refactor: add debug module

[DonIsaac]

What does this PR do?

Moves assertion and panic related functions into debug.zig. This is part of a larger effort to organize our code, starting with "leaf" modules.

This is a stacked PR. please merge #17859 first.

[robobun]

^{Updated 1:40 PM PT - Mar 3rd, 2025}

❌ @DonIsaac, your commit c4750e2 has 2 failures in Build #12593:

• test/js/sql/local-sql.test.ts - code 1 on 🐧 20.04 x64-baseline
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🪟 2019 x64-baseline
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🍎 14 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🪟 2019 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🍎 13 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 20.04 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 22.04 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 24.04 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 3.20 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🍎 13 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🍎 14 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 12 aarch64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 20.04 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 20.04 x64-baseline
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 12 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 24.04 x64-baseline
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 12 x64-baseline
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 24.04 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 22.04 x64-baseline
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 22.04 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 3.20 x64
• test/js/third_party/stripe/stripe.test.ts - 1 failing on 🐧 3.20 x64-baseline

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🧪   try this PR locally:

bunx bun-pr 17861