Establish basic compiler warnings, and fix a few style issues #3039
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I noticed the doubled semicolon issue in #3034, and decided to split it out into this PR.
I figured -Wextra-semi was worth enabling if we are going to care about this kind of thing, even though it warns about a slightly different situation (one or more semicolons where there should not be any).
And if we're going to add -Wextra-semi to the build, we may as well also add -Wall.
And that if we're going to add -Wall, we should also add some other useful warning flags that don't cause any warnings to be printed for the current code.
And we may as well fix the singular warnings about each of -Wunused-lambda-capture, -Wunused-private-field, and -Wmissing-braces so we can enable those too.