-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 2
/
Copy pathlibrary.html
executable file
·3090 lines (3081 loc) · 120 KB
/
library.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Site Metadata + Description -->
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description"
content="As part of UCLA'S Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, we are researching how certain marine restoration projects, involving kelp forests and seagrass beds, can provide various benefits for both the planet and its inhabitants. Our practicum goal is to establish a scientific communications portal for students and researchers to utilize in future restoration efforts.">
<!-- Title -->
<title>Library | Stronger Shorelines</title>
<!-- Favicon -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
<!-- Bootstrap CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha384-Vkoo8x4CGsO3+Hhxv8T/Q5PaXtkKtu6ug5TOeNV6gBiFeWPGFN9MuhOf23Q9Ifjh"
crossorigin="anonymous">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Overpass&display=swap"
rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Font Awesome Icons -->
<link
href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"
rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Custom CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css" type="text/css">
<!-- HTML5 Shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
<!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file:// -->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="container px-0">
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
<!-- Logo -->
<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">
<img src="img/ioes-alt-caption.svg" class="img-fluid" id="logo" alt="UCLA IoES" />
</a>
<!-- Navigation Toggle -->
<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<!-- Navigation Links -->
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
<ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link active" href="index.html">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="tools.html">Tools</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="resources.html">Resources</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
Explore
</a>
<div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">
<a class="dropdown-item" href="ecology.html">Ecology</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="methods.html">Methods</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="library.html">Library</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="team-2019-20.html">2019-2020 Team</a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<!-- Library -->
<section id="library">
<div class="container py-3">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 text-center">
<h1>Library</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-white">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-lg-11 pt-3 mx-auto text-center">
<p>This page organizes various scientific literature and policy
legislation which play crucial roles in outlining restoration
procedures and implications. Use this compilation as a shortcut
for understanding more about the
ecological and economic benefits of marine vegetation projects!
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-white pb-3">
<!-- Library Navigation -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-7 col-md-5 col-lg-3 mb-5">
<div class="sticky pt-3">
<div>Browse by subject:</div>
<div class="list-group" id="libraryNav">
<a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action page-scroll"
href="#librarySection1">UCLA IoES Practicums</a>
<a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action page-scroll"
href="#librarySection2">Policy by US State</a>
<a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action page-scroll"
href="#librarySection3">Restoration Logistics</a>
<a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action page-scroll"
href="#librarySection4">Ecosystem Services</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Library -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-9">
<!-- Practicums -->
<h2 id="librarySection1" class="pt-3">UCLA IoES Practicums</h2>
<p class="pt-2">
The Institute of the Environment and Sustainability’s practicum is
an annual project that offers seniors the ability to produce
tangible scientific work. As part of UCLA’s Environmental Science
Major, this specific practicum is a
recurring project focused on researching the effects and
mitigation strategies of ocean acidification in California Waters.
The 2019-2020 project is the most recent of 4 projects regarding
ocean acidification; the previous
three final reports are located below. You can also find out more
about the practicum on the <a
href="https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/envisci/senior-practicum/"
target="_blank">IoES Website</a>, as well as a host of other
projects
focused on different environmental topics.
</p>
<ul class="list-unstyled py-4 mb-4">
<!-- 2016-2017 -->
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#practicum1" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="practicum1">Kelp Forests as a Refugium: A
Chemical and Spatial Survey of a Palos Verdes
Restoration Area</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="practicum1">
<div>
2016 - 2017
</div>
<div class="focus">
Geographic Focus: <b>Palos Verdes, CA</b>
</div>
<!-- Motivation -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Motivation
</div>
<p>
With ocean acidification on the rise, the 2016-2017
practicum team members, Rebecca Ash, Candace Chang,
Kathleen Lo, Ariel Pezner, Jeric Rosas, and Kelli Wright
set out to determine how kelp forests could
affect ocean acidification.
</p>
<p>
Kelp is known to alter the chemical composition of the
water around them. However, at the time, the extent of
kelp’s ability to combat ocean acidification had not yet
been fully explored. Due to a massive
decrease in canopy size, The Bay Foundation was
spearheading a restoration project off the coast of Palos
Verdes. This restoration area was analyzed by the
practicum team in an effort to determine the
efficacy of this, and similar sites, as refuges from
rising acidification.
</p>
<!-- Methods -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Methods
</div>
<p>
Using sampling tools, flow-through sensors, and drones,
the team took a holistic approach to understanding the
nuances of the kelp forest habitat. They measured multiple
aspects of water chemistry
including:
</p>
<ul class="bullets mb-3">
<li>
Conductivity
</li>
<li>
Temperature
</li>
<li>
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
</li>
<li>
Salinity
</li>
<li>
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)
</li>
<li>
Pressure
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Additionally, using a combination of flow-through sensors
and other sampling techniques, the team measured the
abundance of phytoplankton in an effort to characterize
the limitations of their results.
</p>
<p>
In order to show the importance of such habitats, they
also conducted an in-depth literature review of
commercially and culturally important species that live
within kelp forests; specifically focusing on
how they may react to rising acidification. Lastly, the
team attempted to understand the spatial scale of any
results they collected by using a combination of dissolved
CO2 readings from a flow through
sensor and drone aerial footage.
</p>
<!-- Results -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Results
</div>
<p>
Through this research they were able to find that:
</p>
<ol class="mb-3">
<li>
Kelp forests show promise when it comes to acting as
refuges to ocean acidification
</li>
<li>
Kelp restorations sites can have significant spatial,
chemical, and temporal alterations of the water around
them
</li>
<li>
This kelp site seemed to show an increase in pH
(decrease in ocean acidification) as the restored site
began to grow and expand
</li>
</ol>
<p>
If true, this has major implications on the efficacy and
importance of restoration practices regarding kelp forests
in California. On the other hand, it is important to note
that the above findings were seen
even when they measured phytoplankton abundance
(determining that their findings were not largely
influenced by their photosynthesis rates). They
acknowledged that there may have been upwelling during
their
sampling periods which should have lowered the pH even
further.
</p>
<p>
The graph below depicts their findings, highlighting the
separation between the pH levels of offshore and within
the kelp that seemingly grows as the kelp restoration site
matures.
</p>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 mt-3">
<img class="img-fluid"
src="./img/library/pract1617_result1.png" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<!-- 2017-2018 -->
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#practicum2" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="practicum2">Turning the Tide: An Analysis
of the Potential of Giant Kelp and Eelgrass
to Lower the Acidity of the Santa Monica Bay</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="practicum2">
<div>
2017 - 2018
</div>
<div class="focus">
Geographic Focus: <b>Malibu, CA / Santa Monica, CA</b>
</div>
<!-- Motivation -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Motivation
</div>
<p>
In an effort to build upon the 2016-2017 results, the
research team of Anna George, Noah Horvath, Destiny
Johnson, Eileen Ly, Roajhaan Sakaki, and Shang Shi set out
to better understand how marine vegetation
can affect ocean acidification. By broadening their scope
to include both giant kelp and eelgrass, the team
developed a more comprehensive understanding of the
interplay between local marine habitats and water
chemistry.
</p>
<p>
With the continued increase of anthropogenic carbon
emissions, this research could be imperative to better
understand what future oceans will look like. As seawater
absorbs these carbon emissions, oceanic
acidity increases and threatens shellfish and the chemical
equilibrium. If the team were to find that seagrass
meadows and kelp forests can help mitigate the deleterious
effects of anthropogenic ocean
acidification, the students would build upon the
scientific support for conservation and restoration of
these protective heavens.
</p>
<!-- Methods -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Methods
</div>
<p>
To start, the team analyzed satellite photos and sonar
data to pick three separate sites:
</p>
<ol class="mb-3">
<li>
Control Sites - devoid of seagrass or kelp
</li>
<li>
Kelp Forests
</li>
<li>
Eelgrass Meadows
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Solstice Canyon, Malibu was determined to have all three
of the above sites isolated from one another, lending
itself to be the prime location to conduct their research.
Using multiple flow-through sensors
attached to UCLA’s research vessel <i>Zodiac</i>, the team
began to measure the surface levels of:
</p>
<ul class="bullets mb-3">
<li>
Temperature
</li>
<li>
Salinity
</li>
<li>
Conductivity
</li>
<li>
Fluorescence
</li>
<li>
Dissolved CO2
</li>
</ul>
<p>
However, due to the tricky nature of flow-through sensors,
the Dissolved CO2 sensor was found to be jammed which may
have lended to certain limitations in their results.
</p>
<p>
In addition, the team used a SmarTROLL sensor, a cylinder
that can be lowered to different depths to measure a host
of chemical characteristics of the water column at
different depths. The characteristics that
they measured included:
</p>
<ul class="bullets mb-3">
<li>
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
</li>
<li>
Actual Conductivity
</li>
<li>
Specific Conductivity
</li>
<li>
Oxidation-Reduction Potential
</li>
<li>
Salinity
</li>
<li>
Total Dissolved SOlids (TDS)
</li>
<li>
Resistivity
</li>
<li>
Density
</li>
<li>
pH
</li>
</ul>
<p>
This sampling method - in contrast to the flow-through
sensors - allowed the team to get depth profiles,
completing a more holistic understanding of the chemical
changes kelp and or seagrass may have upon the
water column. Once the team collected their data over a
period of 3 field days spanning roughly a month, they used
Excel, MatLab, and Esri ArcGIS to analyze and visualize
the data.
</p>
<!-- Results -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Results
</div>
<p>
The team was able to determine that there were, in fact,
differences in all three sites. They found that while the
control regions had fairly stable, more acidic ranges of
pH, seagrass and kelp sites had wider
ranges of pH that did trend towards more basic pH. This
does prove that kelp and seagrass have some influence on
the surrounding water column, however, it only implies
that these habitats can reduce the amount
of acidification.
</p>
<p>
The below graphs are THE MOST significant differences
between the pH levels of control sites and the respective
marine vegetative habitats. Additionally, below is a
spatial map depicting the separation of
sample sites along the Malibu coast.
</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
<img class="img-fluid"
src="./img/library/pract1718_result1.png" />
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
<img class="img-fluid"
src="./img/library/pract1718_result2.png" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<!-- 2018-2019 -->
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#practicum3" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="practicum3">Measuring the Effects of
Eelgrass on pH and Dissolved Oxygen in the Santa
Monica Bay</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="practicum3">
<div>
2018 - 2019
</div>
<div class="focus">
Geographic Focus: <b>Santa Monica, CA</b>
</div>
<!-- Motivation -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Motivation
</div>
<p>
As ocean acidification intensifies along the California
coast the need for mitigation strategies is becoming more
and more important. In an effort to determine how seagrass
meadows could act as buffers or
refuges for marine organisms, Ryan Distaso, Emma Burckert,
Mackenzie Jackson, Eyal Li, Gonzalo Gutierrez, Evan
Gentry, and Britanie Iraheta collected data to show to
what extent this may be true.
</p>
<p>
Similar to the motivation of the 2016-2017 practicum team,
this team wanted a more in depth look into this specific
species of marine vegetation, eelgrass. Moreover, they
wanted to look into how the density of
the meadow may affect the species ability to change the
chemistry of the water column around them.
</p>
<!-- Methods -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Methods
</div>
<p>
Similar to past practicum projects, this team used a
multilateral approach, using a SmarTROLL sensor as well as
niskin bottles to sample the water column at different
depths. With these tools the team measured:
</p>
<ul class="bullets mb-3">
<li>
pH
</li>
<li>
Depth
</li>
<li>
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
</li>
<li>
Nutrient Concentration
</li>
<li>
Carbonate Chemistry
</li>
<li>
Environmental DNA (eDNA)
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Additionally, the team took a new approach to determining
the health and density of the seagrass meadows at the
sampling sites. In order to do so, they mounted the pH
probe as well as a GoPro camera onto a
constructed PVC cage that could be lowered to the sea
floor. They then inferred the density of the seagrass
meadows using the bottom of the cage as a transect, thus,
finding the % cover within that transect.
</p>
<!-- Results -->
<div class="subheading mt-3 mb-1">
Results
</div>
<p>
What the team found was contradictory to both previous
scientific data as well as their own hypothesis. They
found little to no difference in the pH and dissolved
oxygen levels of both high and low density
sites. This discrepancy could be attributed to multiple
limitations within this study, namely, a lack of high
density sites and the presence of other organisms such as
kelp and phytoplankton in the area. The
team mentioned that in such environments, it is hard to
distinguish between effects from the surrounding
environment and effects caused by the seagrass in
question. Future projects should focus on eliminating
confounding variables in order to determine the true
effects of seagrass upon the chemical composition of the
water column.
</p>
<p>
Below are data tables that depict their findings regarding
differences in seagrass shoot density and pH.
</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
<a href="#" data-target="#result-1" data-toggle="modal"
role="button">
<img src="./img/library/pract1819_result1.png"
class="img-fluid zoom-in"
alt="Table 1: Mean pH for Each Density Category of Eelgrass at Amarillo" />
</a>
<!-- Modal -->
<div class="modal fade" id="result-1" tabindex="-1"
role="dialog" aria-hidden="true">
<div
class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-lg"
role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-body">
<button type='button' class='close'
data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'><span
aria-hidden='true'>×</span></button>
<img src="./img/library/pract1819_result1.png"
class="img-fluid"
alt="Table 1: Mean pH for Each Density Category of Eelgrass at Amarillo" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
<a href="#" data-target="#result-2" data-toggle="modal"
role="button">
<img src="./img/library/pract1819_result2.png"
class="img-fluid zoom-in"
alt="Table 3: Standard Deviation and Number of pH Samples in Each Density Category at Amarillo" />
</a>
<!-- Modal -->
<div class="modal fade" id="result-2" tabindex="-1"
role="dialog" aria-hidden="true">
<div
class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-lg"
role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-body">
<button type='button' class='close'
data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'><span
aria-hidden='true'>×</span></button>
<img src="./img/library/pract1819_result2.png"
class="img-fluid"
alt="Table 3: Standard Deviation and Number of pH Samples in Each Density Category at Amarillo" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- Policy -->
<h2 id="librarySection2" class="pt-3">Policy by US State</h2>
<p class="pt-2">
Policy and legislation are crucial in the conservation and
restoration of marine vegetation as it compels institutions to
take the necessary steps to monitor, protect, and restore at-risk
nearshore habitats. Realizing the need for protecting these
habitats, the federal government created the <u>Coastal Zone
Management Act</u> in 1972. This act compels coastal states to
take steps to monitor, conserve, and restore nearshore habitats on
a local level.
</p>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#czma" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="czma">Coastal Zone Management Act</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="czma">
<div>
1972
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
The Coastal Zone Management Act was passed by congress in
1972 to better protect coastal habitats. This act is
administered by NOAA and outlines three national programs:
the National Coastal Zone Management Program, the National
Estuarine Research Reserve System, and the Coastal and
Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP). Many of the
following state policies and policy recommendations are
direct results of this act. States must create their own
programs that meet the criteria of the above programs and
are to be approved by NOAA. Once approved, all state and
federal actions must adhere to the enforceable policies
outlined by the state programs.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/" target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<p class="pt-2">
Each state must create their own Coastal Zone Management Plan that
is approved by NOAA and the federal government. Below are
enforceable policies and policy recommendations from states for
which we found conducted restoration
projects. Most of the projects we include were created in response
to the federal push to conserve the US coastline. Explore our <a
href="map.html">restoration map</a> to find out more about
specific projects.
</p>
<!-- California -->
<h3 class="py-3">California</h3>
<ul class="list-unstyled mb-4">
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA1" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA1">California Coastal Act; Chapter 3 -
Article 4: Marine Environment</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA1">
<div>
1976
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
The California Coastal Act was approved in 1976 and the
overarching framework is aimed to protect, maintain, and
restore the integrity of the coasts. Chapter 3-Article 4
specifically aims to marine
environmental degradation by limiting coastal
construction, commercial fishing, and development; and
additionally acknowledges the need to protect
biodiversity, marine resources, water clarity, and
upstream/watershed integrity.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://www.coastal.ca.gov/fedcd/cach3.pdf"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA2" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA2">California Marine Life Protection Act:
Master Plan for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)</a>
</div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA2">
<div>
2008
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
This act establishes three committees, the Blue Ribbon
Task Force (task force), the Master Plan Science Advisory
Team (science team) and a stakeholder advisory group all
with the goal to create a statewide MPA
network through local and regional governmental action. In
addition, it looks forward to the management of the MPA
network established to ensure that the progress made does
not go to waste.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/pdfs/revisedmp0108.pdf"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA3" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA3">Strategic Plan to Protect California’s
Coast and Ocean 2020- 2025</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA3">
<div>
2019
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
This plan created by the Ocean Protection Council (see CA
Senate Bill #1363) aims to identify tangible projects,
efforts, and outreach that can aid in the completion of
four distinct goals:
</p>
<ul class="bullets">
<li>
Goal 1: Safeguard Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and
Communities in the Face of Climate Change
</li>
<li>
Goal 2: Advance Equity Across Ocean and Coastal Policies
and Actions
</li>
<li>
Goal 3: Enhance Coastal and Marine Biodiversity
</li>
<li>
Goal 4: Improve Ocean Health through a Blue Economy
</li>
</ul>
<p class="pt-2">
The tangibles include, but are not limited to, releasing a
scientific report in 2021 that outlines the resiliency of
California coastal habitats in the face of anthropogenic
stressors; as well as creating a
statewide kelp research and restoration plan by 2020.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/20191113/Draft-Revised-Strategic-Plan-for-CA-Coast-and-Ocean_11.1.19_draft-FINAL.pdf"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA4" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA4">Climate Change Vulnerability
Assessment (CCVA) of the SMBNEP Bay Restoration Plan</a>
</div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA4">
<div>
2016
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
A direct result of the Santa Monica Bay National Estuary
Program (SMBNEP) Bay Restoration Plan (BRP), this document
is a broad assessment of marine habitats’ vulnerability to
the following environmental
stressors within the Southern California Bight:
</p>
<ul class="bullets">
<li>
Warmer atmospheric temperatures
</li>
<li>
Warmer water
</li>
<li>
Sea level rise
</li>
<li>
Increased drought
</li>
<li>
Increased storm intensity
</li>
<li>
Ocean acidification
</li>
</ul>
<p class="pt-2">
This assessment includes an overview of relevant
scientific literature, an identification of the risks and
opportunities posed by rapidly increasing climate change,
as well as an in-depth conclusion of the
vulnerabilities of habitats all along the California
Coast. This document is central to the work conducted by
The Bay Foundation.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://www.santamonicabay.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Climate-Vulnerability-Assessment-Report_Final_2016_V2.pdf"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA5" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA5">SMBNEP’s Action Plan for the
Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA5">
<div>
2018
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
With the goal of creating a long term management and
conservation framework for the Santa Monica Bay, this
document outlines actions that should be taken in the
following categories:
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Direct Management Actions
</li>
<li>
Governance and Policy
</li>
<li>
Stakeholder Education and Engagement
</li>
<li>
Research and Monitoring
</li>
<li>
Funding and/or Partnerships
</li>
</ol>
<p class="pt-2">
This document is to undergo revision every 3-5 years, with
major revisions taking place every 10, including efforts
to incorporate parts of the CCVA (above) and other policy and
management recommendation documents.
This document is central to the work conducted by The Bay
Foundation
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://www.smbrc.ca.gov/about_us/smbr_plan/docs/smbnep_ccmp_action_plan_2018.pdf"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA6" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA6">SMBNEP Fiscal Year 2021 Work Plan</a>
</div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA6">
<div>
2020
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
This document is aimed to identify objectives, tasks, and
timelines for what can be done to better conserve the
Santa Monica Bay’s Estuaries. It determines that more
time, funding, and effort should be focused
on the reduction of nutrient pollution and increased
climate resilience. The goals of this work plan include:
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Protect, enhance, and improve ecosystems of Santa Monica
Bay and its watersheds
</li>
<li>
Improve water availability
</li>
<li>
Improve water quality
</li>
<li>
Enhance socio-economic benefits to the public
</li>
<li>
Enhance public engagement and education
</li>
<li>
Mitigate impacts and increase resilience to climate
change
</li>
<li>
Improve monitoring and ability to assess effectiveness
of management actions
</li>
</ol>
<p class="pt-2">
This document is central to the work conducted by The Bay
Foundation
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://www.santamonicabay.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Final_CCMP-Action-Plan_10-11-18.pdf"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA7" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA7">California Assembly Bill #2139 - Ocean
Acidification and Hypoxia</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA7">
<div>
2016
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
This bill allows for the creation of an ocean
acidification and hypoxia mitigation <a
href="http://westcoastoah.org/taskforce/about/"
target="_blank">task force</a>. This council makes
decisions based on the
best available scientific knowledge, but is subject to the
availability of funding from the ocean protection council.
The first meeting of the task force took place in January
of 2018 and will convene annually
until 2021.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139&fbclid=IwAR3ZCWOGSZvP9keQ4oas0GNaLDHcC9IvHOotH2zq2VhhmHDqEgYS8DxGUKw"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<hr>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#CA8" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="CA8">California Senate Bill #1363 - Ocean
Protection Council</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="CA8">
<div>
2016
</div>
<p class="pt-2">
This bill creates the Ocean Protection Council and
requires members to coordinate state agency efforts to
protect and conserve California's coastal waters.
Additionally, they are to create policies to
facilitate the collection and sharing of scientific data
relevant to the protection of coastal waters. Lastly, it
creates the California Ocean Protection Trust Fund within
the state agency and allows, with
legislative oversight, the expenditure of funds within
this trust by the Ocean Protection Council.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-outline-primary"
href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1363&fbclid=IwAR3YaeKgR2M8WQVfOGLPaf_k5y6usldsLYC4kyNLmCXO_Rurcm3lYTr6Dkc"
target="_blank">
Source
</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<!-- Delaware -->
<h3 class="py-3">Delaware</h3>
<li class="media mb-3">
<div class="media-body">
<div class="media-title mt-0 mb-1"><a data-toggle="collapse"
href="#DE1" role="button" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="DE1">A Roadmap to Protection: Understanding
the Costs of Adaptation</a></div>
<div class="collapse" id="DE1">