AUCTEX
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Exlude commands to be checked by aspell

The manual says that you need to add the following to the command
line:

--add-tex-command cref op

Here op means that each command (\cref) may have one
optional parameter and has one mandatory parameter, and neither should
be checked (if you want to check the optional one, use Op instead).

Update: the proper syntax (for some versions of aspell?) might be

--add-tex-command="citep op" --add-tex-command="citet op"

To add the setting to the configuration file /etc/aspell.conf or
~/.aspell.conf

add-tex-command cref op

----------------------------------------------------------------------
\ref and \eqref

The command \ref is defined in the LaTeX Kernel. The command \eqref is
defined by amsmath.

\eqref puts brackets around the reference number. It's also places the
references in in \upshape (or \textup), to match the equation
reference exactly (Thanks to Werner). This is shown in the example
below.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change dvi viewer: 
!! deprecated !!
LaTeX -> Customize AUCteX -> Browse Options
-> Tex Command -> Tex Output View Style
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Commenting out
C-c ; comment out all lines in the current region
C-c % comment out the current paragraph
----------------------------------------------------------------------
AUCTex inverse search from Okular to emacs

!!!Make sure Browse tool is selected in Okular!!!

How to configure Emacs and AUCTeX to work with a PDF viewer
Posted on February 23, 2011 by Mathieu

Open a tex file with Emacs.

In the LaTeX menu, go to “Customize AUCTeX” and click on “Extend this menu”.

Then go again to LaTeX, “Customize AUCTeX”, go to the “Tex
Command” submenu and click on the included “Tex command” item.

PROCEDURE:

DONE via latex.el
You are now in the “Tex command group” configuration buffer,
scroll down until you reach “Tex Pdf Mode”. Its value is off
(nil), click on the “Toggle” button to activate this mode. Click
on the “State” button and select “Save for Future Sessions”.
AUCTeX will now compile your tex file using pdflatex and produce a
pdf output. That was the easy part.

DONE via latex.el and custom.el, see below
Still in the “Tex command group” configuration buffer, scroll all
the way down and click on the special item called “Tex View”. In
the “Tex view group” buffer, you have two things to do : activate
the correlate mode between the PDF and the tex file, and declare a
PDF viewer which can read these correlations. At the moment, only
Okular does the trick in Debian Sid.

DONE via latex.el, maybe has to be done via custom.el or
manually via customize Auctex
To activate the correlate mode :
    item “Tex Source Correlate Method”, click on the “Value Menu” button and select “synctex” and save for future sessions,
    item “Tex Source Correlate Start Server”, select “Always” and save,
    item “Tex Source Correlate Mode”, toggle it on and save.

DONE via custom.el
To set Okular as the default PDF viewer :
    item “Tex View Program List”, right arrow, then button “INS”
        name: Okular
        choice: Command
        command: okular --unique %o#src:%n%b
	    !! OR, see belwo
	    command: okular --unique %o#src:%n`pwd`/./%b
    item “Tex View Program Selection”, right arrow, then “INS”
        choice: Single predicate
        single predicate: output-pdf
	    viewer: Okular (if you just added Okular to the Tex View Program List,
	    this choice might not appear, but if you restart Emacs it will show
	    up)

Save both for future sessions. Close Emacs, re-open your tex file
and voilà.

To configure Okular: 
Settings, Configure Okular, Editor, select Emacs client.

To use Forward search from Emacs to Okular, just hit Ctrl+C Ctrl+V to
call the viewer. Okular will center its display on the intended line
of the pdf. 

To use Inverse search from Okular to Emacs, just hit Shift+Left mouse
click on the pdf. Emacs will come up and position the cursor at the
intended line of the TeX source. Make sure Browse tool is selected!!


!!!! For a more recent installation an update of “TeX View Program List
command” with the TexLive 2011 version is needed !!!!
okular needs absolute paths

okular --unique %o#src:%n`pwd`/./%b
----------------------------------------------------------------------
AUCTeX can also display the compilation errors in Emacs and point
exactly to the wrong part of your source code. To enable this or fix
its behaviour (e.g. when it opens a blank buffer strangely named
“Debian” in place of your TeX source), you might need to set up TeX to
produce file:line:error style messages. To do that,

    as a root or sudo user,
    open /etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath.cnf (on Debian),
    change “file_line_error_style = f” to “file_line_error_style = t” and save,
    run “update-texmf” which regenerates /etc/texmf/texmf.cnf from the
    files in /etc/texmf/texmf.d/ .


----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
LATEX
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
tikz line break in node

1 option: 

use \\ and mandatory option align=left (or center, ...) in node
----------------------------------------------------------------------
pgf / Tikz: TikZ node with includegraphics, anchor

\node [draw=black, anchor=south west] (label) at (0,0) {\includegraphics{my.pdf}};

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Briefvorlagen:

g-brief

dinbrief

GUI: tk-brief
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Integralzeichen:

Standard
\int_a^b f(x) dx, 

Schoener
\int_a^b \! f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x.

Mehrfachintegral
\iint\limits_D \, \dif x\,\dif y \quad \iiint\limits_E \, \dif x\,\dif y\,\mathrm{d}z

Geschlossenes Kurvenintegral
\oint \! \nabla f \, \dif t = 0

----------------------------------

ohne Grenzen
\int

mit Grenzen rechts vom Integralzeichen
\int_{-N}^N 

mit Grenzen uber und unter dem Integralzeichen
\int\limits_{-N}^N 	\int\limits_{-N}^N

Mehrfachintegral, Grenzen rechts
\iint_A \iiint_A \iiiint_A

Ringintegral bzw. Kurvenintegral
\oint_c
----------------------------------------------------------------------
little fraction sign: \tfrac{x}{y}, requires amsmath or 
similar package
----------------------------------------------------------------------
get non free fonts
sudo getnonfreefonts-sys
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bei Problem mit Blocksatz und Silbentrennung in figure captions:
\PassOptionsToPackage{caption=false}{subfig} 
\usepackage{subfig}
In diesem Beispiel ist das Packet subfig der Problemverursacher, da es
wohl die Einstellungen ueberschreibt.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Um MiKTeX nur zum Installieren fehlender Pakete in TeX Live zu
verwenden, muss in jedem Befehl [3] das livetex-Verzeichnis angegeben
werden:

mpm --update-db --install-root=/usr/share/texmf-texlive/ 
Benutzung

Der MiKTeX Package Manager wird über das Terminal [2] bedient. Er funktioniert fast analog zu apt-get auf dem Terminal:

Liste der verfügbaren Pakete aktualisieren:

sudo mpm --update-db 

Liste der verfügbaren Pakete auflisten:

sudo mpm --list 

Informationen zu einem bestimmten Paket anzeigen:

sudo mpm --list|grep GESUCHTESPAKET 

Ein bestimmtes Paket installieren:

sudo mpm --install=GESUCHTESPAKET  

Bei der Installation eines Paketes kann auch direkt der Pfad zur TeX-Distribution angeben werden (hier TeXLive)

sudo mpm --install=GESUCHTESPAKET --install-root=/usr/share/texmf-texlive/ 

Die neuen Pakete müssen noch bei LaTeX registriert werden:

sudo texhash 

oder bei einer TeXLive Installation:

sudo mktexlsr 

Nun können die neuen Pakete benutzt werden.

Der MikTeX Package Manager bietet auch eine grafische Oberfläche (einige Funktionen fehlen hier aber noch):

sudo mpm --admin 

Weitere Befehle und Hilfen zur Benutzung finden sich auf der Manpage und im MikTeX-Wiki

----------------------------------------------------------------------
LaTeX Konfiguration
local folder:
LF=/usr/local/share/texmf/
save style files under LF/tex/latex
For kitbeamertheme.sty maybe one needs arial and urw-arial fonts.
Download (maybe via Miktex) and extract the ua1.zip in the main zip
folder to the local- or systemtexfolder.
!!      Don't forgte to run texhash (create ls-R databases) or
        mktexlsr.
!!!!    For font installation one has to run updmap. (Update font map
        files for TeX output drivers.)
!!!!!!  For nonlocal systemwise installation one has to run
        updmap-sys. (Update font map files for TeX output drivers
        system-wide.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
BEAMER ERROR MESSAGES
How to get rid of those beamer warnings

September 27th, 2008 by Stefan Kottwitz

Many users of the beamer class are irritated by several beamer
warnings at every compiler run that are not caused by themselves, I’m
referring to the beamer version 3.07. Those warnings are not really
important, but it’s a good habit to debug all warnings instead of just
ignoring them, otherwise an important warning could easily be
overlooked.

When I compile this really small example:

\documentclass{beamer}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
Test
\end{frame}
\end{document}

I’m getting 6 warnings, after the second compilation of course less, but these 4 warnings remain:

   1. Package pgf Warning: This package is obsolete and no longer
      needed on input line 13.
   2. Package hyperref Warning: Option `pdfpagelabels’ is turned off
      (hyperref) because \thepage is undefined.
      Hyperref stopped early
   3. LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `OT1/cmss/m/n’ in size <4> not
      available (Font) size <5> substituted on input line 6.
   4. LaTeX Font Warning: Size substitutions with differences (Font)
      up to 1.0pt have occurred.

Let’s eliminate those warnings:

   1. beamer.cls is loading the obsolete package pgfbaseimage.sty that
   does nothing but loads pgfcore and prints out this warning. If you
   put a file with the same name pgfbaseimage.sty somewhere into your
   texmf directory (TEXMFHOME for example) or into the directory of
   your tex document containing just the line \RequirePackage{pgfcore}
   the warning will disappear.
   2. Set pdfpagelabels to false by yourself, by providing a beamer
   class option: hyperref={pdfpagelabels=false}
   3. beamerbasefont.sty defines the commands \Tiny and \TINY to
   choose very small font sizes. Redefine at least \Tiny or load a
   font providing that size, for instance Latin Modern.
   4. fixed by 3.

The new file:

\documentclass[hyperref={pdfpagelabels=false}]{beamer}
\let\Tiny=\tiny
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
Test
\end{frame}
\end{document}

will not cause warnings any more. Using those workarounds you won’t be
annoyed by unnecessary warnings during development of presentations.
Though the redefinition of \Tiny will fix it for Computer Modern fonts
I recommend to consider to use Latin Modern instead:

\usepackage{lmodern}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGE FONT SIZE IN LATEX DOCUMENTS
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Font Sizes:
        \tiny
        \scriptsize
        \footnotesize
        \small
        \normalsize
        \large
        \Large
        \LARGE
        \huge
        \Huge 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Put \displaystyle inside the "group" with the thing you want big. For
example, compare the in-line expressions $\frac{1}{x + \frac1x}$ and
$\displaystyle \frac{1}{x - \frac1x}$ and $\displaystyle \frac{1}{x -
{\displaystyle \frac1x}}$ to see how the scope of the \displaystyle
command works.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Wie kann ich die Schriftgröße relativ zur aktuell verwendeten
eine Stufe kleiner oder größer wählen?

Mit dem Paket `relsize' kann man die Schriftgröße um einige Stufen
kleiner oder größer als die aktuell verwendete wählen. Hierzu dienen
die Anweisungen \smaller, \larger oder \relsize{n} bzw.
\textsmaller{text}, \textlarger{text} und \mathsmaller{formel},
\mathlarger{formel}. Will man die Schriftgröße aller Fußnoten,
Bildunterschriften oder Überschriften um eine Stufe kleiner oder
größer wählen, so ist es besser die Makros für Fußnoten,
Unterschriften bzw. Überschriften entsprechend abzuändern. Dies kann
sehr einfach mit Paketen wie `footmisc', `caption2', `titlesec' oder
`sectsty', die an anderer Stelle erwähnt werden, erfolgen.

relsize:  CTAN: macros/latex/contrib/misc/relsize.sty
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\everymath
----------------------------------------------------------------------
To get equal sizes, you could use \DeclareMathSizes in your preamble.
The syntax is \DeclareMathSizes{display size}{text size}{script
size}{scriptscript size}. You could simply set all to your default
font size.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
IMAGEJ / FIJI
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fiji does not update
Delete following files:
ij-core-2.0.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
ij-updater-core
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem launching FIJI:

moosmann@iss-moosmann:~$ fiji 
Re-executing with correct library lookup path
Found that JAVA_HOME was: '/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/'
Could not launch system-wide Java (No such file or directory)

Solution:

sudo emacs /usr/bin/fiji
- replace the following line:
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/
by this one:
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-????/
----------------------------------------------------------------------
draw selection to the image: 
Edit -> Draw (Ctr-D) and save image as usual.
Color and line can be changed in newer version via: 
Edit -> Selection -> Properties
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Latex in labels and legends

Don't forget $$ when using latex
xlabel('$\lambda z {\bf \xi }^2$', 'Interpreter','LaTex')

In legend use {} to seperated legend strings from parameters
legend(h, ...
{'data: S = 1','data: S = 100','data: S = 370','data: S = 500','fit: S = 1','fit: S = 100','fit: S = 370','fit: S = 500'}, ...
    'Interpreter','latex')
----------------------------------------------------------------------
MEvent. Case! When Two-Finger Scrolling

synclient HorizEdgeScroll=0 HorizTwoFingerScroll=0
matlab -desktop
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Print or save figures using print(), or saveas(handle,filename,format)
where format for eps (vector graphics) should be following:

PostScript black and white
-dps

PostScript color
-dpsc
	
PostScript Level 2 black and white
-dps2
	
PostScript Level 2 color
-dpsc2 

Default on UNIX is Level 2. Use doc print or help print to see from
the table of print devices the supported formats.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Get name of current .m file from within that .m file:
mfilename
----------------------------------------------------------------------
inputname
inmem
repmat  duplicate matrix/array
----------------------------------------------------------------------
How can I see which toolboxes I have installed? 
help toolboxdir
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Information (name,type,file (location)) about a function with name
'fname' functions(@fname)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
import saved workspace varibles (foo.mat) into the workspace: load foo.mat
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The font used within figure windows
These are the fonts used in titles and labels. They are under the
user's control from the MATLAB Command Window. The font size or the
font name can be set for individual figures, or the default used by
MATLAB can be changed with the MATLAB command set as described in the
MATLAB documentation.
For example to change to a 20 point font as the default in all figures
and axes, the commands

  set(0,'defaultaxesfontsize',20);
  set(0,'defaulttextfontsize',20);
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Matlab: Figures als EPS speichern
Wenn man in Matlab einen Graphen erstellt, und diesen dann über das
normale Exportmenü als EPS exportiert, hat das Resultat immer einen
störenden weißen Rand um den eigentlichen Graphen. Das kann man
umgehen.

Der Rand um den eigentlichen Graphen stört vor allem dann, wenn man
ihn als Abbildung in ein LaTeX-Dokument einfügen will und auch für
Publikationen ist er störend.

Man kann Graphen allerdings auch ohne das Exportmenü als EPS-Dateien
sichern. Praktischerweise ist dann auch der Rand weg. Dazu muss man
folgenden Code eingeben:

Fig = figure
figure(Fig)
% Hier den eigentlichen Code zum Erstellen des Graphen einfügen
% Hier den eigentlichen Code zum Erstellen des Graphen einfügen
% Hier den eigentlichen Code zum Erstellen des Graphen einfügen
set(Fig,'position',[0 0, 800 550])
set(Fig,'PaperPositionMode','Auto')
saveas(Fig,'DATEINAME','epsc')

Erklärung:
Zeile 1: Anstatt Fig kann man natürlich auch jede andere Bezeichnung wählen
Zeile 6: 0 0 = Position des Fensters auf dem Bildschirm
Zeile 6: 800 550 = Größe des Graphen in Pixel
Zeile 7: Verhindert, dass Matlab beim Exportieren die Größe des Graphen ändert
Zeile 8: Speichert den Graphen Fig als EPS-Datei unter dem gewählten
      	 Namen im Matlab-Verzeichnis ab

Wirft man diese paar Zeilen in ein m-File, kann man mit nur einem
Klick hochwertige EPS-Dateien erstellen, die sich ohne Probleme in
LaTeX einfügen lassen und auch für Publikationen geeignet sind.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ASTRA toolboox
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Follow instructions in README.txt

Before running configure, check gcc and g++ version and modify if
necessary:
sudo rm gcc; sudo ln -s gcc-4.7 gcc
sudo rm g++; sudo ln -s g++-4.7 g++

Configure command
./configure --with-cuda=/usr/local/cuda --with-matlab=/usr/local/MATLAB/R2014b --with-python --prefix=/usr/local/astra 

----------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPILATION OUTPUT AFTER MAKE INSTALL:

jmoosmann@moosmann:~/Software/ASTRA/astra-1.5/build/linux$ sudo make install
[sudo] password for jmoosmann: 
./install-sh -m 755 -d /usr/local/astra/lib
./libtool --mode=install ./install-sh -m 644 libastra.la /usr/local/astra/lib
libtool: install: ./install-sh -m 644 .libs/libastra.so.0.0.0 /usr/local/astra/lib/libastra.so.0.0.0
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/astra/lib && { ln -s -f libastra.so.0.0.0 libastra.so.0 || { rm -f libastra.so.0 && ln -s libastra.so.0.0.0 libastra.so.0; }; })
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/astra/lib && { ln -s -f libastra.so.0.0.0 libastra.so || { rm -f libastra.so && ln -s libastra.so.0.0.0 libastra.so; }; })
libtool: install: ./install-sh -m 644 .libs/libastra.lai /usr/local/astra/lib/libastra.la
libtool: install: warning: remember to run `libtool --finish /usr/local/lib'
./libtool --mode=finish /usr/local/astra/lib
libtool: finish: PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/sbin" ldconfig -n /usr/local/astra/lib
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Libraries have been installed in:
   /usr/local/astra/lib

If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
specify the full pathname of the library, or use the `-LLIBDIR'
flag during linking and do at least one of the following:
   - add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable
     during execution
   - add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable
     during linking
   - use the `-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag
   - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to `/etc/ld.so.conf'

See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
./install-sh -m 755 -d /usr/local/astra/matlab
./install-sh -m 755 -d /usr/local/astra/matlab/mex
./install-sh -m 755 -d /usr/local/astra/matlab/tools
./install-sh -m 644 matlab/mex/astra_mex_algorithm_c.mexa64 matlab/mex/astra_mex_data2d_c.mexa64 matlab/mex/astra_mex_c.mexa64 matlab/mex/astra_mex_matrix_c.mexa64 matlab/mex/astra_mex_projector_c.mexa64 matlab/mex/astra_mex_projector3d_c.mexa64 matlab/mex/astra_mex_data3d_c.mexa64 /usr/local/astra/matlab/mex
./install-sh -m 644 ../../matlab/tools/*.m /usr/local/astra/matlab/tools

----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Compilation warning from nvcc:

nvcc warning : The 'compute_11', 'compute_12', 'compute_13', 'sm_11', 'sm_12', and 'sm_13' architectures are deprecated, and may be removed in a future release.

Fix:

The nvcc doesn't like compute_1X flags where X is 1,2,3. Simply remove
this: -gencode arch=compute_11,code=sm_11 code from the Makefile and
you should compile correctly.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cuda kernel error
Failed to force completion of cuda kernels: 4: unspecified launch failure
% Use GPU #1 for the reconstruction. (The default is #0.)
cfg.option.GPUindex = 1;
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Information about usage of ASTRA toolbox memory
astra_mex_data2d('info')
astra_mex_data3d('info')
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Clear all ASTRA toolbox memory
astra_clear
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
PyASTRAToolbox
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Install Python wrapper for ASTRA

sudo ./install.sh -i ~/Software/ASTRA/astra-1.5/include/ -l /usr/local/astra/  -p /usr/bin/python  -c /usr/local/cuda 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
ERROR MESSAGE WHEN RUNNING install.sh:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "builder.py", line 40, in <module>
    if StrictVersion(Cython.__version__)>=StrictVersion('0.13'):
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/version.py", line 40, in __init__
    self.parse(vstring)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/version.py", line 107, in parse
    raise ValueError, "invalid version number '%s'" % vstring
ValueError: invalid version number '0.20.1post0'

SOLVED BY:

Replace following in  line builder.py

    if StrictVersion(Cython.__version__)>=StrictVersion('0.13'):

by

    if StrictVersion(Cython.__version__[0:4])>=StrictVersion('0.13'):

----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
XDVI
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
reread screen: C-r (or left-click on screen)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
while:

The Rule: "While" can be used to mean "during the time that," and it
can be used to mean "whereas."

In the former case, while is not preceded by a comma.
In the latter case, while must be preceded by a comma.

So: I can't study while my little brother is beating on his drum.
And: The Blue Ridge mountains are beautiful, while the Rockies are grand.

Purists and copyeditors tend to frown on the use of "while" to mean
"whereas," because the meaning depends upon the comma and points of
punctuation have a perverse way of not being where they should be. If
you choose to use "while" to mean "whereas," it's important to be
assiduous in your punctuation.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
WINDOWS
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Recovery Mode / Wiederherstellungsmodus starten:
Shift oder ESC Taste drucken waehrend der Bootloader angezeigt wird.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------